This document discusses the application of genetics in aquaculture. It begins by providing background on genetics and key scientists who advanced the field like Gregor Mendel. Genetic techniques can be used for both short-term and long-term genetic improvement in aquaculture species. Examples of short-term techniques discussed include hybridization and sex manipulation. Long-term techniques include selective breeding programs that can increase growth rates up to 20% per generation. Emerging technologies using genome mapping and markers are also discussed that could help improve traits like disease resistance and growth.

1. NAME –KRISHNA ANAND
ENROLLMENT NO- A12245518002
APPLICATION OF GENETIC IN
AQUACULTURE

3. WHAT IS GENETICS ?
GENETICS IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY CONCERNED
WITH THE STUDY OF GENES , GENETICS
VARIATION , AND HEREDITY IN THE
ORGANISMS.
GREGOR MENDEL , SCIENTIST AND AUGUSTINIAN
FRIAR, DISCOVERED GENETICS IN LATE 19th
CENTURY.

4. MENDEL STUDIED (TRAIT INHERITANCE ),
PATTERN IN THE WAY TRAIT ARE HANDED
DOWN FROM PARENT TO OFFSPRING .
HE OBS THAT ORGANISM ( PEA PLANT )
INHERIT TRAIT BY WAY OF DESCRETE”
UNIT OF INHERITANCE “
THIS TERM , STILL USED TODAY , IS A SOME
WHAT AMBIGUOUS DEFINATION OF WHAT
IS REFERRED TO AS A “GENE”

5. HENCE MANY SCIENTIST COME FORWARD AND
DISCOVERED THE MYSTERY OF THE GENES
AND ITS ROLE IN THE LIVING ORGANISMS.
NAME OF THE SOME SCIENTIST ARE
*HUGO DE VRIES
*WILLIAM BATESON
*THOMAS HUNT MORGAN

6. *ALFRED STURTEVANT
*FREDERICK GRIFFITH
*AVERY ,MACLEOD , MCCARTY( IDENTIFIED DNA
MOLECULE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
TRANSFORMATION
*JAMMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK
DETERMINED THE STRUCTURE OF DNA IN
1953.

7. *ROSALIND FRANKLIN AND MAURICE WILKINS
USING X – RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ,
INDICATE THAT DNA IS DOUBLE HELICAL
STRUCTURE.
AND MANY OTHER SCIENCTIST CONTRIBUTED IN
THIS BIOLOGY FIELD A LOT AND NOW ITS
APPLICATION IS WIDELY USE.

8. THE MENTIONED ABOVE NAME OF THE
SCIENTIST WORK IN THIS FIELD AFTER THE
DEATH OF G J MENDEL .
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MENDELS WORK DID
NOT GAIN WIDE UNDERSTANDING UNTIL 1900 ,
AFTER HIS DEATH MANY SCIENTIST STEP
FORWARD.

11. GENETIC IN FISH

12. APPLICATION OF GENETICS IN
AQUACULTURE
 INTRODUCTION :-
1)The wild harvest of fish , invertebrate ( mainly
mollusk and crustaceans ) and aquatic plant
(mainly sea weed , are the important source of
nutrition .
2)It is not only believe and consume by from
today (modern day ) but from ancient time .
3)today aquaculture and capture fisheries directly
employ over 180 million people , supporting the
livelihood of 8% of the worlds population and
each sector provide 50% of the worlds aquatic
food supply

13. 4)Data/stat :- There are more than 31,000 species
of fin fish , 85,000 species of mollusk , 47,000
species of the crustaceans and 13,000 species of
seaweed , with more than 5000 species accessed
in the wild fisheries and about 400 species used in
aquaculture .
5)The application of genetics principle to aquatic
species used In the aquaculture is the recent
phenomenon and sector has not yet made full use
of available technologies to increase the
production as the other food producing sector
have done.

14. 6)Its importance and uses in the aquaculture is
just began only over the past two decade i.e
widespread a acceptance and its advantages
can be taken by the humans.

15. Main use to improve production , marketability,
disease resistance, body shape , color ,
culturability and the conservation of natural
resource can be faciliated by appropriate
genetics technology .
** GENETIC IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES
CAN BE USED IN SHORT TERM GENETCS
IMPROVEMENT AND LONG TERM
GENETCS IMPROVEMENT STRATIGIES.

16. LONG TERM GENETIC
IMPRROVEMENT STRATIGIES
 Domestication and the full potential for the
utilization in aquatic genetics resources will be
realized through long term breeding
programmes. The aquaculture sector lags far
behind the crop and live stock sector with
regard to the development of the domesticated
and genetically improved strains

17. SELECTIVE BREEDING
GROWTH RATE IS THE CHARACTERSTICS
MOST OFTEN IMPROVED IN THE
SELECTION BREEDING PROGRAMMES AND
INCREASE UPTO 20% GENERATION HAVE
BEEN REPORTED.
TRAIT SUCH AS DISEASE AND STRESS
RESISTANCE , TIMMING OF THE MATURITY
AND FLESH QUALITY ARE NOW
INCREASING.

18. THE DISEASE RESSISTANCE , THE ADOPTION
OF DOMESTICATED AND GENERALLY
IMPROVED IN WHITELEG SHRIMP
(PENAEUS VANNAMEI).
ANOTHER POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF
GENECTICS SELMINE TEECTION
TECNIQUES IS THE AREA OF ENHANCING
FEED UTILIZATION ,i.e. TO DETERMINE
WETHER CARNIVOROUS FISH WITH
CAPACITY FOR PROTIEN UTILIZATION AS
THE MAIN ENEREGY SOURCE CAN BE
GENETICALLY SELECTED.

19. GENETIC ENGINEERING
 GENETICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY IS
NOW BEGINNING TO FIND APPLICATION IN
THE PRODUCTION OF AQUACULTURE
FEED TO ASSIST IN REDUCING THE
DEPENDENCY ON THE FISHMEAL AND FISH
OIL AND TO IMPROVE THE TERRESTRIAL
ANIMAL AND PLANT BASED FEED
INGREDIENT.
 EX-GENETICALLY ENGINEERED YEAST FOR
THE PRODUCTION OF IMPORTANT FEED
INGREDIENT SUCH AS FISH GROWTH
HARMONE AND CAROTENOID PIGMENT.

20. SHORT TERM GENETIC
IMPROVEMENT STRATIGIES
 SHORT TERM GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES MAY NOT REQUIRE THE
SAME LEVEL OF RECORD KEEPING NOR
MQNAGEMENT AS LONG TERM PROJECTS
AND CAN IMPART SIGNIFICANT GAINS
WITH SIMPLE TECHNOLOGIES IN A SHORT
PERIO OF TIME .

21. HYBRIDAZITION AND CROSS
BREEDING
 CROSS BREEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION CAN BE
UTILIZED TO COMBINE FAVOURABLE
QUALITIES FROM TWO GENETICALLY
DIFFERENT GROUP S AND TO TAKE
ADVANTAGE OF HYBRID ( HETEROSIS ) .
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDAZATION HAS
RESULTED IN FISH WITH IMPROVED
GROWTH RATES , MANIPULATION SEX RATIO ,
STERILE ANIMAL, IMPROVED FLESH QUALITY
,INCREASED DISEASE RESISTANCE, IMPROVED
TOLERANCE TO ENVIROMENTAL EXTREMES
AND OTHER ALTERED TRAIT .

22. CHROMOSOME SET
MANIPULATION
 MANIPULATION OF CHROMOSOME SET (
POLYPLODIZATION ) HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED
FOR MANY AQUATIC SPECIES THROUGH
THERMAL AND CHEMICAL SHOCK TO
DEVELOPING EMBRYOS . TRIPLOID
ORGANISMS ARE USEFUL BECAUSE THEY
ARE STERLIE AND THEREFORE ABLE TO PUT
MORE ENERGY INTO THE GROWTH PROCESS
RATHER THAN INTO MATURATION AND
REPRODUCTION .

23. WHILIST CHROMOSOME SET MANIPULATION
HAVE SET MANIPULATION HAVE SET
MANIPULATION HAVE NOT RESULTED IN
MANY COMMERCIAL APPLICATION FOR FIN
FISH AND OYSTER AS WELL.
FOR EX:- TRIPLOID PACIFIC OYSTER14-159%
GROWTH OVER DIPLOID CONTROL

24. SEX MANIPULATION
 MANIPULATION OF SEX CAN BE OF ADVANTAGES
IN SPECIES WITH SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN
IMPORTANT TRAITS OR WHEN REDUCED CHANCE
OF REPRODUCTION IS DESIRED .MONOSEX MALE
STOCK HAVE COSIDERABLE COMMERECIAL
BENEFIT IN A NUMBER OF SPECIES , MOST
NOTABLY IN TILAPIA DUE VTO [PROBLEM OF BOTH
PRECOCIOUS MATURATION AND UNWANTED
REPRODUCTIONJ WITHIN THE PRODUCTION
WITHIN THE PRDUCTION SYSTEM EXHIBITED BY
THIS SPECIES. ALSO FEMALE TROUT AND SALMON
GROW BETTER AND FEMALE STURGEON
PRODUCED CAVIAR.THE SEX CAN EASILY
MANIPULATED USING HARMONAL TREATMENTS,

25. EMERGING TECNOLOGIES :-
 A NUMBER OF NEW GENETICS TECHNOLOGIES
ARE NOW BEGNING TO BE APPLIED IN CULTURE
AQUATIC SPECIES .GENOME TECNOLOGIES
INCLUDE DNA MARKER ,NOVEL SEQUENCING
,GENE DISCOVERY , GENOME MAPPING AND
GENOME EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES THAT
EXAMINE HOW GENE ACTUALLY FUNCTION IN
THE ORGANISM .

26. THESE TECHNOLOGY ARE WILL BE USEFUL TO
FIND IMP GENE TRAIT SUCH AS
 DISEASE RESISTANCE
 GROWTH RATE
 SEX DETERMINATION ,ALLOWING MORE
PRECISELY TARGETED SELECTION TO
IMPROVE AQUACULTURE PERFORMANCE .

27. EXAMPLE:-

28. WHY WE USE BIOTECHNOLOGY?