This document discusses blue biotechnology, which applies molecular biological methods to marine and freshwater organisms. Key areas of research include using algae and other marine sources for food, energy, health, industrial, and environmental applications. Marine organisms provide novel bioactives, enzymes, and other biomolecules. Blue biotechnology is being applied in aquaculture, transgenic organisms, disease resistance, conservation, seaweed products, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, bioremediation, and industrial processes.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Microbial biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale.
Like any other man-made technology, microbial biotechnology has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast.
The use of biotechnical methods—including genetically-engineered microorganisms—is indispensable for the manufacture of many products essential to mankind.
For better or for worse, it is the mankind's task to tackle the problems that are associated with the use of this technology, and which to a high degree are located in the field of unwanted environmental impacts.
The use of biotechnology should be restricted to enhancing the quality of life for plants, animals and human beings only. Anything beyond that is unnatural and highly disastrous to us.
WHAT IS GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY?
• Biotechnology can be defined as any technological application that uses biological systems , living microorganisms or derivatives , they are of to make or modify products or process for specific use.
• It is commonly known as PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY , which is applied to agricultural process produce more environmental friendly solutions , which are alternative to traditional industrial agriculture.
• It is defined as the application of biological techniques to plant with the aim of improving the nutritional quality , quantity and production economics.
• The most recent application of biotechnology in respect to this area is GENETIC MODIFICATION also known as genetic engineering , genetic manipulation , gene technology or rDNA technology.
WHO INTRODUCED?
• The first agricultural biotechnology product developed for human use was the FLAVER SAVER TOMATO , produced in the year 1987 by Calgene of Davis , C alifornia.
AIM:
• Tackle food security issues.
• Plants for fuels.
• Reduce the environmental issues.
APPLICATIONS OF GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY:
i. Plant tissue culture (also micropropagation ):
A technique to produce whole plant from a minute piece of plant like the meristem , root or even just a single cell under laboratory condition. Eg . crops produced using tissue culture include bananas , coffee etc.
ii. Plant molecular markers :
A technique uses molecular markers to select a specific plants that possess a desirable gene. Eg . IITA used this markers to obtain a cowpea resistant to beetle.
iii. Plant genetic engineering:
The selective and transfer of beneficial gene(s) from one to another to create new improved crops. Eg. Cotton , sweet potato and includes bacterial resistance in rice , cassava and banana and submergeic tolerance in rice.
iv. Biofertilizers and biopesticides :
Farmers uses this to reap more benefits and avoid the chemical pesticides having pollutants . 10% of India’s pollution is saved through the use of biofertilizers.
v. Hybridization:
Scientists exploits the fact that some offspring from the progeny of a cross between 2 known parents would be better than the parents . Eg. Hybrid corns.
BT cotton: some BT companies are using the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringenesis (BT) to produce a BT- toxin gene to splice into cotton, the toxin eats into the gut of pest
Microbial biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale.
Like any other man-made technology, microbial biotechnology has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast.
The use of biotechnical methods—including genetically-engineered microorganisms—is indispensable for the manufacture of many products essential to mankind.
For better or for worse, it is the mankind's task to tackle the problems that are associated with the use of this technology, and which to a high degree are located in the field of unwanted environmental impacts.
The use of biotechnology should be restricted to enhancing the quality of life for plants, animals and human beings only. Anything beyond that is unnatural and highly disastrous to us.
WHAT IS GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY?
• Biotechnology can be defined as any technological application that uses biological systems , living microorganisms or derivatives , they are of to make or modify products or process for specific use.
• It is commonly known as PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY , which is applied to agricultural process produce more environmental friendly solutions , which are alternative to traditional industrial agriculture.
• It is defined as the application of biological techniques to plant with the aim of improving the nutritional quality , quantity and production economics.
• The most recent application of biotechnology in respect to this area is GENETIC MODIFICATION also known as genetic engineering , genetic manipulation , gene technology or rDNA technology.
WHO INTRODUCED?
• The first agricultural biotechnology product developed for human use was the FLAVER SAVER TOMATO , produced in the year 1987 by Calgene of Davis , C alifornia.
AIM:
• Tackle food security issues.
• Plants for fuels.
• Reduce the environmental issues.
APPLICATIONS OF GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY:
i. Plant tissue culture (also micropropagation ):
A technique to produce whole plant from a minute piece of plant like the meristem , root or even just a single cell under laboratory condition. Eg . crops produced using tissue culture include bananas , coffee etc.
ii. Plant molecular markers :
A technique uses molecular markers to select a specific plants that possess a desirable gene. Eg . IITA used this markers to obtain a cowpea resistant to beetle.
iii. Plant genetic engineering:
The selective and transfer of beneficial gene(s) from one to another to create new improved crops. Eg. Cotton , sweet potato and includes bacterial resistance in rice , cassava and banana and submergeic tolerance in rice.
iv. Biofertilizers and biopesticides :
Farmers uses this to reap more benefits and avoid the chemical pesticides having pollutants . 10% of India’s pollution is saved through the use of biofertilizers.
v. Hybridization:
Scientists exploits the fact that some offspring from the progeny of a cross between 2 known parents would be better than the parents . Eg. Hybrid corns.
BT cotton: some BT companies are using the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringenesis (BT) to produce a BT- toxin gene to splice into cotton, the toxin eats into the gut of pest
Fish Hatchery Management for Maintaining the Genetic Quality
Artificial propagation of fish species in hatcheries has been conducted on a large scale for several decades
In recent years, conservation hatcheries aims not only to produce fish for supplementing wild populations but also to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity of threatened or endangered species
Important considerations are maximizing genetic diversity and effective
population size while minimizing inbreeding and adaptation to captivity
Objective
To maintain the genetic diversity, effective population size and to minimize inbreeding
Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam
Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study, the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly, mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a concentration of 105 cells ml-1 for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h, commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
In this presentation:
• Definition of Aquaculture and agriculture
• The stages of an R&D project
• The state of the art
• Regulatory nuances
• Future trends
• Challenges and opportunities
• Case studies and examples
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Toxic characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (Tuegels 1982) exposed ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
EPIDEMIOLOGYAntibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera VibriTanaMaeskm
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibrios
Isolated from Farmed and Wild Marine Fish
(Argyrosomus japonicus), Implications for Public Health
Justine Fri,
1
Roland Ndip Ndip,
2
Henry Akum Njom,
1
and Anna Maria Clarke
1
This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of Vibrio isolates
recovered from a marine fish (Argyrosomus japonicus) and water samples from two commercial dusky kob
aquaculture farms and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, and to evaluate these findings for their public health
implications. A total of 277 molecularly confirmed Vibrio isolates consisting of 126 Vibrio fluvialis, 45 Vibrio
vulnificus, 30 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios belonging to species of the genus other than Vibrio
cholerae were subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Multiple
antibiotic resistance index ( MARI) was used to determine the antibiotic resistance-associated health risk,
while polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the presence of 14 ARGs for nonsusceptible strains.
Highest resistances were recorded to amoxicillin (76.2%), ampicillin (67.5%), erythromycin (38.3%), and
doxycycline (35.0%), while susceptibilities were highest to gentamicin (100%), followed by norfloxacin
(97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%), tetracycline (87.7%), and chloramphenicol (87.4%). We recorded a 58.5%
multidrug resistance (resistance to ‡2 antimicrobial classes). MARI did not vary significantly between sites
( p > 0.05); however, values of >0.2 were recorded in 40% (108/277) of all strains tested. ARG markers, ampC,
blaOXA, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and SXT integrase, were detected in one or more strains
with ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%), and tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant.
Healthy marine finfish (dusky kob) and their environment can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant vibrios
and ARGs, which could be disseminated to humans and other susceptible bacteria and this therefore becomes a
public health concern.
Keywords: Vibrio, marine fish, antibiotic drug resistance, antibiotic resistant genes, public health
Introduction
Antimicrobials are widely used for the preventionand treatment of bacterial diseases in food animals.1
They are among the most widely administered drugs ap-
proved for animal health and management. Global estimates
indicate higher volumes of antimicrobials used in food-
producing animals, exceeding those used in humans.
2
Most
animal feeds are supplemented with various concentrations
of antimicrobials ranging from subtherapeutic to full doses.
Moreover, almost all the classes of antibiotics used in the
treatment of human infections are also used in food animals,
including the newest classes of drugs such as third- and
fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, glyco-
peptides, and streptogramins.
2
In aquaculture, the control of antibiotic usage varies widely
from coun ...
In the present study, the protective effect of herbal-based conditioners as an immunostimulants was tested on tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile at various times of their culture period to enhance their resistance against bacterial infection. The trial comprised of a single formulation of herbal-based bioconditioners with scheduled water changes during the treatment. Three period of exposure (6 h, 12 h and 24 h) with herbal-based bioconditioners as well as a control are performed in completely randomized design of experiment followed by a challenge test using single pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus at concentration of 105 cells ml-1. Percentage survival and host-pathogen interaction were determined at the end of exposure and challenge test. Various challenge tests showed that herbal-based bioconditioners (AquaHerb) significantly increase the percentage survival (P<0.05)><0.05). In addition, tiger grouper immune system performance was found to be better than in the control group. Finally, by combining the positive impact of herbal-based Bioconditioners, this prophylactic approach can become a very effective alternatives to the use of antibiotics and other synthetic compounds.
Key Words: Herbal-based bioconditioners, V. parahaemolyticus, Tiger grouper, Percentage survival
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Blue biotechnology is the application of
molecular biological methods
to marine and freshwater organisms
2
3. Important marine sources and research areas
3
Research area Marine source Aims
Food
Algae, invertebrates,
fishes
Development of innovative methods
To increase aquaculture production
Zero waste recirculation systems
Energy Algae
Biofuel production
Biorefineries
Health
Algae, sponge,
microorganisms
To find novel bioactives
Environment Marine organisms
Biosensing technologies for marine
environment monitors
Non-toxic antifouling technology
Industrial
products
Algae
Production of marine biopolymers for
food, cosmetics, and health
[Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology]
4. 4
Tools &
diagnostics for
reproduction &
growth
Genetics, physiology,
biochemistry, ecology
Bioactive compounds-
function & mode of action
Role of Blue Biotechnology
5. How does it relate to industry and
agriculture?
5
6. Marine biotechnology securing food supply
To satisfy the growing demand for high quality and healthy
products from fisheries and aquaculture in a sustainable way.
Intensive aquaculture
Examples
Marine derived food additives
Marine derived nutraceutics
Marine derived E-numbers
Marine biotechnological progresses in aquaculture
6
7. Marine biotechnology securing alternative sources of
renewable energy
7
Examples
Production of biofuel from macroalgae
Production of oil from microalgae
Research priorities to improve microbial enhanced oil recovery
8. Marine biotechnology securing human health
8
Examples
Marine derived anticancer drugs
Marine derived painkillers
Marine derived antibiotics
Marine derived cosmetics
The sponge Stylissa massa produces an
unusual compound palau'amine, with
antimicrobial activity
9. Marine biotechnology securing industrial products
and processes
9
GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) from jellyfish (Aequorea
victoria) and luciferase enzyme from Vibrio fischeri have
widespread applications in molecular biology as a reporter
protein.
Shrimp alkaline phosphatase and other marine derived
enzymes with unique heat labile properties used to simplify
molecular biology reactions like PCR and others
15. Transgenic fish
15
Production of transgenic fish much easier than producing other
transgenic mammals
Fish produce a large number of eggs can generate large quantities of
genetically uniform material for experimentation
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 500,015,000 eggs
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1, 00,000 eggs
First successful case of transgenic fish was reported by Zhu et al.,
1985 - microinjected the human GH gene into the fertilized eggs of
goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)
Followed by successful introduction of human GH gene into the
genome of the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) with resulting
transgenic fish that grew 3 to 4.6 times faster than the control within
the first 135 d (Zhu et al.,1986).
18. 18
A patented brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent
Zebra fish (Danio rerio) with bright red, green, and orange
fluorescent colors
GloFish TM are available in six striking colors:
Starfire Red®
Cosmic Blue®
Electric Green®
Galactic Purple®
Sunburst Orange®
Moonrise Pink®
GloFish™
22. Current and potential applications of transgenic fish
Growth enhancement
Freeze resistance and cold tolerance
Salinity tolerance
Disease resistance
Metabolic modification
Improved product for the consumer
Fishpharming production of pharmacological proteins
22
23. Disease Resistance
23
A major limitation - outbreak of disease - farmed fish are
generally cultured at high densities and under stress -
bacterial infection (Hew et al.,1995).
Example catfish industry - Channel catfish (Ictalurus
punctatus)
Antibiotics -- limited number have been approved for use
in aquaculture
Introduction of disease resistance genes from wild spp. or
other sources
25. 25
Molecular tools can be used to identify and characterize important
aquatic germplasm including many endangered species. These
tools have made it possible to analyze the genomes of many
aquatic species. They have also helped us understand the
molecular basis of gene regulation, expression and sex
determination. This can improve the methodologies for defining
species, stocks and populations.
Such molecular approaches include:
Developing marker-assisted selection technologies
Improving precision and efficiency of transgenic techniques
DNA fingerprinting to know polymorphism in fish stocks
Improving technologies for cryopreservation of gametes and
embryos
26. Seaweeds and their products
26
Nutraceuticals (food)
Biodiesel
Stabalizing agents - Chondrus crispus
Bioremediation - Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb
Pollution indicator
Production of Hydrogen -
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Single cell protein
Tofu - Japanese cuisine
Gel electrophoresis
SCP - Chlorella
27. Fuels from algae
27
Renewable and no damage to the environment.
Biomass can be converted by bacteria to fuels such as methane.
Dunaliella is an alga that can produce glycerol, which can be
converted by bacteria to chemicals such as ethanol and
butanol, which can be used as fuels.
Algae may also be genetically modified to make gasoline-type
fuels.
28. Algal food products
Microalgae (green algae and cyanobacteria): mostly as food,
but also used as pigment sources such as β-carotene.
Algae such as Spirulina and Chlorella are of much nutritional
value.
Spirulina is marketed today as dried flakes that are used in
fish food and Japanese food.
Spirulina – SCP, capsules for space researchers
Phycobiliproteins are pigments involved in algal
photosynthesis, and can be used as phycofluors, which can
label biological molecules.
29. ICAR - CMFRI patented products and techniques
29
Shore pearl culture
technology
Green mussels
extract (GMe) for
arthritis
Hatchery technology
for clown fish
Pharmaceuticals
30. Research on the use of collagen from marine invertebrates
in wound healing and product development
31. Taq DNA polymerase - Thermus aquaticus
Pfu DNA polymerase - Pyrococcus furiosus
DNA ligase - Thermococcus fumicolans
GFP - Aequorea victoria
Shrimp alkaline phosphatases - Pandalus borealis
31
Enzymes
32. Bioremediation
32
Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, an Indian - born scientist
working at GE in the 1960’s and 1970’s, developed the multi-
plasmid hydrocarbon - degrading Pseudomonas and
patented it in 1971.
First time anyone had patented a living organism.
Pseudomonas putida - degrades the hydrocarbon present in oil
spliis
33. Examples of market level marine - derived products
Products Source Application
Ara-A Marine sponge Antiviral
Ara-C Marine sponge Anticancer
Okadaic acid Dinoflagellate Molecular probe
Manolide Marine sponge Molecular probe
Vent TMA polymerase
Deep-sea hydrothermal
vent bacterium
PCR enzyme
Aequorin
Bioluminescent jelly
fish
Bioluminescent calcium
indicator
Green flourescent protein
Bioluminescent jelly
fish
Reporter gene
Phycoerythrin Red algae
Conjugated antibodies used
in ELISA and flow
cytometry
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporium sp.,
marine fungi
Antibiotic 33
35. Marine derived food additives
35
Antioxidants
Polyamines such as Spermine and Spermidine
Sulfated polysacchrides from brown algae
Astaxanthin: pigmented antioxidant in microalgae
Taste – adding substances
Lipids
Photosynthetic pigments
Polysaccharides
Protein
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36. Marine derived nutraceutics
36
Bioactive peptides
Fish oils
Fish proteins
Seaweeds
Macroalgae & microalgae
Amino acids
Omega-3 oils
All kinds of phytochemicals
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37. Marine derived E-numbers
37
E-numbers -- code names for different kinds of substances
that are used as food additives
E 406 – Agar -- Gelidium, Pterocladia & Gracilaria.
E400 – 405 -- Alginates
E 407 -- Carrageenan
Slide 5
39. Biosensing
39
To monitor the in situ marine environment.
Monitoring can be:
Analysis of the water quality
Prediction & detection of harmful algal blooms (HAB)
Estimation of environmental and human health risks.
Microalgal fiber optic biosensors
Automated online optical biosensing systems (AOBS)
Surface plasma resonance (SPR)
Biosensors to detect marine toxins in seafood
Wearable electrochemical sensors
Slide 10
40. Marine derived antifouling strategies
40
Biofouling -- accumulation of microorganisms, plants,
algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.
Antifouling -- ability of specifically designed materials
and coatings to remove or prevent biofouling by any
number of organisms on wetted surfaces.
Biocides -- chemical substances that deter the
microorganisms responsible for biofouling.
Tributyltin moiety (TBT) and tin-based anti-fouling
coatings
Slide
41. Bioremediation of marine ecosystems
41
Microorganisms transform organic contaminants in
oceans, soils, groundwater, sludge and solids, into an
energy source, cometabolizing substances with another
energy source.
In the case of larger oil spills, residual oil can be further
broken down by biostimulation
Slide
10
42. Biostimulation
42
Addition of specific nutrients, air, organic substrates or
other electron donors/acceptors, nutrients, and other
compounds that affect and normally limit treatment in their
absence.
Microorganisms will clean the waste source more efficiently
and faster than in normal circumstances
Examples: grease accumulation in sewers and grease traps
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43. Bioaugmentation
43
Treatment where you want to achieve a controlled, predictable
and programmed biodegradation.
The controlled addition of specially formulated microbial cultures
that assist those found naturally in the soil.
Done in conjunction and monitoring of an ideal growth
environment in which these selected bacteria can live and work
Specific strains of anaerobic microorganisms have been isolated,
cultured and are commercially available for the biodegradation of
the chlorinated contaminants VC. Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM®
Plus is a widely used bioaugmentation culture designed
specifically for this purpose.
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Editor's Notes
Aliivibrio fischeri is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments. A. fischeri has bioluminescent properties, and is found predominantly in symbiosis with various marine animals, such as the bobtail squid.
Red algae-Porphyra (nori)-food source in Japan for 400 years. Vit. A, C, E, B1,B2, B6, B12. microalgal oil food supplemets in baby food
Can remove Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn. Lead from 1-1000ppm
