Notes lecture 2 aqu2203 201213

AQU2203
Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan

LECTURE 2
TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES
IN FISH PRODUCTION

© Dr. Shahreza, FPAI, UMT

AQU2203 Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan 2

Lecture 1
IN FISH PRODUCTION

Objective :

1) To expose students to the different types of
breeding for stock improvement

2) To develop understanding about fish breeding
techniques in fish production.



Introduction
Types of Breeding
Crossbreeding
Hybridization
Monosex Culture
Chromosome Manipulation



Lecture 1
IN FISH PRODUCTION

Learning Outcome :

At the end of lecture, students should be able to :

Explain the breeding techniques in fish production

Diferentiate the different breeding techniques in fish
production



IMPROVEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE
• IMPROVEMENT IN REPRODUCTION
• IMPROVEMENT IN GROWTH AND NUTRITION
• IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH
• IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY AND VALUE
• CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES
• IMPROVEMENT IN BIOMEDICINAL VALUE

INCREASE
PRODUCTIVITY


Increase
Productivity

Environmental Manipulation Genetic Manipulation

Culture System

Feed Additives – hormone,
© Dr. Shahreza, FPAI, UMT probiotic, chemicals


GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
IN FISH BREEDING
A method to increase the quality or to obtain the desired
traits using various selected breeding techniques

Involves genetic manipulation in which the traits can be
modified and inherit



BREEDING

Main Aim :

Increase quality of stocks (stock improvement)

Produce high commercial value and profitable cultured fish



Increase productivity which can benefit the
consumers
Example. Fish that has high growth rates

Solving problems in occurrence of pathogens
Example. Production of disease resistant and hardy fish

Reduce inbreeding in wild and cultured population



Improvements in quality of stock through
management of broodstock and seedlings
- Able to select and identify quality broodstock and seed for breeding

Creation of new export comodity in the industry
Example. Production of fish with new characteristics



BREEDING
Traits that are desired in fish production:

High growth rate

High dressing percentage (more meat less waste)

Resistant to disease

Hardy (able to tolerate harsh condition)

Good food conversion ratio (FCR).

Variability in body colours and patterns



BREEDING
There are several types of fish breeding
techniques commonly used in fish production :

Crossbreeding

Hybridization

Sex Reversed Population (Monosex)

Chromosome Manipulation


13

Mating or crossing 2 different strains or varieties of the same
species

Also known as Intraspesific Hybridization

A breeding program that increases the breeding value
- resulted in production of new strain

X

Same species (goldfish) but different strain

14

Application of Crossbreeding :

Increase performance of the entire stocks

Producing progeny that has intermediate performance
obtained from the broodstocks

Produce and increase the quality or performance of a new
pure stock (pure breed).

To exploit heterosis

Heterosis : increase in performance of progeny that exceed the
performance of the broodstock.


Mostly applied in ornamental fish breeding program

More focused on the production of
colours, patterns and shapes



Define as mating of two different species

Also known as Interspesific Hybridization.

Main Purpose : To combine the main traits of both
species.

X

Breeding of 2 different species (goldfish) and carp


Conducted between species that are closely related
- same family or same genus.

Breeding can occur naturally or induced using hormone

Hybrids are generally intermediate (can be distinguished
between parents).
However hybrids are biased towards one parent

Example of hybridization :
Hybrid Striped Bass X White Bass
Hybrid Channel Catfish X Blue Catfish
Nile Tilapia X Blue Tilapia


Production of a population with single sex characteristics

Conducted to control production of certain sex for growth.

Avoid occurrence of breeding during grow-out.

Main purpose of Monosex production in a population
advantage of certain sex
desire for certain sex
avoid reproduction during culture
avoid aggressive behaviour which normally exist during
reproduction



Perform due to interest towards a certain gender which has a
better performance compared to the other gender

Produced using hormone tratment

All produced seeds will be either 100% male or 100% female

XX OR XY
100% 100%
Female Male


Feminization
Changes in sex of individuals to female through administration
of estrogen hormones
Hormone
Seed Female
Estrogen
Example : salmon

Masculinization
Changes in sex of individuals to male through administration
of andogen hormones
Hormone
Seed Male
Androgen

Example : Tilapia, channel catfish


Example : Tilapia - male are more desired due to faster growth
rate compared to female
Salmon – female are more desired due to bigger size
and faster growth rate
Channel catfish
Channel catfish

Tilapia
Salmon


Manipulation of the whole genome of an organism
at the chromosomal level to obtain desired
characteristics.

Manipulation is done to the whole chromosome set and not at
the DNA strands

Main Purpose : production of sterile fish
Production of monosex population
Attain higher growth rate

Applied to eggs or spermatozoa or fertilized eggs



3 Main
Tecniques
Polyploidy Androgenesis
Production of seed in which all
Production of seed with
genetic information are
more that 2 sets of
inherited from male
chromosome

Production of seed in which all
genetic information are
Gynogenesis inherited from female


Seeds produced will have higher growth rate

Seeds produced are generally sterile (production of triploid
fish)

Androgenesis dan Gynogenesis techniques are commonly used
for the production of monosex strain



Production of individuals with greater than the normal number of
chromosomes.

Leads to the addition in the numbers of chromosomes (more than
2 sets)

Retention of the polar body through disturbance at the mitosis
stage during zygote development 2nd polar body
restored
temperature shock
pressure shock N

Production of sterile fish Haploid cell
- no gonad development N
egg
2N


Induction techniques normally used :
Temperature shock
- cold shock for tropical fish
- heat shock for temprate fish
Pressure shock

Main purpose :

Produced seeds that is able to grow continually
and never slow down to mature or reproduce

Also used for production of steril hybrids


Concept in Production of Triploid Fish

N N
X

fertilization
egg
sperm

Temperature or Pressure Shock

NNN

Number of chromosome : 3 set


Benefits of Polyploidy
Higher growth rates
Better feed conversion
Higher survival
Higher turnover
Resistance to disease

Suitable for grow out

Example : Oyster, Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),
Hemibragus nemurus (baung), African catfish (Clarias
gariepinus)


N N
N 2nd polar body 2nd polar body

N N
Normal 2nd polar body
2N
Fertilization N N

N
N N
Triploidy 2nd polar body

N N
3N

N
N 2nd polar body

N
N
2nd polar body
N 3N
Tetraploidy N
N
N N
N 4N



GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal
or paternal parent
Progeny only inherit genetic material either from the male or
female parent

Key concepts in gynogenesis and androgenesis :

Eliminating the genetic contribution of one parent or the other

Interupting the normal cause of events in newly fertilized or
activated eggs

Restoration of a 2N state allowing normal development to
proceed




Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :

Can be utilized to ascertain mechanisms of sex determination

Production of monosex populations

Production of genetically identical clones (high levels of
homozygosity)




Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :

Restoration of endangered or extinct species from cryopreserved
sperm

Androgenesis can be used as stringent measure of egg quality in
aquaculture breeding program

Gynogenesis can be useful method to generate fully inbred lines



GYNOGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal
parent (all maternal inheritance)

Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from female
broodstock
N
2nd polar body
Haploid cell

Used for sex control N
egg

Gynogenesis produce 100% female (sex chromosome XX)



GYNOGENESIS
Eggs are fertilized with sperm which does not contribute any
genetic information to the embryo

Genetic material of the males are destroyed by
exposing the sperms to UV irradiation
UV Ray N

UV ray disrupt the DNA in sperm causing the DNA unable
to function in the egg



XX XY
X
Polar Body UV Light
Genetic material of sperm
destroyed under UV rays

X

Temperature or Pressure Shock to the fertilized egg

XX
© Dr. Shahreza, FPAI, UMT Female


ANDROGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the paternal of
the parent (all paternal inheritance)

Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from male
broodstock

Sperms fertilized eggs which does not contribute any genetic
information to the embryo

Genetic material of the females are N
destroyed by exposing the eggs to UV 2nd polar body

irradiation Haploid cell

- also lead to the destruction of the N
RNA, amino acid synthesis and egg
mitochondrial DNA


ANDROGENESIS
Can be very useful in situation like :

Males have shorter generation times than female

Storing of inbred lines in the form of cryopreserved sperm

Recovering genotypes from cryopreserved sperm



CHROMOSOME MANIPILATION : ANDROGENESIS

XX XY
X
Irradiation
Genetic material of egg
destroyed under
UV/gamma rays X
or
Y

Temperature or Pressure Shock

XX or YY

Female Male

N N

N N
Normal 2nd polar body
2N
Fertilization N N

DNA of sperm destroyed N
2nd polar body 2nd polar body

N N
Meiotic 2nd polar body

Gynogenesis N N
2N

DNA of egg destroyed N 2nd polar body

N
Androgenesis 2nd polar body N
N
2N


Notes lecture 2 aqu2203 201213

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