The document discusses attitudes, emotions, and perspectives. It makes three key points: 1) Your interpretation of experiences shapes your attitudes and influences your life. Your perspective is your unique way of seeing the world, which forms as you gain different experiences. 2) Having a positive attitude is important as it makes you more likable and can influence others. Negative attitudes can be "toxic" and affect those around you. 3) Thomas Harris identified four common attitudes or "life positions": disapproving of oneself and approving of others; disapproving of both oneself and others; approving of oneself and disapproving of others; and approving of both oneself and others, which he saw as healthy. With

1. UNIT 2 CHAPTER 5
Attitudes and Emotions
1

2. Interpreting Events and Experiences
Your experience is what happens to you and
what happens in the world around you.
2

3. How you interpret that experience has an
enormous influence on your daily life and
your future as a leader.
3

4. Inventor
Thomas Edison
President Civil-rights Activist
Abraham Lincoln Rosa Parks
These people made crucial decisions based
on what they believed they were capable of
doing. Their early life experiences helped
them realize their potential.
4

5. Potential
What an individual is capable of
doing or becoming
5

6. Senator
John McCain
Actress
General Meryl Streep
Colin Powell
These respected people frequently speak
today about how experiences early in their
lives helped them decide what they wanted
6
to do as an adult.

7. Senator
John McCain
Actress
General Meryl Streep
Colin Powell
That’s not to say people who achieve
greatness never make mistakes—they’ll
admit they’ve made plenty!
7

8. Senator
John McCain
Actress
General Meryl Streep
Colin Powell
They became the result of their potential.
As one old saying puts it, “As the twig is
bent, so grows the tree.”
8

9. What is experience?
A. Events that happen to you and in
the world around you
B. Reasons why you become fully
developed and reach your potential
C. Responses you have to your
thoughts and the actions of other
people
D. Interpretations you give to your
relationship with others
9

10. What is experience?
A. Events that happen to you and in
the world around you
B. Reasons why you become fully
developed and reach your potential
C. Responses you have to your
thoughts and the actions of other
people
D. Interpretations you give to your
relationship with others
10

11. Many respected people have revealed
how youthful experiences _______.
A. made them believe they could
accomplish anything
B. convinced them that the world
presented too many obstacles
C. helped them determine their adult
goals
D. helped them avoid making mistakes
as an adult
11

12. Many respected people have revealed
how youthful experiences _______.
A. made them believe they could
accomplish anything
B. convinced them that the world
presented too many obstacles
C. helped them determine their adult
goals
D. helped them avoid making mistakes
as an adult
12

13. Growing up isn’t just about getting older.
You may think it is because for some
things, such as getting a driver’s license,
13
age alone is an important requirement.

14. The reality of growing up and reaching
maturity is much more…
It means learning what’s required to
develop a positive attitude and then
putting that attitude to use to meet life’s
challenges.
14

15. Maturity
The state of being fully grown or
developed
15

16. Reaching maturity is the process of bringing
your personality and experience to bear on
your life in a positive, constructive way.
16

17. Personality
What an individual is inside and
what he or she shows to others;
it includes actions, opinions,
beliefs, biases, desires, and
ambitions.
17

18. Attaining maturity
means becoming
more aware of
your:
• Goals
• Abilities
• Place in the World
18

19. Maturity also means
understanding how
your attitudes and
behaviors influence
others.
19

20. Growing up involves developing a
_______ and then using it to meet
life’s challenges.
A. life’s goal
B. positive attitude
C. satisfying career
D. strong will
20

21. Growing up involves developing a
_______ and then using it to meet
life’s challenges.
A. life’s goal
B. positive attitude
C. satisfying career
D. strong will
21

22. Attitude and
your personality
are two different
things.
Experience shapes
your personality,
which is the
foundation of your
attitudes and
behaviors.
22

23. Attitude is a state of mind!
An attitude, however, is rooted in
your thoughts, feelings, or beliefs
and greatly affects how you view
and treat a particular situation.
23

24. A behavior is an action that others can see
you doing based both on your personality
and your attitude at the given time.
24

25. You will become more aware of how your
attitudes and behaviors make you who you
are and who you are becoming because of
your experience.
25

26. Some people humorously define experience
as “that thing you get just after you need
it.” This observation is, ironically, not too
26
far from the truth.

27. Your experiences act
as a rudder as you
navigate the course
of your life,
and just as a skier
usually does better
the second time down
a course, you’ll learn
to make better
decisions as you
mature.
27

28. As you mature, you
become better able
to interpret events
and use your ever
growing number of
experiences to
make better
decisions about:
• Where you want to go
• What you want to do
• Who you want to be.
28

29. True or False: Attitude and personality
are the same thing.
29

30. True or False: Attitude and personality
are the same thing.
False
30

31. The Importance of a Positive Outlook
on Life
“Always look on the bright side of life.”
“Let a smile be your umbrella.”
“When life gives you lemons, make
lemonade!”
31

32. These everyday phrases emphasize the
importance of having a positive outlook on
life .
You no doubt heard people say, “Colin has
such an attitude,” or “Cassandra is copping
a real “tude.”
32

33. Those observations reflect negatively on
Colin and Cassandra. Why?
How would their ongoing bad attitudes affect
your friendship with Colin or Cassandra? ”
33

34. Your Attitude is a Compass
Remember, your attitude is rooted in your
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs and is your
“slant” or “angle” on life.
34

35. This “slant” determines your outlook and
approach to life and like a compass—you
go in the direction the needle points.
35

36. Your attitude is largely under your control.
Attitude is not something you are born with.
36

37. Some experts say that
you can “program”
your attitude as you do
a computer, by
repeatedly thinking and
saying positive things
about yourself and
others.
You can change your attitude and mood
simply by changing how you think and
talk.
37

38. Your attitude follows your behavior. If
you do positive things, you’ll slowly
develop a more positive attitude.
38

39. A person’s _______ is his/her “slant”
or “angle” on life.
A. attitude
B. personality
C. behavior
D. experience
39

40. A person’s _______ is his/her “slant”
or “angle” on life.
A. attitude
B. personality
C. behavior
D. experience
40

41. Which one of these behaviors is NOT
a method of changing an attitude?
A. Thinking positive things about
yourself
B. Saying positive things about others
C. Doing positive things
D. Wishing positive things would
happen
41

42. Which one of these behaviors is NOT
a method of changing an attitude?
A. Thinking positive things about
yourself
B. Saying positive things about others
C. Doing positive things
D. Wishing positive things would
happen
42

43. I’m Ok, You’re Ok.
In 1969 psychologist
Thomas Anthony Harris
wrote a book called I'm
OK, You're OK. His
idea was that “you are
what you think” was
and still is very simple,
yet it reflects what
millions of people have
experienced
throughout their lives.
43

44. He summarize personality as one of four life
positions or attitudes:
1. I'm not OK, you're OK—disapproving of
yourself, approving of others
44

45. He summarize personality as one of four life
positions or attitudes:
1. I'm not OK, you're OK—disapproving of
yourself, approving of others
2. I'm not OK, you're not OK—disapproving of
both yourself and others
45

46. He summarize personality as one of four life
positions or attitudes:
1. I'm not OK, you're OK—disapproving of
yourself, approving of others
2. I'm not OK, you're not OK—disapproving of
both yourself and others
3. I'm OK, you're not OK—approving of
yourself, disapproving of others
46

47. He summarize personality as one of four life
positions or attitudes:
1. I'm not OK, you're OK—disapproving of
yourself, approving of others
2. I'm not OK, you're not OK—disapproving of
both yourself and others
3. I'm OK, you're not OK—approving of
yourself, disapproving of others
4. I'm OK, you're OK—approving of yourself
and others.
47

48. What thoughts describe the “I’m not
OK, you’re not OK” attitude?
A. Disapproval of yourself, approval of
others
B. Disapproval of both yourself and
others
C. Approval of both yourself and
others
D. Approval of yourself, disapproval of
others
48

49. What thoughts describe the “I’m not
OK, you’re not OK” attitude?
A. Disapproval of yourself, approval of
others
B. Disapproval of both yourself and
others
C. Approval of both yourself and
others
D. Approval of yourself, disapproval of
others
49

50. According to Harris…
Most people hold
Attitude #1:
"I'm not OK, you're OK."
These people might lack self-esteem or
self-confidence. They feel inferior to other
50
people.

51. According to Harris…
Someone with
Attitude #2,
“I’m not OK,
you’re not OK”
would not tend to “look on the bright
side.” Such a person would need to do
a lot of work to be happy.
51

52. According to Harris…
People with Attitude #3,
"I'm OK, you're not OK.”
might have suffered from abuse or trauma
as children, and the effects of that abuse
still influence their relationships with other
52
people.

53. According to Harris…
Attitude #4,
“I’m OK, you’re
OK.”
is the attitude of a healthy,
well-adjusted individual.
53

54. According to Thomas Anthony Harris,
which attitude would belong to people
who lack self-esteem or self-confidence?
A. Approval of both themselves and
others
B. Approval of themselves, disapproval
of others
C. Disapproval of both themselves and
others
D. Disapproval of themselves, approval
of others
54

55. According to Thomas Anthony Harris,
which attitude would belong to people
who lack self-esteem or self-confidence?
A. Approval of both themselves and
others
B. Approval of themselves, disapproval
of others
C. Disapproval of both themselves and
others
D. Disapproval of themselves, approval
of others
55

56. Mr. Harris believed
that no matter how
“un-OK” your
attitude is to start
with, you can change
it for the better.
Anyone can move to
Attitude #4.
56

57. True or False: According to Thomas
Anthony Harris, with effort everyone
can achieve an attitude of “I’m OK,
you’re OK.”
57

58. True or False: According to Thomas
Anthony Harris, with effort everyone
can achieve an attitude of “I’m OK,
you’re OK.”
True
58

59. The Value of a Positive Attitude
Why is a positive attitude important?
One good reason is that it increases the
59
chances that others will like you.

60. People enjoy spending time with individuals
who express positive attitudes. They tend to
avoid individuals with an ongoing negative
attitude.
60

61. Psychologists use the term toxic personalities
to refer to people who never have a nice thing
to say about anyone or anything.
61

62. Ups and downs are a normal part of life. So if
your friend Aaron is in a “down” mood from
time to time, you try to cheer him up, and he
does the same for you.
62

63. Negative Attitude!
A toxic—or poisonous—attitude can rub off
on others without their even being aware of
it.
63

64. Pick your friends wisely!
The old saying, “If you lie down with dogs,
you’ll get up with fleas,” points at an important
truth: Bad habits, poor behaviors, and negative
64
attitudes can be contagious.

65. Which of the following statements is NOT
true regarding attitudes?
A. Someone with a toxic personality has
occasional negative moods.
B. Spending time with negative people can
affect your own attitude for the worse.
C. People tend to avoid people with
negative attitudes.
D. Having a positive attitude makes it more
likely that people will want to be around
you.
65

66. Which of the following statements is NOT
true regarding attitudes?
A. Someone with a toxic personality has
occasional negative moods.
B. Spending time with negative people can
affect your own attitude for the worse.
C. People tend to avoid people with
negative attitudes.
D. Having a positive attitude makes it more
likely that people will want to be around
you.
66

67. A good attitude is essential for leaders.
67

68. Positive
Attitude!
Good leaders know
that “throwing out
positive vibes” is
essential to gaining
respect and
encouraging others
to follow them.
68

69. The saying, “If you lie down with
dogs, you’ll get up with fleas,” is
warning people to _______.
A. stay active and avoid laziness
B. choose their friends wisely
C. keep motivated and goal-oriented
D. make sure their attitude stays
positive
69

70. The saying, “If you lie down with
dogs, you’ll get up with fleas,” is
warning people to _______.
A. stay active and avoid laziness
B. choose their friends wisely
C. keep motivated and goal-oriented
D. make sure their attitude stays
positive
70

71. How Perspective Molds Your
Understanding Of Life
You look at things in your own
individual way. That’s what makes you
unique—an individual.
71

72. You see the world in a way that only you can
and add a perspective to your community
that only you can provide.
72

73. Perspective
An individual’s way of seeing the
world
73

74. Diversity of views is one of the things that
make human beings so interesting. The ability
to share and compare the vast range of
experiences is what has furthered mankind
more than any other species on Earth and is
the basis for all of modern society.
74

75. Your perspective is your “take” on
the world—your worldview.
75

76. Your perspective includes your insight into
people, things, and events, driving the way
you interpret your life experiences.
76

77. Your perspective helps form your attitudes
and personality, guiding your behavior and
further defining who you are as an
individual.
77

78. What term is used to refer to each
individual’s unique view of the world?
A. Attitude
B. Personality
C. Opinion
D. Perspective
78

79. What term is used to refer to each
individual’s unique view of the world?
A. Attitude
B. Personality
C. Opinion
D. Perspective
79

80. Both of these perspectives are right in
their own way, and both are wrong.
Some of you may be Others of you may
saying, “I’m just in be saying, “I know
high school, I really everything I’ll ever
don’t have enough need to know and
experience to have a I’ve got the right
truly unique idea of how things
80 perspective.” work.”

81. As a student you are in a lively and
interesting world of discovery that you
largely determine for yourself, so you
really do know how things work for you.
81

82. But, you still have
many experiences
and exciting things to
look forward to like:
• Getting your driver’s
license
• Getting a part-time
job
• Dating
• Graduating.
82

83. On the longer-term
perspective, you may
look forward to:
• going to college
• getting a job
• marrying
• raising a family.
83

84. In thefar distant future, you may be
looking to retire to a home on the beach
or a cabin in the woods somewhere.
84

85. Maturity will broaden your views on the
world, or another way of saying it is that
life is like climbing a mountain: the higher
you get, the farther you can see.
85

86. As you mature and
accumulate
experience, you’ll
start thinking about
how you formed your
unique perspective.
86

87. Human beings have done this since the
beginning of history.
Plato Aristotle Socrates
The ancient Greek philosophers thought
that the yearning for self-understanding
was as essential to human life as food
and water.
87

88. What did the ancient Greek philosophers
believe about human beings and perspective?
A. The happiest people spend the least
amount of time in philosophical musings.
B. People have a greater need to understand
other people than to understand
themselves.
C. People are reluctant to consider their
negative traits and shortcomings.
D. All people have a longing and a need to
understand themselves.
88

89. What did the ancient Greek philosophers
believe about human beings and perspective?
A. The happiest people spend the least
amount of time in philosophical musings.
B. People have a greater need to understand
other people than to understand
themselves.
C. People are reluctant to consider their
negative traits and shortcomings.
D. All people have a longing and a need to
understand themselves.
89

90. It’s natural for you to want to understand
why you are thinking and doing certain
things at your age.
90

91. In grasping the purpose
behind your perspective,
you’ll gradually begin to see
how a healthy, well-rounded,
fair-minded perspective can
guide you in your:
• Studies
• Career
• Friendships
• Family relationships
• Future.
91

92. Right now, your
perspective may be
based largely on the
influence of your:
• Peers
• Parents
• Guardians
• Friends
• Teachers
These influences give you a good foundation
for growth.
92

93. Your friends and
family “support
your worldview,”
but questioning
assumptions is also
important.
Both are the sign of
a growing, dynamic
perspective.
93

94. How Perspective Molds Your Purposes,
Passions, And Practices
Your perspective drives the purposes you
strive toward; your passions, or the things
you feel strongly about, and the practices
94 you follow in your life.

95. This means that your
perspective will
significantly affect your
success:
• In school
• At work
• In friendships
• In family relationships.
95

96. True or False: Perspective has a
significant effect on a person’s
success in school, at work, and with
friends and family.
96

97. True or False: Perspective has a
significant effect on a person’s
success in school, at work, and with
friends and family.
True
97

98. By nature,
human
beings are
social
creatures.
People want to belong to a group or an
organization. They want to have friends—
sometimes desperately so.
98

99. The need to have friends and to belong is
particularly strong among teenagers, but
old and young people alike seek group
acceptance. This natural human
99
characteristic is called an affiliation need.

100. Affiliation Need
A desire to be and feel a part of
a group
100

101. When you are young, the desire for
affiliation can sometimes lead to actions or
behaviors that run counter to the influence
of your family and teachers.
101

102. You put your perspective to the test.
Sometimes peer pressure to do the wrong,
unwise, or inappropriate thing is almost
irresistible. Stick with the values that your
parents or teachers believe best.
102

103. The more you know yourself, and the better
you understand what you believe and why,
the better you’ll be able to pass that test.
103

104. What is desired in affiliation need?
A. To have children
B. To be successful at work
C. To be part of a group
D. To be loved and supported by
family
104

105. What is desired in affiliation need?
A. To have children
B. To be successful at work
C. To be part of a group
D. To be loved and supported by
family
105

106. In what age group can the need for
affiliation most often lead people to
inappropriate, wrong, or unwise
behavior?
A. Children
B. Teenagers
C. Middle aged
D. Elderly
106

107. In what age group can the need for
affiliation most often lead people to
inappropriate, wrong, or unwise
behavior?
A. Children
B. Teenagers
C. Middle aged
D. Elderly
107

108. Cultivating a Healthy Perspective
People’s beliefs and
desires help shape
their perspectives.
A belief is a strong and
deeply held idea that
forms the basis for
much of your thinking.
108

109. Cultivating A Healthy Perspective
A belief can be:
• Religious
• Social
• Political
• Personal.
109

110. A desire is something
you deeply want and is
frequently part of your
emotional and
psychological
motivation.
110

111. A healthy perspective requires keeping an
open mind. It also involves recognizing
the short-term and long-term effects of
mistakes or poor choices.
111

112. Everyone makes
mistakes—the trick is to
learn from them and
adjust your behavior not
to repeat them.
This self-correcting ability
is your ticket to success,
and it’s part of a healthy
perspective.
112

113. Want to avoid mistakes as much as
possible? Pay attention to the signs
along the road.
113

114. Beliefs are strong and deeply held
_______ that shape your thinking.
A. desires
B. values
C. emotions
D. ideas
114

115. Beliefs are strong and deeply held
_______ that shape your thinking.
A. desires
B. values
C. emotions
D. ideas
115

116. You may have been encouraged to participate
in:
• School Clubs
• Religious
Organizations
• Sport Teams
As you’ve matured, your affiliation need may
have led you to experiment with involvement
in various kinds of groups.
116

117. When it comes to affiliations, focus on the
big picture, not the immediate situation.
Some affiliations are dead-end streets.
117

118. Affiliations like:
• internet chat rooms
• cliques
• gangs
• secret clubs
are not a good
breeding ground for
developing a mature,
positive perspective.
118

119. Similarly,
focusing all your
attention on:
• violent movies
• music
• video games
can’t be good for
your developing
worldview.
119

120. In the 1985 movie Witness, one character
says, “What you take into your hands, you
take into your heart.”
This points to a
direct relationship
between your
experience—what
you see, hear,
touch, taste, say,
and do—and your
ever-widening
perspective on life.
120

121. Everyone has heroes in their life!
Parent Coach
Teacher
Your heroes set goals, got excited about
them, and then worked to achieve them.
You can do that, too!
121

122. Which of these is NOT a poor choice
for an affiliation or pastime that will
help you develop a mature, positive
perspective?
A. Internet chat rooms and adult
websites
B. Violent movies, music, and video
games
C. School club, sports team, and
religious youth organization
D. Gangs, cliques, and secret clubs
122

123. Which of these is NOT a poor choice
for an affiliation or pastime that will
help you develop a mature, positive
perspective?
A. Internet chat rooms and adult
websites
B. Violent movies, music, and video
games
C. School club, sports team, and
religious youth organization
D. Gangs, cliques, and secret clubs
123

124. How Your Actions Reveal Your Attitudes
You’ve
probably heard
the expression,
“Do as I say,
not as I do.”
124

125. This points out the close—and at times
contradictory—relationship between
your attitudes:
• perspectives,
• purposes
• beliefs
and your actions:
• practices
• behaviors.
125

126. If you’re like most people, you want your
actions to be in harmony with your attitudes.
“Walk the walk, talk the talk,” right?
126

127. You’d seem hypocritical or two-faced if you
expressed one attitude or belief and then
did something that was completely
contrary.
127

128. Another familiar saying, “Actions speak
louder than words.” Ultimately, what you do
is what counts, not what you say.
128

129. Your actions set your goals in motion and
help you achieve what you want to
achieve.
129

130. The desire to achieve shows itself in:
Making Getting Being Part
Friends Good of A Family
Grades
Making a Making Winning
Team Band Awards
All these things may be part of how you define
success. You direct your actions to achieving
130
these goals.

131. The expression “Do as I say, not as I
do” demonstrates what conflict?
A. Between parents and children
B. Between attitudes and actions
C. Between right and wrong
D. Between maturity and immaturity
131

132. The expression “Do as I say, not as I
do” demonstrates what conflict?
A. Between parents and children
B. Between attitudes and actions
C. Between right and wrong
D. Between maturity and immaturity
132

133. True or False: What people say is
more powerful than how they act.
133

134. True or False: What people say is
more powerful than how they act.
False
134

135. You can’t separate actions from attitudes.
Your actions, for better or worse, reveal
your attitudes.
135

136. Showing up late
for:
• school
• practice
• work
sends a message
about your
attitude.
136

137. Dressing sloppy is not
the way to express your
individuality, and it
probably won’t score any
points with your family,
teachers, coaches, or
employer.
137

138. See if you can tell what each of the
following actions might say about the
person’s attitude:
• Chewing and snapping gum during a
lecture
• Conversing above a whisper during a
movie
• Failing to use “Mr.,” “Mrs.,” “Ms.,” “Sir,”
or “Ma’am” in talking with adults
• Not using a turn signal when driving
138

139. • Never saying “Please” and “Thank you” in
normal conversation
• Avoiding eye contact with others
• Putting your feet up on furniture
• Losing something that you’ve borrowed
from a friend
• Ignoring personal hygiene with hair, teeth,
bathing, and clothing
139

140. Actions cannot be separated from
_______.
A. desires
B. values
C. goals
D. attitudes
140

141. Actions cannot be separated from
_______.
A. desires
B. values
C. goals
D. attitudes
141

142. “You miss 100 percent of the
shots you don’t take.”
Said by Think about your life
ice as a sport for a minute.
hockey
Are you a team
legend
player?
Wayne
Gretzky! Do you follow the
rules?
Take your shots?
# 99 What’s your attitude?
142

143. WINNING BREEDS
WINNING!
An achievement-focused
attitude can become a
way of life and a positive,
contagious habit.
The more you achieve,
the more you’re likely to
achieve.
143

144. Winning and success motivate those who
value winning to push themselves even
harder.
144

145. Successful leaders develop a winning
attitude not a “What’s the use?” attitude.
145

146. The question is, which sort of player
are you?
Are you willing to
simply throw your
fate to the wind and
hope things work
out?
Or are you going to
take charge of your
life and make it what
you want it to
become?
146

147. Positive and Negative Attitudes
The attitudes and behaviors of a healthy,
reasonable person are usually in harmony.
147

148. Positive thinkers make things happen!
Baseball executive Branch Ricky
once noted:
“Luck is the residue of
design.”
He meant that if you plan
things right and have the
right attitude, you’ll attract
that mysterious power
people call “luck.”
148

149. “I’m a great believer in
luck, and I find the
harder I work, the more
I have of it.”
What do you think the
message is in his
Thomas Jefferson statement?
once said,
149

150. The message is that a
positive attitude and a
dedication to seeing
your goals realized
generally results in a
positive outcome.
Thomas Jefferson
150

151. Which of these attitudes are you least
likely revealing when you ignore
personal hygiene issues like bathing and
having clean clothes, hair, and teeth?
A. That you do not have any self-respect
B. That you do not care about offending
other people
C. That you have pride and make the
effort to be presentable
D. That you do not seek the approval of
other people
151

152. Which of these attitudes are you least
likely revealing when you ignore
personal hygiene issues like bathing and
having clean clothes, hair, and teeth?
A. That you do not have any self-respect
B. That you do not care about offending
other people
C. That you have pride and make the
effort to be presentable
D. That you do not seek the approval of
other people
152

153. With the proper planning and a
positive attitude, you will find that
_______ comes your way and that it is
not a random, mysterious thing after
all.
A. luck
B. happiness
C. success
D. wealth
153

154. With the proper planning and a
positive attitude, you will find that
_______ comes your way and that it is
not a random, mysterious thing after
all.
A. luck
B. happiness
C. success
D. wealth
154

155. Do you want to
hang around “I’m no good at
with people anything,” or “I never get
a break,” or “I don’t feel
who are saying
like doing anything?”
things like:
That kind of
thinking is not
only depressing:
It’s contagious.
155

156. Contagious
Tending to spread from person
to person
156

157. NJROTC helps you become a winner!
To be a winner you need to think like a
winner, and winning starts with taking
157
some concrete steps toward your goal.

158. Defense Mechanisms
The first trick to developing a positive
attitude is to accept that you won’t always
succeed at everything you do.
158

159. The second trick is to realize that trial
and error provide a wonderful
opportunity to keep improving.
159

160. True or False: Being around people
who whine and complain will most
likely make you feel like a winner.
160

161. True or False: Being around people
who whine and complain will most
likely make you feel like a winner.
False
161

162. In the business world, professionals set
goals for themselves.
Salespeople are often
rewarded when they
reach their sales
targets, but failing to
meet a goal—in
business or anywhere
else—doesn’t mean
that you are a failure.
162

163. If a baseball
player doesn’t
make every hit,
or a lawyer
loses a case,
we don’t label or a doctor
them failures. can’t cure
every illness,
163

164. People talk about the “practice” of law and
medicine because those professionals are
constantly improving their art.
164

165. Architect Pilot
Of course, some professions have a zero
tolerance for failure—and it’s a good thing
they do. You don’t want them to make any big
mistakes. But even pilots are not always on
schedule, and architects do not win every
contract.
165

166. Architect Pilot
Keep in mind everyone is entitled to follow
a learning curve—the time necessary to
get better at a task or to reach a goal—as
long as the time is within reason for the
given task.
166

167. What is a learning curve?
A. Chart that managers use to plot
progress toward a goal
B. Time needed to perfect a task or
reach a goal
C. Checkpoints for new employees
during their probationary period
D. Graph that documents how the
quality of an employee’s work
reaches a peak and then declines
167
over time

168. What is a learning curve?
A. Chart that managers use to plot
progress toward a goal
B. Time needed to perfect a task or
reach a goal
C. Checkpoints for new employees
during their probationary period
D. Graph that documents how the
quality of an employee’s work
reaches a peak and then declines
168
over time

169. Why do some people
handle their mistakes
well, and even learn
from them, while others
don’t?
The difference often lies
in a person’s defense
mechanisms.
169

170. Defense mechanisms
Behaviors people use to deal
with anxiety, stress, or pressure
170

171. Everyone has anxieties, and defense
mechanisms provide a way to deal with
them, but if you’re not careful, defense
mechanisms can turn into excuses.
171

172. USS San Francisco
SSN-711
People use defense mechanisms without
realizing it to try and convince others and
themselves that someone else is to blame for
a mistake, or that a controllable situation was
entirely outside of their ability to handle.
172

173. Defense
mechanisms are
ways of protecting
your self-
confidence and
pride when you
are feeling
inadequate or
ashamed.
173

174. You probably don’t respect the athlete, or
singer who constantly makes excuses for
his or her shortfalls.
174

175. The use of defense mechanisms is not a
bad thing as long as you take the steps to
correct the problem.
175

176. The danger of
defense
mechanisms is
failing to take
responsibility for
your actions or
inactions.
176

177. This is the hallmark
of an immature
personality and of
someone who still
has some growing
up to do, no matter
what his or her age.
177

178. What are people trying to protect
when they use defense mechanisms?
A. Their pride and self-confidence
B. Their inabilities and inadequacies
C. The feelings of their families,
friends, and co-workers
D. The identity of the other people
responsible for the situation or
mistake
178

179. What are people trying to protect
when they use defense mechanisms?
A. Their pride and self-confidence
B. Their inabilities and inadequacies
C. The feelings of their families,
friends, and co-workers
D. The identity of the other people
responsible for the situation or
mistake
179

180. What is the danger of constantly using
defense mechanisms?
A. People find themselves being given
more and more responsibility.
B. People begin to see themselves as
too perfect and incapable of error.
C. People keep those around them from
seeing the situation clearly enough
to help improve it.
D. People fail to take responsibility for
180
their actions and remain immature.

181. What is the danger of constantly using
defense mechanisms?
A. People find themselves being given
more and more responsibility.
B. People begin to see themselves as
too perfect and incapable of error.
C. People keep those around them from
seeing the situation clearly enough
to help improve it.
D. People fail to take responsibility for
181
their actions and remain immature.

182. Psychologists have
identified and studied
a number of defense
mechanisms people
use when they feel:
• Anxiety
• Stress
• Pressure.
182

183. How Defense Mechanisms Affect
Relationships
Consider the
situation between
Jack and Christine.
183

184. Jack and Christine have been dating
steadily for about a year, but they have
a problem: Jack gets jealous any time
184
Christine even talks to another boy.

185. He suspects she’s not really happy in
their relationship and watches her every
move. Christine keeps telling Jack that
he’s imagining things.
185

186. If he’s not careful, Jack might find himself
using one or more of the following defense
mechanisms instead of addressing his real
186
problem.

187. • Displacement—transferring a feeling
about a person or an object to another,
less threatening object
Example: Jack feels jealous anger toward
Christine, so he is rude to her little sister.
187

188. • Repression—pushing disturbing thoughts,
wishes, or experiences from one’s conscious
awareness while the feeling continues to
operate on an unconscious level
Example: Jack tells Christine that everything
is OK and that he doesn’t want to talk about
his feelings, but he still seems angry with her.
188

189. • Rationalization—concealing the true
motivations for one’s thoughts, actions, or
feelings by offering reassuring, but incorrect,
explanations
Example: Jack assures Christine that the
problem isn’t with her; he’s just going
through a tough time at his after-school job
189
and feels frustrated about it.

190. • Projection—falsely attributing to others
your own unacceptable feelings, impulses,
or thoughts
Example: Jack tells everyone that Christine
is upset with him because he spends time
shooting pool with friends.
190

191. • Acting out—using actions, rather than
words, to express the emotional
conflict
Example: Jack uses a bar of soap to
draw graffiti all over Christine’s car.
191

192. • Denial—refusing to acknowledge some
painful aspect of external reality or one’s own
experience that would be apparent to others
Example: Jack doesn’t realize that he has a
problem trusting other people. For example, he
forgets that he broke up with his previous
girlfriend, Wanda, because he was jealous of
her behavior, even though his friends told him
repeatedly that Wanda really liked him and that
she was not a flirt.
192

193. What term is used to refer to the
transference of a feeling about a
person or an object to another, less
threatening object?
A. Repression
B. Rationalization
C. Displacement
D. Projection
193

194. What term is used to refer to the
transference of a feeling about a
person or an object to another, less
threatening object?
A. Repression
B. Rationalization
C. Displacement
D. Projection
194

195. If someone refuses to recognize some
painful aspect of reality or his/her own
experience that other people would
clearly see, he/she is _______.
A. acting out
B. in repression
C. rationalizing
D. in denial
195

196. If someone refuses to recognize some
painful aspect of reality or his/her own
experience that other people would
clearly see, he/she is _______.
A. acting out
B. in repression
C. rationalizing
D. in denial
196

197. How many of
these defense
mechanisms do
you recognize?
Have you ever used any of them yourself?
197

198. Because defense mechanisms can be used
unconsciously, people sometimes use them
without even knowing it.
198

199. Before things can get better for Jack and
Christine, Jack must realize that his attitude
needs to improve.
199

200. Mature people don’t fall back on defense
mechanisms—mainly because they don’t
need them.
200

201. You will not
always be
successful.
Many times, you simply have to “grin and
bear it,” but growing up and developing a
positive, productive attitude requires a
willingness to keep working to solve an
issue rather than dodge it.
201

202. Nobody comes into this world with a
guaranteed perfect life, but the attitude
you develop once you get here is under
your control.
202

203. A positive attitude
can make it easier to
handle life’s troubles.
203

204. The power of positive thinking!
“How you think
about a problem is
more important
than the problem
itself—so always
think positively.”
Norman Vincent
Peale
204

205. How do mature people deal with their
problems?
A. They use defense mechanisms most of
the time like anybody else.
B. They confront their problems in an
attempt to solve them.
C. They wait them out, knowing that the
passage of time will help them see
solutions more clearly.
D. They do not fear addressing problems
because they know they will always be
205
successful.

206. How do mature people deal with their
problems?
A. They use defense mechanisms most of
the time like anybody else.
B. They confront their problems in an
attempt to solve them.
C. They wait them out, knowing that the
passage of time will help them see
solutions more clearly.
D. They do not fear addressing problems
because they know they will always be
206
successful.

207. People with positive
attitudes usually have
other personality traits
that help them meet
life’s:
• Challenges
• Frustrations
• Disappointments.
207

208. These people can call into action the
following personality traits to solve problems
and to succeed:
• Integrity
• Credibility
• Humility
• Patience
• Respect
• Appreciation
• Focus on task completion and on people
208

209. Strategies for Expressing Emotions
Grief
Joy
Love
Specific feelings you may experience
209

210. Strategies for Expressing Emotions
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Specific feelings you may experience
210

211. People refer
to a more
general kind
of feeling as
a “mood.”
We all experience people who are in a good
“mood” or bad “mood.”
211

212. “Moods” are a temporary state of mind or
feeling a general feeling of emotion.
212

213. Babies come into the world with the
two most basic emotions:
Delight Distress
213

214. As you grow older, emotions
become a very real part of you.
214

215. Controlling emotions is
a challenge to everyone
in a leadership position.
215

216. Emotions need to be expressed, especially
very strong emotions.
216

217. You may feel like “telling off” someone or
even physically striking the person, but
your social conditioning tells you that this
is not acceptable behavior.
217

218. Constructive methods of expressing strong
emotions include:
Talking it out
Positive
thoughts
Physical activity
218 Sense of humor

219. Spontaneous feelings that people
have are called _______.
A. moods
B. attitudes
C. emotions
D. outlooks
219

220. Spontaneous feelings that people
have are called _______.
A. moods
B. attitudes
C. emotions
D. outlooks
220

221. Physical Activity
Emotions are a very real part of you!
Intense Emotional
Buildup
221

222. Some emotional
outlets include:
• Sports activity
222

223. • Creative projects
223

224. • Cleaning a house
224

225. • Washing the car
225

226. • Mowing the lawn
226

227. • Hunting or fishing
227

228. • Painting
228

229. • Sewing
229

230. • Woodworking.
230

231. Which of these is NOT a
recommended physical activity to help
deal with emotions constructively?
A. Washing the car
B. Mowing the lawn
C. Playing video games
D. Cleaning house
231

232. Which of these is NOT a
recommended physical activity to help
deal with emotions constructively?
A. Washing the car
B. Mowing the lawn
C. Playing video games
D. Cleaning house
232

233. Trusted friend Teacher
Talking it out
Counselor Parent
233

234. Trusted friend Teacher
These people can help you see
alternatives and understand
your feelings.
Counselor Parent
234

235. Sense of Humor
Keeping your
sense of humor
is a big asset in
constructively
expressing
emotions.
235

236. Being able to laugh at yourself
and to laugh with others is a
rare combination.
236

237. The jokester tries to
build up his or her
self-image in an
attempt to feel
superior at someone
else’s expense.
237

238. A constructive sense
of humor is not:
• Cutting
• Sarcastic
• Hostile.
238

239. People using humor constructively
focus the humor on _______, and it is
not hostile, cutting, or sarcastic.
A. their emotion
B. people close to them
C. strangers
D. themselves
239

240. People using humor constructively
focus the humor on _______, and it is
not hostile, cutting, or sarcastic.
A. their emotion
B. people close to them
C. strangers
D. themselves
240

241. Positive Thoughts
and Actions
The power of
“positive thinking!”
241

242. Positive attitudes begin with:
• A healthy self-image
242

243. • Acknowledgement rather than denial
of problems
243

244. • A conscious effort to build habits
that will contribute to a positive
244
personal growth.

245. Which of the following is NOT part of the
process of establishing a positive
attitude?
A. Facing rather than ignoring problems
B. Repeating to yourself and your
friends that you are going to become
a positive thinker
C. Making a conscious effort to build
habits for personal growth
D. Trying to keep a healthy self-image
245

246. Which of the following is NOT part of the
process of establishing a positive
attitude?
A. Facing rather than ignoring problems
B. Repeating to yourself and your
friends that you are going to become
a positive thinker
C. Making a conscious effort to build
habits for personal growth
D. Trying to keep a healthy self-image
246

247. Conclusion
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Your success as a leader often depends on
attitudes—and you can control your attitude.
247

248. Will your attitude
be positive or
negative?
The choice is
yours.
248

249. Family member Employee
A positive attitude will make
you a happier and more
successful:
249
Student Citizen

250. CONCLUSION
People are attracted to and will follow
positive thinkers who can solve problems
for themselves and others.
250

251. A positive attitude
can be the leader’s
key to success.
251

252. What term refers to something
that can be but has not yet been
developed?
A. Maturity
B. Affiliation
C. Perspective
D. Potential
252

253. What term refers to something
that can be but has not yet been
developed?
A. Maturity
B. Affiliation
C. Perspective
D. Potential
253

254. What term is used to refer to the
state of being fully grown or
developed?
A. Maturity
B. Potential
C. Affiliation
D. Perspective
254

255. What term is used to refer to the
state of being fully grown or
developed?
A. Maturity
B. Potential
C. Affiliation
D. Perspective
255

256. What term is used to refer to
what a person is inside as well
as what he/she shows to others,
and is comprised of such things
as actions, opinions, and
beliefs?
A. Affiliation
B. Personality
C. Perspective
D. Potential
256

257. What term is used to refer to
what a person is inside as well
as what he/she shows to others,
and is comprised of such things
as actions, opinions, and
beliefs?
A. Affiliation
B. Personality
C. Perspective
D. Potential
257

258. A person’s _______ is rooted in
his/her thoughts, feelings, and
beliefs, and largely determines
how a person responds to a
particular situation.
A. experience
B. personality
C. attitude
D. behavior
258

259. A person’s _______ is rooted in
his/her thoughts, feelings, and
beliefs, and largely determines
how a person responds to a
particular situation.
A. experience
B. personality
C. attitude
D. behavior
259

260. Someone’s way of seeing the
world is his/her _______.
A. personality
B. potential
C. perspective
D. affiliation
260

261. Someone’s way of seeing the
world is his/her _______.
A. personality
B. potential
C. perspective
D. affiliation
261

262. A human being’s natural desire
to feel like he/she is part of a
group is known as _______.
A. a defense mechanism
B. gregariousness
C. herd mentality
D. affiliation need
262

263. A human being’s natural desire
to feel like he/she is part of a
group is known as _______.
A. a defense mechanism
B. gregariousness
C. herd mentality
D. affiliation need
263

264. What term is used to refer to
behaviors that people use to deal
with anxieties and stress?
A. Defense mechanisms
B. Affiliation needs
C. Displacements
D. Projections
264

265. What term is used to refer to
behaviors that people use to deal
with anxieties and stress?
A. Defense mechanisms
B. Affiliation needs
C. Displacements
D. Projections
265

266. What term is used to refer to
taking out impulses on or
transferring feelings about a
person or thing to a less
threatening, more acceptable
object?
A. Rationalization
B. Projection
C. Displacement
D. Repression
266

267. What term is used to refer to
taking out impulses on or
transferring feelings about a
person or thing to a less
threatening, more acceptable
object?
A. Rationalization
B. Projection
C. Displacement
D. Repression
267

268. What term is used to refer to a
refusal to acknowledge the
existence of a problem or a
painful reality?
A. Repression
B. Acting out
C. Displacement
D. Denial
268

269. What term is used to refer to a
refusal to acknowledge the
existence of a problem or a
painful reality?
A. Repression
B. Acting out
C. Displacement
D. Denial
269

270. A defense mechanism in which
someone pushes disturbing
thoughts from his/her conscious
mind while the feelings continue
at the subconscious level is
known as _______.
A. denial
B. repression
C. displacement
D. rationalization
270

271. A defense mechanism in which
someone pushes disturbing
thoughts from his/her conscious
mind while the feelings continue
at the subconscious level is
known as _______.
A. denial
B. repression
C. displacement
D. rationalization
271

272. What term is used to refer to the
concealing of true motivations
for one’s thoughts or actions by
explaining them in a more
reassuring way?
A. Rationalization
B. Displacement
C. Repression
D. Denial
272

273. What term is used to refer to the
concealing of true motivations
for one’s thoughts or actions by
explaining them in a more
reassuring way?
A. Rationalization
B. Displacement
C. Repression
D. Denial
273

274. What term is used to refer to
falsely attributing one’s own
unacceptable feelings or
impulses to another?
A. Displacement
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Rationalization
274

275. What term is used to refer to
falsely attributing one’s own
unacceptable feelings or
impulses to another?
A. Displacement
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Rationalization
275

276. While emotions are
spontaneous feelings, _______
are a more a temporary state of
mind or general feeling of some
emotion.
A. personalities
B. affiliations
C. perspectives
D. moods
276

277. While emotions are
spontaneous feelings, _______
are a more a temporary state of
mind or general feeling of some
emotion.
A. personalities
B. affiliations
C. perspectives
D. moods
277

278. Because expressing strong emotions is
important, people should deal with
them in constructive ways, such as
having a sense of humor, engaging in
physical activity, and _______.
A. spending a lot of time alone thinking
about the emotions
B. releasing the pent-up emotions by
“telling off” someone
C. talking with someone they trust to
“get it off” their chest
D. sleeping and resting more than usual
278

279. Because expressing strong emotions is
important, people should deal with
them in constructive ways, such as
having a sense of humor, engaging in
physical activity, and _______.
A. spending a lot of time alone thinking
about the emotions
B. releasing the pent-up emotions by
“telling off” someone
C. talking with someone they trust to
“get it off” their chest
D. sleeping and resting more than usual
279

280. What was the theme of Thomas
Anthony Harris’ 1969 book I’m
OK, You’re OK?
A. Each person has a distinct
personality.
B. People should be accepted for
who they are.
C. All people are inherently
good.
D. People can change their
280
attitude for the better.

281. What was the theme of Thomas
Anthony Harris’ 1969 book I’m
OK, You’re OK?
A. Each person has a distinct
personality.
B. People should be accepted for
who they are.
C. All people are inherently
good.
D. People can change their
281
attitude for the better.

282. According to Thomas Anthony
Harris’ 1969 book, which of
these attitudes reflects the
approval both of oneself and of
others that a healthy, well-
adjusted person feels?
A. I’m not OK, you’re OK.
B. I’m OK, you’re not OK.
C. I’m OK, you’re OK.
D. I’m not OK, you’re not OK.
282

283. According to Thomas Anthony
Harris’ 1969 book, which of
these attitudes reflects the
approval both of oneself and of
others that a healthy, well-
adjusted person feels?
A. I’m not OK, you’re OK.
B. I’m OK, you’re not OK.
C. I’m OK, you’re OK.
D. I’m not OK, you’re not OK.
283

284. Which of these statements about
perspectives is accurate?
A. People’s attitudes and personalities are
formed separately from their
perspectives.
B. People want to explore the purpose
behind their perspectives as they grow
older.
C. By the teenage years, people’s
perspectives are fully formed with little
or no change to be expected.
D. Perspectives grow narrower over time,
much like climbing down from a
284
mountain.

285. Which of these statements about
perspectives is accurate?
A. People’s attitudes and personalities are
formed separately from their
perspectives.
B. People want to explore the purpose
behind their perspectives as they grow
older.
C. By the teenage years, people’s
perspectives are fully formed with little
or no change to be expected.
D. Perspectives grow narrower over time,
much like climbing down from a
285
mountain.

286. When young people must decide
between going along with the group
and behaving in accordance with
their values, their _______ are tested.
A. behavior and belonging in a group
B. parents’ influences and lessons
C. personality and attitude
D. self-knowledge and perspective
286

287. When young people must decide
between going along with the group
and behaving in accordance with
their values, their _______ are tested.
A. behavior and belonging in a group
B. parents’ influences and lessons
C. personality and attitude
D. self-knowledge and perspective
287

288. Which of these statements about desire is
NOT accurate?
A. The mistakes people make in dealing
with desires fortunately always have
only short-term effects.
B. Desires often are sources of
psychological and emotional motivation.
C. In the process of fulfilling desires,
people often make mistakes and poor
choices.
D. Dealing wisely with desires requires a
perspective that allows people to see
things as they really are.
288

289. Which of these statements about desire is
NOT accurate?
A. The mistakes people make in dealing
with desires fortunately always have
only short-term effects.
B. Desires often are sources of
psychological and emotional motivation.
C. In the process of fulfilling desires,
people often make mistakes and poor
choices.
D. Dealing wisely with desires requires a
perspective that allows people to see
things as they really are.
289

290. Desires are things you want
either for yourself or those you
care for, while beliefs are strong
and deeply held _______ that
shape your thinking.
A. emotions
B. values
C. ideas
D. perceptions
290

291. Desires are things you want
either for yourself or those you
care for, while beliefs are strong
and deeply held _______ that
shape your thinking.
A. emotions
B. values
C. ideas
D. perceptions
291

292. To learn from a mistake, a
healthy, well-adjusted person
will adjust his/her behavior and
_______.
A. attribute it to chance and bad
luck
B. determine not to repeat it
C. hope it will not happen again
D. pinpoint who should share
the blame
292

293. To learn from a mistake, a
healthy, well-adjusted person
will adjust his/her behavior and
_______.
A. attribute it to chance and bad
luck
B. determine not to repeat it
C. hope it will not happen again
D. pinpoint who should share
the blame
293

294. Actions reveal a person’s
_______ and cannot be
separated from them.
A. desires
B. goals
C. values
D. attitudes
294

295. Actions reveal a person’s
_______ and cannot be
separated from them.
A. desires
B. goals
C. values
D. attitudes
295

296. With proper planning and a
positive attitude, _______ will
come your way, as in Thomas
Jefferson’s statement, the
harder he worked, the more of it
he had.
A. success
B. wealth
C. luck
D. happiness
296

297. With proper planning and a
positive attitude, _______ will
come your way, as in Thomas
Jefferson’s statement, the
harder he worked, the more of it
he had.
A. success
B. wealth
C. luck
D. happiness
297

298. What is a learning curve?
A. Time needed to perfect a task or
reach a goal
B. Graph showing how the quality
of an employee’s work reaches a
peak and then declines over time
C. Checkpoints for new employees
during their probationary period
D. Chart that managers use to plot
progress toward a goal
298

299. What is a learning curve?
A. Time needed to perfect a task or
reach a goal
B. Graph showing how the quality
of an employee’s work reaches a
peak and then declines over time
C. Checkpoints for new employees
during their probationary period
D. Chart that managers use to plot
progress toward a goal
299

300. What is the greatest danger of the
constant use of defense mechanisms?
A. People begin to see themselves as
too perfect and incapable of error.
B. People find themselves being given
more and more responsibility and
are not able to handle it.
C. People fail to take responsibility for
their actions and remain immature.
D. People prevent co-workers and
friends from seeing a situation
clearly enough to improve it.
300

301. What is the greatest danger of the
constant use of defense mechanisms?
A. People begin to see themselves as
too perfect and incapable of error.
B. People find themselves being given
more and more responsibility and
are not able to handle it.
C. People fail to take responsibility for
their actions and remain immature.
D. People prevent co-workers and
friends from seeing a situation
clearly enough to improve it.
301

302. In support of the power of
positive thinking, Norman
Vincent Peale wrote, “How you
_______ is more important than
the problem itself.”
A. face a problem
B. deal with a problem
C. solve a problem
D. think about a problem
302

303. In support of the power of
positive thinking, Norman
Vincent Peale wrote, “How you
_______ is more important than
the problem itself.”
A. face a problem
B. deal with a problem
C. solve a problem
D. think about a problem
303

304. The way that people _______
their experiences is very
influential on their lives and
their ability to lead.
A. interpret
B. remember
C. show
D. discuss
304

305. The way that people _______
their experiences is very
influential on their lives and
their ability to lead.
A. interpret
B. remember
C. show
D. discuss
305

306. In the process of maturing, a
person develops a _______ and
then uses it to meet life’s
challenges.
A. strong will
B. positive attitude
C. fulfilling career
D. life goal
306

307. In the process of maturing, a
person develops a _______ and
then uses it to meet life’s
challenges.
A. strong will
B. positive attitude
C. fulfilling career
D. life goal
307

308. What happens to a person’s decision-
making skills as he/she matures?
A. They improve with the growing
ability to interpret events and use
experiences.
B. They continue to be inconsistent as
difficulties arise throughout life.
C. They reach a plateau where making
the right decision becomes almost
automatic.
D. They slowly deteriorate as life
becomes inevitably more
308 complicated.

309. What happens to a person’s decision-
making skills as he/she matures?
A. They improve with the growing
ability to interpret events and use
experiences.
B. They continue to be inconsistent as
difficulties arise throughout life.
C. They reach a plateau where making
the right decision becomes almost
automatic.
D. They slowly deteriorate as life
becomes inevitably more
309 complicated.

310. Which one of these behaviors is
NOT considered a method of
changing an attitude?
A. Thinking positive things
about yourself
B. Saying positive things about
others
C. Wishing positive things
would happen
D. Doing positive things
310

311. Which one of these behaviors is
NOT considered a method of
changing an attitude?
A. Thinking positive things
about yourself
B. Saying positive things about
others
C. Wishing positive things
would happen
D. Doing positive things
311