Notes gb lab 09 colorful chemical clues 1
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The document provides information about acids and bases for students. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions in water and have a sour taste and corrode metals. Bases are defined as compounds that produce hydroxide ions in water and have a bitter taste. It introduces pH as a measure of acidity on a scale from 1-14, with 1 being the strongest acid and 14 the strongest base. Indicators are described as tools that change color to identify acids and bases. Key concepts covered include neutralization reactions, reactivity, and examples of common acids and bases.
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1. Acids produce hydrogen ions in water and bases produce hydroxide ions. Common acids include citric acid and acetic acid, while common bases include sodium hydroxide and ammonia.
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This document discusses key concepts about light and optics. It explains that light travels in straight lines until it interacts with objects, where it can be reflected, refracted, or transmitted. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface at the same angle. Refraction is when light bends as it passes from one medium to another. Mirrors and lenses can reflect or refract light to form images. Plane mirrors produce upright, reversed images. Concave mirrors make enlarged images inside the focal point and smaller inverted images outside it. Convex mirrors produce smaller, upright distorted images. Lenses also refract light, with concave lenses diverging it and convex lenses converging it. Diffraction and interference involve the interaction of light waves.
Notes pb lab 07 the optics files
This document discusses key objectives and terms related to the behavior of light waves and their interaction with mirrors and lenses. The objectives are to investigate light wave interactions, predict image characteristics formed by lenses and mirrors, and describe light wave behavior including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Key terms defined include law of reflection, reflection, plane mirror, concave mirror, convex mirror, refraction, concave lens, convex lens. Characteristics of images formed by different mirror and lens types are also outlined.
Notes pb lab 06 part 1 the spactacular spectrum
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and key objectives for students to understand it. It explains that the electromagnetic spectrum includes seven types of electromagnetic waves - radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays - which are arranged based on their wavelength and frequency. The document provides information about each type of electromagnetic wave, their properties, typical uses, and proportion of the overall spectrum. The objectives are for students to investigate and understand electromagnetic waves, compare the different types, describe applications of each type, and recognize that electromagnetic waves can travel without a medium.
Notes pb lab 06 part 2 the spectacular spectrum separating light
The document discusses spectranomy and how prisms can be used to separate light into a continuous spectrum. It provides examples of bright line spectra for various elements like mercury, hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, and neon that can be used to identify unknown elements. The end discusses the stars Rigel and Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion.
Notes pb lab 08 sounds cool
The document discusses key concepts about sound waves, including resonance, interference, and their everyday examples. Resonance occurs when sound waves travel in phase, causing another object to vibrate at the same frequency. Interference is the combination of two or more waves resulting in a change in sound quality - if it improves the quality, it is constructive interference; if it lessens the quality, it is destructive interference. The document also lists several essential learnings about the nature and properties of sound waves.
Notes pb lab 05 making waves
The document discusses two types of waves: transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Transverse waves have energy that moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Examples include light and water waves. Longitudinal waves have energy that moves parallel to the direction of the wave and require a medium, like sound waves. Key characteristics of both waves include wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. The document also provides diagrams and videos to illustrate these two wave types.
Notes pb lab 05 making waves lab check
This document discusses transverse and longitudinal waves. It defines key terms like amplitude, crest, and trough for transverse waves and compression and rarefaction for longitudinal waves. It notes that transverse waves can travel through empty space while longitudinal waves require a medium. Videos are linked to demonstrate both wave types and their differences in how energy travels - perpendicular for transverse waves and parallel for longitudinal waves. Characteristics of each wave type are summarized.
Notes pb lab 04 go with the flow
This document provides information about electrical circuits. It defines key terms like current, resistance, resistors, series circuits and parallel circuits. It explains that series circuits provide only one path for electrons to flow while parallel circuits provide multiple paths. The document notes that resistance affects current differently in each circuit type and that current increases directly with voltage but inversely with resistance. It emphasizes that understanding these relationships is an essential learning.
Notes pb lab 03c the big switch motor only
This document asks several questions about how motors work and what materials and energy are needed to make a basic motor. It asks what kind of energy is required to power a motor, why wire is coiled around the center axle, and why there are two different colored magnets inside the steel can of the motor. It also asks what materials and energy source would be needed to make a simple motor.
Notes pb lab 03b the big switch
This document discusses electromagnetic induction and how motors and generators work. It defines key terms like electromagnet, electric field, magnetic field, induction. It explains that a motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using electromagnetic induction to create opposing electromagnetic fields on an armature that spin it. A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by passing a coil through a magnetic field, inducing current. Both have coils and magnets but differ in the direction of energy flow and transformation. The document is titled "The Big Switch" because the same device can function as a motor or generator depending on the direction of energy and force.
Notes pb lab 03a the big switch introduction
This document discusses static electricity and how electricity is generated and used. It asks questions about how electricity is produced, whether static electricity from moving legs could power a headlight, how generators use magnets to generate electricity, why iron filings arrange around magnets, what energy is needed to power a motor and where it comes from, why wire is coiled around the center of an axle, why magnets inside a steel can have different colors, what materials and energy would be needed to make a motor, and how a flashlight works.
Notes pb lab 02 wheres the juice
This document provides information about key terms related to batteries, including electrodes, electrolytes, voltage, and potential difference. It explains that electrodes are the metal or carbon elements that react with an electrolyte, usually a liquid acid or base, to produce voltage. A wet cell battery requires a strong acid or base electrolyte, while a dry cell uses a dry paste electrolyte. The document is intended to help students better understand how electricity is created in wet and dry cell batteries through vocabulary terms and by identifying the necessary parts of each type of battery.
Notes pb lab 01c energy transformations 2 vocabulary notes
This document discusses different types of energy including thermal, chemical, electrical, radiant, nuclear, and mechanical energy. It provides examples for each type of energy. Thermal energy is the energy of moving molecules, chemical energy comes from atomic rearrangement during chemical reactions like in batteries, and electrical energy comes from electron flow measured in volts and amperes. Radiant energy travels in waves from a source like the sun. Nuclear energy comes from atomic nuclei combining or splitting. Mechanical energy can be kinetic from motion or potential from stored energy like a ball at the top of a ramp. The document also discusses energy chains, sources, receivers, and the law of conservation of energy. Nuclear energy occurs through fission which splits atoms or
Notes gb lab 11 disappearing powde investigating solubility
The document defines key terms related to solubility including solvent, solute, solution, mixture, and saturation point. It explains that solubility is a characteristic property expressing the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent. The document also notes that the point where the x and y axes intersect on a solubility graph is called the saturation point. It provides tips for increasing the rate at which a solute dissolves, such as increasing surface area, temperature, or rate of mixing.
Notes gb lab 10 names bond ionic bond 02
The document summarizes the key characteristics of ionic and covalent bonds. It states that ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals through the transfer of valence electrons from the metal to the nonmetal. Covalent bonds form between nonmetals and between like atoms through the sharing of valence electrons. The document also notes that conductivity testing can be used to distinguish between ionic compounds with high conductivity and covalent compounds with low conductivity.
Notes gb lab 10 names bond ionic bond 01
The document discusses the characteristics of ionic and covalent bonds. It explains that ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals through the transfer of valence electrons from the metal to the nonmetal. Covalent bonds form between nonmetals and involve the sharing of valence electrons between atoms. The type of bond can be identified by measuring the conductivity of compounds, with ionic compounds being highly conductive and covalent compounds being poorly conductive.
Notes gb lab 09 colorful chemicalp h scale
Acids and bases are chemical compounds that are defined by their properties in aqueous solutions and chemical reactions. Acids are compounds that donate hydrogen ions (H+) in water, turning litmus paper red and reacting with bases. Bases are compounds that accept hydrogen ions in water, turning litmus paper blue and neutralizing acids in a reaction that produces water.
Notes gb lab 08 endothermic and exothermic reactions
The document discusses endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions. It defines endothermic reactions as those that require continuous energy input and cause temperature to decrease, while exothermic reactions release energy and cause temperature to increase. Examples of each type of reaction are given, like endothermic barium hydroxide mixing and exothermic glow sticks. Line graphs are used to illustrate temperature changes over time for both reactions.
Notes gb lab 07 chemical detective
The document discusses key concepts related to physical and chemical changes, including:
- The student will learn to distinguish between physical and chemical changes and understand chemical formulas and bond types.
- A physical change alters a substance's size, shape, or state but not its chemical makeup, while a chemical change produces a new substance.
- The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, though the substance and form may change.
- A chemical formula represents the elements in a compound using symbols, such as CO2 for carbon dioxide. A chemical equation models a reaction using formulas.
Notes gb lab 07 chemical detective a
This document provides notes on chemical and physical changes for students. It defines key terms like chemical change, physical change, chemical formula, and chemical equation. It explains that a chemical change results in a new substance, while a physical change only alters the substance's size, shape, or phase. It also notes that for a chemical change there must be evidence like a color change, gas formation, temperature change, or precipitate formation. The goal is for students to understand the differences between chemical and physical changes and be able to investigate examples of each.
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Notes gb lab 09 colorful chemical clues 1
- 1. Notes
- 2. The student will: Distinguish between an acid and a base
- 3. The student will: Recognize indicators that can be used to help identify acids and bases
- 4. The student will: Use 4 different indicators to identify whether a substance is an acid or base
- 5. The student will: Identify “pH” Describe what pH is and how it has a meaningful effect on us
- 6. Acid Base Indicator pH pH Scale Chemical Property Reactivity Combustibility Flammability
- 7. Let’s Go!
- 8. A group of compounds which contain hydrogen and produce Hydrogen Ions (H+ ) when dissolved in water.
- 9. Acids taste sour, conduct electricity and corrode metals.
- 10. Acid compounds’ chemical formulas always begin with an H (a single Hydrogen atom) i.e. (HCl = Hydrochloric Acid)
- 11. A group of compounds that produce hydroxide ions in a solution.
- 12. Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, corrode metals and conduct electricity.
- 13. Base compounds always end with an OH (NH4OH) = Ammonia
- 14. A tool used to help identify wether a substance is an acid or a base It indicates acid or base by changing color or displaying a digital reading
- 15. A symbol used to represent the percent of the Hydrogen Ion (Acid Level) in a substance. ▪Ranges from 1 (Acid) – 15 (Base)
- 16. ▪ One tool used with indicators that is used to indicate the strength of an acid or a base.
- 17. ▪ A value of 1 indicates a strong acid ▪ Battery Acid (Sulfuric Acid; H2S O4) ▪ A value of 7 represents a neutral (our blood and saliva are a pH of 7) ▪ A value of 15 represents a strong base ▪ Oven Cleaner, Draino, Ammonia, Soap
- 18. A property of matter which describes the ability of a substance to create a new substance during a chemical reaction
- 20. The tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical change either by itself or when mixed with another substance. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRuoWkOlaHM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixxJtJPVXk
- 21. Describes if a substance is capable of igniting. I.e., Gas vapors, Natural Gas
- 22. Describes if a substance is capable of burning i.e., Cloth, Rags, Paper, Wood etc.
- 23. A chemical reaction between an acid and a base which produces water and a group of compounds called “ salts”.
- 24. Now let’s tie it all together!
- 25. Acids and Bases are all around us Acids can be strong or weak having a pH value of 1 – 6, 1 being the strongest, 6 being the weakest
- 26. Strong acids can burn you; weak acids don’t 1 – HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) Strong 6 – Coffee Weak
- 27. Acids and Bases are all around us Bases can be strong or weak having a pH value ranges between 8 – 15, 8 being the weakest and 15 the strongest
- 28. Strong bases can burn you; weak Bases wont A value of 8 – 9 is weak Hand soap, Detergent, Ammonia A value of 13 - 15 is strong. Oven Cleaner, Drain Cleaner
- 29. Something that is “Neutral” has a pH of 7. (Our bodies are neutral.) When an acid and a base are combined a process called “Neutralization” occurs.
- 30. During neutralization the reactants (acid + base) combine to form two products.. Water H2O A compound called a “Salt”
- 31. Thank you for your cooperation!
- 32. Copy and Answer these! What is “pH” and how is it measured? What is an acid?