Nourishing the world with small fish
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•134 views
The presentation is based on 30 years of experience on small-scale fisheries and will give an outline on how Professor Kolding’s visions for aligning and combining three major objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Better human nutrition and health, more food, and least ecological impacts from sustainably harvesting our aquatic ecosystems. Professor Kolding will also briefly outline a new multidisciplinary project in Africa, which will pursue these three objectives by focusing on small fish.
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Nourishing the world with small fish
Similar to Nourishing the world with small fish (20)
More from WorldFish
More from WorldFish (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Nourishing the world with small fish
- 1. Nourishing the world with small fish Jeppe Kolding, University of Bergen WorldFish, Penang 5. November 2018
- 2. Unutilized? Courtesy of Geir Huse
- 3. Still Waters: The Global Fish Crisis http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/global-fish-crisis- 1,000 Google scholar hits for fisheries crisis
- 5. Jeppe Kolding, Northern Kenya 1984
- 6. Food security is not just food
- 7. • Vitamin A (animal-source foods (ASF) have the only preformed source, retinol; fish also has vitamin A2 - dehydroretinol) • Vitamin B12 (animal-source foods are the only dietary source) • Riboflavin • Vitamin D (animal-source foods are the only dietary source) • Vitamin E • Bioavailable iron (animal-source foods are the only dietary source of haem iron) • Bioavailable zinc, calcium, phosphorus, selenium, iodine … Fish and other Aquatic Animals: Rich in Several Essential Micronutrients
- 8. Holtgrieve and Allison (2014) based on FAO and WB data
- 9. Global production fisheries & aquaculture Tacon & Metian 2015 Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 70% Nearly half from China
- 10. Aquaculture production must more than double by 2050 to satisfy projected fish demand Sources: Production data 1961–2010: FAO (2014a), FAO (2014b). Aquaculture production projections 2011–2050: WorldFish’ calculations assuming a linear growth rate of 2 Mt per year. Milliontons
- 11. The role of aquaculture? “..in terms of efficiency, fish in aquaculture systems are very efficient converters of feed into protein – in fact far more efficient than most terrestrial livestock system.” “Production of 1 kg of beef protein requires 61 kg of grain, production of 1 kg of pork protein requires 38 kg of grain, while fish only requires 13.5 kg (Hall et al. 2011).”
- 12. Feed conversion efficiency (FCR) in aquaculture Fry et al. 2018 Environ. Res. Lett. 13 Feed conversion (kg of feed / kg wet gain)
- 14. Fish do not eat grain, they eat fish Cartoon by Frits Ahlefelt Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea. Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat up the little ones. Shakespeare, Pericles, prince of Tyre It takes 5 kg of small fish to produce 1 kg large
- 15. Major categories of feed ingredients in aquaculture feeds Tacon & Metian 2015 Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 72 % Protein and oil 47 % 80 % 67 % % = total combined protein and oil Ca 2.5 x higher than pig and poultry feed
- 16. Feed and food Fish are very efficient metabolizers of protein because of low cost of nitrogen excretion, but they are very poor metabolizers of carbohydrates, the cheapest and most abundant energy source in Nature FCR = kg formula feed pr kg meat proportion protein + fat in feed kg meat pr kg protein + fat Edible Yield fraction Kg edible meat per kg P+F cost relative to cheapest Salmon/trout 1.20 0.80 1.04 0.683 0.71 1.42 Carp/Tilapia 1.70 0.40 1.47 0.600 0.88 1.31 Chicken 1.79 0.20 2.79 0.461 1.29 1.00 Pig 2.63 0.20 1.90 0.521 0.99 1.47 Sources: FCR from Torrissen et al 2013 and Tacon and Metian 2015 Protein and fat proportion from Tacon and Metian 2015 Edible yield fraction from Torrissen et al 2013 Relative prices are approximations from the internet
- 17. Feed conversion efficiency in aquaculture Fry et al. 2018 Environ. Res. Lett. 13 is not just about feed in versus food out! The devil is in the details Protein and calorie retention. Dots represent sample means and bars represent standard deviation. Higher values indicate more efficient retention
- 18. Global planteproduksjon Milliarder tonn karbon (Giga t) Land Hav 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Global plant production Billion ton carbon (Giga t) LandLand Land Oceans 4-5% of the primary production on land is directly consumed by humans Courtesy of Yngvar Olsen
- 19. Anchovy The food chain in fisheries and agriculture 4-5% of the primary production (TL 1) on land is directly consumed by humans Domesticated animals for food are herbivores (TL 2) Humans (TL 2.21) feed 2 trophic levels higher in the oceans than on land Very inefficient utilization of the primary productivity . 1st trophic level 4th 3rd 5th 2nd niveau Food chain fisheriesFood chain agriculture Eaters of wolf-eaters Wolf-eaters Corn/rice Vegetables Fruit (80% of human diet) After Duarte et al 2009 Algae Kelp Phyto- plankton zooplankton Clams Salmon Herring Tuna sheep cow Wolverine Wolf
- 20. Hilborn et al. 2018
- 21. Fish are the biggest source of harvestable protein we have Catching wild small fish species from both marine and freshwater fisheries are the most energy and cost-efficient human food production system and have the least environmental impacts in terms of greenhouse gases, water use, fertilizers, insecticides or herbicides compared to any other human food production systems
- 22. Freshwater pelagic small fish and fisheries in major African lakes and reservoirs in relation to food security and nutrition by Jeppe Kolding Professor University of Bergen Department of Biology Bergen, Norway Paul van Zwieten Assistant professor Wageningen University Aquaculture and Fisheries Group Wageningen, Netherlands Felix Marttin Fishery Resources Officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Simon Funge-Smith Senior fishery officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy and Florence Poulain Fisheries officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy In press
- 23. Freshwater catches in Africa increase linearly Kolding et al (in press FAO)
- 24. Lake Victoria – East Africa:
- 25. Total catches, lake Victoria 1959-2014
- 26. Modesta Medard The Mukene/Dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea) fishery on Lake Victoria
- 29. The Malawi usipa
- 30. Size distribution of African fish species Kolding et al (in press FAO) The majority of fish species are small
- 31. Water body L = Lake R = reservoir Surface area (Km2) Main pelagic species P/B ratio Pelagic yield (kg/ha) in 1980s (A) predicted (P) Type of fishery Present yield (kg/ha) % increase Victoria (L) 68800 Rastrineobola argentea 3.9 A = 23 Industrial Artisanal 74 322 Tanganyika (L) 32900 Stolothrissa tanganicae Limnothrisssa miodon 5 A = 22.5; P = 350 Industrial Artisanal 34 151 Malawi (L) 30800 Engraulicypris sardella 3 A = slight; P = 30-40 Artisanal 16 1600 Turkana (L) ≈7000 Brycinus minutus Brycinus ferox 5.2 A = nil; P = 450 NA Nil Mweru (L) 5120 Microthrissa moeruensis 5 A = 9; P = 130 -185 Artisanal 98 1100 Kivu (Rwanda) (L) 1055 Limnothrisssa miodon 6 A = slight; P = 40 Industrial Artisanal 150 ≈1300 Kariba (R ) 5365 Limnothrisssa miodon 6 A = 22; P = 90 Industrial 56 255 Cahora Bassa (R ) 2665 Limnothrisssa miodon 5 A = nil; P = 30 Industrial 60 6000 Itezhi-tezhi (R ) 370 Brycinus lateralis Limnothrissa miodon 5 A = 27; P = 95 Artisanal ? - Kainji (R ) 1270 Pellonula leonensis Sierrathrissa leonensis ? A = small; P = 60-80 Artisanal 109 ≈1000 Volta (R ) 8482 same as Kainji plus Odaxothrissa mento ? A = moderate; P = 79 Industrial Artisanal 120 ≈1000 Average 4.9 80 Kolding et al (in press FAO)
- 32. Only 2 biological questions in fisheries management How much? = Fishing pressure • (effort f) How? = Fishing pattern • (catchability q) • (selectivity s)
- 33. Global management objectives: How much and how UNCLOS 1982; Johannesburg 2002 Declaration § 31 (a): «Stocks should be kept at biomass levels that can produce maximum sustainable yields (MSY).» CBD Malawi principles for Ecosystem Approach: «A key feature of the ecosystem approach includes conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning»
- 34. The aquatic food web is size structured… ..abundance is inversely correlated with size Primary producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Top predators LogBiomass Size
- 35. LogBiomass Size Community size spectrum The distribution of biomass by body size follows regular patterns phytoplankton zooplankton Small fish Large fish Under conventional selective fishing slope and intercept will change
- 36. The ECOPATH trophic model Flow diagram of the central South China Sea pelagic ecosystem in the 1980s. Arrows indicate flow (t km-2y-1) and boxes (≈ log10 of B) the size of biomass (t km-2). Walters et al. (1997)
- 37. 150 Ecopath models ≈ 40% of oceans Christensen et al. 2014
- 38. Global ocean production Kolding et al. 2015 Global mean exploitation rate vs trophic level Our highly selective fishing pattern is very unbalanced and very inefficient in terms of healthy food 1 kg 1000 kg Human TL
- 39. Anchoveta
- 40. LogBiomass Size Balanced harvesting… (Garcia et al 2012) .. is fishing as many sizes and species as possible in proportion to natural productivity It will maintain community structure while returning highest yields
- 41. ..and it will reconcile our global objectives? UNCLOS 1982; Johannesburg 2002 Declaration § 31 (a): «Stocks should be kept at biomass levels that can produce maximum sustainable yields (MSY).» CBD Malawi principles for Ecosystem Approach: «A key feature of the ecosystem approach includes conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning»
- 42. How to measure the balance? Distance from 1:1 line gives fishing pressure Slope gives fishing pattern (ideal slope = 1) Annual catch = fraction of annual production. Under Balanced harvest the fraction should be constant across all components in the ecosystem Kolding et al. 2015 C = P
- 43. Global fishing pattern (150 ecosystems) Low trophic level forage fish High trophic level carnivores Kolding et al. 2015
- 44. Temperate fisheries (ICES, North Pacific) Slope not significantly different from 0! Kolding et al. 2015
- 45. 13 Ecopath models of African lakes
- 46. Production vs Exploitation in 13 African lakes Kolding et al (in press FAO)
- 47. Targeted species
- 48. 10 June 2016 – Lake Victoria fishery closed for 2 months due to overfishing and rampant use of illegal gears
- 49. May 4th 2017 UPDF (Uganda People’s Defence Force): “Those found buying or eating immature fish will be prosecuted the same way as those dealing with immature fish” “Maj. Ronald Kakurungu said his team was determined to wipe out illegal fishing methods on the lake”
- 50. Catch and Production in Lake Victoria - 2015 These 3 groups (species) produce 11 mill tonnes per year 10% 5% 4% Sustainable capture is some 4 millon tonnes per year
- 51. To catch small fish you need fine mesh
- 52. Bangweulu swamps Northern Zambia
- 54. Bangweulu swamps Northern Zambia Mesh size Mesh size (mm) gillnets kusikila seines weir traps cum % 3 3,869 13 4 8,358 41 6 2,322 49 8 387 50 10 25 534 17 53 52 38 6,719 68 178 75 50 4,233 135 49 90 63 1,260 643 97 76 554 74 99 89 136 - 99 102 - - 114 - 127 255 100 140 - Total: 13,691 937 280 14,936 29,844 % 46 3 1 50 100 % legal 22 Total number of gear by type Ndang a
- 55. Species and size composition by gear
- 56. Fishing pressure versus size Large fish in gillnets Seines Ciclids Small fish illegal legal Only largest species in legal gillnets are overexploited Overfished Kolding et al. 2003
- 57. by Jeppe Kolding Professor University of Bergen Department of Biology Bergen, Norway Paul van Zwieten Assistant professor Wageningen University Aquaculture and Fisheries Group Wageningen, Netherlands Felix Marttin Fishery Resources Officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy and Florence Poulain Fisheries officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy
- 58. African drylands Covers 55% of the continent and contains 48% of the populations Logone floodplain
- 59. Lake Chad Courtesy of Phang 2016 Landsat Dry season Lake Maga Chari River Logone River Logone Floodplain Cameroon Chad Landsat Wet season Google
- 60. ‘Caneaux de peche’ (Fishing canals) Dry season
- 61. ‘Caneaux de peche’ (Fishing canals) Courtesy of Phang 2016
- 62. Spatial distribution of canals Courtesy of Phang 2016
- 63. ‘Caneaux de peche’ MORSL Courtesy of Phang 2016 Wet season
- 64. Courtesy of Phang 2016
- 65. Courtesy of Phang 2016
- 66. SmallFishFood = From catch to plate Fishing Processing Transport Trade Plate Catching small fish = Improved ecosystems Eating small fish = Improved human health We will follow the micro-nutrients along the whole value chain
- 68. Thank you for your attention Photo by Modesta Medard