Acid Base Balance Case Study

Acid Base Balance Case Study
Maintenance of acid and based balance in the body is essential for normal function of biological
processes, mainly because of the dependence of pH level for enzyme function. The body
concentration of acids and bases is controlled so that the pH of extracellular body fluids is
maintained within the range of 7.35 to 7.45. The body maintain this balance by a mechanism that
generate buffer and eliminate acids and bases. A base is an ion or molecule that can accept or
combine with a hydrogen ion and an acid is a molecule that can release a hydrogen. (Grossman,
Port, 2014). Acids and bases exist as a buffer system. For example, a mixture of a weak acid can
reversibly become base or a mixture of a weak base can reversibly become acid. There are two type
of acid–base imbalance; metabolic and respiratory.
Metabolic imbalance is a disorder that produce an alteration in the plasma bicarbonate concentration
from the addition to or the loss from the extracellular fluid of nonvolatile acid or alkali. A reduction
in pH because of a decrease in bicarbonate is called metabolic alkalosis. Respiratory imbalance
involves an alteration in partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to an increase or decrease in alveolar
ventilation. Respiratory acidosis is the result of a decrease in pH, ... Show more content on
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One hot afternoon in a small market community, she grabbed some fruit juice from a street vendor.
Several hours later, she developed abdominal cramping and diarrhea. The diarrhea became so severe
that she missed three days of the tour and stayed in her hotel room. By the end of her illness, she felt
weak and tired. Her head ached, but the mild fever had disappeared, and she was able to join her
new friends for the rest of the tour. Based on the information collected, and the symptoms displayed,
Shauna is experiencing metabolic
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Chemical Determination Of Panacetin
In experiment two, the drug Panacetin was separated by a series of chemical reactions into its three
components: sucrose, aspirin, and an unknown active ingredient, either acetanilide or phenacetin.
The purpose of this lab was to determine what percentages of each component is present in the
pain–killer. The initial step was to dissolve Panacetin in dichloromethane. However, sucrose is
insoluble in dichloromethane because organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents, and
dichloromethane is an inorganic solvent, so only aspirin and the unknown dissolved. By using
gravity filtration, sucrose was filtered from the solution and 0.30g of solid was collected. Next,
aspirin was extracted from the filtrate. When the filtrate was first mixed with the sodium hydroxide
and inverted a couple times, an organic layer formed underneath an aqueous layer in the separatory
funnel. Dichloromethane was present in the organic layer because it has a higher density than
sodium hydroxide, therefore, it's in the bottom layer. Aspirin reacts with bases like sodium
hydroxide, and it forms the salt sodium acetylsalicylate. The polar salt molecules migrate from the
organic layer, where they are insoluble, to the aqueous layer, where they are soluble. After the two
layers were separated into two different containers, the aqueous layer, which contained sodium
acetylsalicylate, was mixed with hydrochloric acid. A white, cloudy precipitate formed, which was a
purer form of the salt. The HCl

Acid And Bases Lab Project 7
Acid and Bases Lab Project 7
Richard Overstreet/ November 21
James Scheuer
Chemistry 1021 Section 016
My signature indicates that this documents represents the work completed by me this semester
Intro
The problem that was trying to be solved in this study deals with analyzing unknown solutions. In
this particular case, a chemical company has several unknown solutions and to correctly dispose of
them they need to know their properties. To figure out the properties several qualitative tests were
performed throughout the study (Cooper 2012). To start out this study the difference between acids
and bases has to be identified. Acids have very low pHs and have a high concentration of hydronium
ions, while bases have a high pH and have a high concentration of hydroxide ions. The difference
between strong bases and acids, and weak bases and acids is the amount of dissociation. Strong
bases and acids dissociate a large amount and let go of their ions in solution, while weak bases and
acids may only let go of some of their ions. This is important because if the unknown solutions
aren't strong acids or bases then using their ions to calculate the pH of the solutions will give false
results (Diffen 2012). Another important difference is between monoprotic and polyprotic acids.
Monoprotic acid or base means that it only is capable of donating one proton, while polyprotic acid
or base means that it is capable of donating multiple protons. This is important

Lab Report Chemistry Dot Point
Chemistry Dot Point Summary: The Acidic Environment
Indicators were identified with the observation that the colour of some flowers depends on soil
composition.
Classify common substances as acidic, basic, or neutral
An acid is a substance in solution which produces hydronium ions (H3O+) and is less than 7 on the
pH scale. A base is a substance that produces the hydroxide ion (OH–) when in solution and is
greater than 7 on the pH scale. Acids commonly have a sour taste, are corrosive, and conduct
electricity in solution. Bases (or alkalis) have a soapy feel and a bitter taste, and also conduct
electricity in solution. Neutral substances, however, do not have any of these properties, and are
close to a 7 on the pH scale. The vegetable dye ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain the formation and effects of acid rain
The effects of the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century are far–reaching, one byproduct of
which were the vast amounts of carbon and sulfur dioxide being released into the atmosphere. The
greater usage of cars, trains, and other automobiles in the 20th century increased oil consumption
and subsequently greater amounts of pollutants in the air.
One piece of evidence for this idea is the increased amount of acid rain since the early 1900s. Acid
rain comes from rain washing out atmospheric particles of sulfur– and nitrogen–containing oxides.
This evidence is relatively solid as global data shows that the increase of fossil fuel burning causes
an increase in levels of acid rain around the globe. Acid rain changes the pH of environments (water,
soil, etc.) leading to a loss of life as said life cannot exist in certain conditions
Define Le Chatelier's principle
When a system at equilibrium (meaning it is stable and will not undergo any more action) is
subjected to change in concentration, temperature, volume, or pressure, the system adjusts itself to
counteract the effect of the applied change and a new equilibrium is

Sulphuric Acid Production Should Not Be Banned Essay example
Sulphuric Acid Production Should Not Be Banned
Background Information
Acids and bases are chemical compounds with certain properties, and are classified according to
several different definitions. There are clear distinctions between the two types of compounds, and
although they share some similarities in their physical and chemical properties, their uses and
applications vary greatly. Acids can be described as having a sour taste, producing hydronium ions
in water, forming a salt and water when reacted with a base and having a pH of less than 7. In
contrast, bases follow the descriptions that; they taste bitter, produce hydroxide anions in water, feel
soapy & slippery and have a pH of more than 7. There are three chemistry–based ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Strong acid + strong base  Salt + water
e.g. HNO3 + LiOH  LiNO3 + H2O
In this reaction, the products are always a salt and water. The salt, in a reaction between a strong
acid & a strong base, always has a pH of 7.00. The produced ions will not react with the H2O.
2. Strong acid + weak base  Salt
e.g. H2SO4 + NH3  (NH4)2SO4
Usually, reactions between strong acids and weak bases do not result in water being formed, and
instead only a salt is produced. This is because weak bases usually do not have hydroxide ions.
3. Weak acid + strong base  Salt + water
e.g. HNO2 + NaOH  NaNO2 + H2O
The reaction between a weak acid and a strong base results in the production of a basic salt, i.e. a
salt with pH > 7, and water.
4. Weak acid + weak base  Salt
e.g. HNO2 + HN3  NH4NO2
"The pH of the solution formed from the reaction of a weak acid with a weak base depends on the
relative strengths of the reactants. For example, if the acid HClO has a Ka of 3.4 x 10–8 and the
base NH3 has a Kb = 1.6 x 10–5, then the aqueous solution of HClO and NH3will be basic because
the Ka of HClO is less than the Ka of NH3." (Helmenstine, 2004)
Production of Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric acid, in its anhydrous form, cannot naturally occur on Earth; however, the natural
formation of sulphuric acid does occur, rarely, in a few different circumstances. One natural
occurrence of sulphuric acid happens due to the sulphur dioxide gas produced by volcanoes. Sulphur

Lewis Base Research
Description
Everyday, we encounter solutions that can be classified as bases. What exactly is a base? A scientist
named Gilbert N. Lewis came up with the definition of a basic solution, which we now refer to as a
Lewis base, which we will discuss in this lesson.
!!!What Is a Lewis Base?
What makes a solution a base? Bases are solutions that are generally described as bitter and slippery
or slimy feeling. However, how can we tell in an acid–base chemical reaction, which chemical
compound is a base? There are various definitions from different scientists on what a base is. In
1923, a scientist named Gilbert N. Lewis came up with a definition of a base. This definition of a
base is now referred to as a Lewis base.
Gilbert N. Lewis
¬¬A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hydroxide ion acts as a Lewis base.
The anion (negatively charged hydroxide ion) acts as a Lewis base
!!!Lesson Summary
In 1923, Gilbert N. Lewis came up with the definition base, which we now refer to as Lewis base. A
__Lewis base__ is a compound that is an electron pair donor or a nucleophile, which is a substance
that donates electrons. In an acid–base reaction, we can recognize the Lewis base as the compound
that donates its nonbonding electrons.
Lewis bases are typically compounds that contain nonbonding pairs. Phosphine (PH3), organic
compounds containing phosphorus (P), amines and anions act as Lewis bases because nonbonding
pairs are present in these compounds. These nonbonding pairs of electrons are then donated in an
acid–base chemical reaction.
Pictures

G.N. Lewis Picture http://www.quotessays.com/images150_/gilbert–newton–lewis–1.jpg References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis

Essay about Module 1 Homework
Module 01 Homework Assignment Use the information presented in this module along with
additional outside research to answer the questions: 1. Describe how applied microbiology is used to
improve aspects of life and the environment. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
(VanMeter, VanMeter, & Hubert, n.d., p.3). These are all of the things not visible to the human eye.
With the study of microbiology, it enables us to find things such as viruses and bacteria. This is
helpful because sickness and certain outbreaks can be prevented. In turn, this creates a safer more
stable environment. 2. Describe how the table of elements is ordered and discuss four common
elements in living organisms. Elements are ordered on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
OSHA created a biosafety program. This provides rules and guidelines for handling and storing
chemicals in the laboratory. The program contains everything you need to be safe in the lab. It also
lays out an exposure plan in case someone were to get something in the lab. (VanMeter, VanMeter,
& Hubert, n.d., p.101). 6. Discuss the technique and importance of proper hand washing and
describe at least two other types of hand cleaning/sanitizing techniques. Hands should be washed
with soap and warm running water. The should also be washed for 20 seconds paying special
attention to the back of the hand, the wrist, between the fingers and under the nail. Rinse well and
dry with a single use towel. Always turn the water off with the towel. Aint–bacterial hand sanitizer is
also effective. Alcohol can also be used. (VanMeter, VanMeter, & Hubert, n.d., p.100–101). 7. Name
five pieces of information provided by the NIOSH Pocket guide to Chemical Hazards found at
www.cdc.gov. 1.Water flush immed | If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the
contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the
clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly. | 2.Water flush prompt | If
this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical
penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water

Quantitative Analysis of Soda Ash by Double Indicator Method
Quantitative Analysis of Soda Ash by Double–Indicator Method
Mark Steven R. Santiago and Kristiene B. Sadiwa Institute of Chemistry, University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Date/s Performed: July 13, 2012; Date
Submitted: July 19, 2012 Results and Discussions A mixture of carbonate (CO32–), bicarbonate,
(HCO32–) and hydroxide (OH–) ions can be analysed and determined by titration with strong
standard acid solution. Volumetric titrimetry can be employed to compute percent compositions of
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a
soda ash sample through the application of neutralization concepts and titrimetric analyses.
Volumetric titrimetry has been utilized in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, NaOH cannot replace Na2CO3 for it generally do not satisfy above requirements and
very hygroscopic in nature. On the other hand, 0.05 M HCl is called the standard solution. An ideal
standard solution[3] is (1) sufficiently stable to determine concentration, (2) reactive with the
analyte so that the time required between additions of titrant is minimized, (3) completely reactive
with the analyte so that satisfactorily end points are realized, and (4) selectively reactive with the
analyte that can be described by a simple balanced equation. The standardization of the titrant aims
to know the exact concentration of the titrant (its deviation from the measurement done). Two basic
methods are used to establish the concentration of standard solutions: (1) direct method, in which a
carefully weighed quantity of a primary standard is dissolved and diluted to an exactly known
volume in a volumetric flask, and (2) standardization by titrating (a) weighed quantity of a primary
standard, or (b) a measured volume of another standard solution. In the
experiment, the standard solution has been standardized using method 2b[3]. The standard solutions

Acids And Bases Lab
In the lab experiment called Acids and bases; the lab was design for participant to figure out whether
certain household chemicals are acids or base and what color they can turn in to when being added
to cabbage juice. An acid are a solution that has lose hydrogen ions that usually taste sour. However,
some household solutions are acids such as vinegar and citrus fruit juices. Bases are solution that
pull hydrogen ions out of solution and into themselves and it usually feels slippery. In this
experiment we will be using red cabbage to indicator the change of colors in the solutions. Some
chemicals serve as indicators of how many H+ ions are in a substance. That is, they indicate whether
a chemical is an acid or a base. There is such an indicator in red cabbage. My hypothesis is when I
add vinegar, and lemon juice into the purplish cabbage juice the color will be a pinkish color.
Procedures:
Peel off three or four strips of cabbage leaves and boil then for 10–15 minutes
Pour the purplish cabbage liquid through a strainer to get out small chunks of cabbage. Set aside the
liquid to use for the experiment
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Get some kitchen substances such as; dish soap, baking soda, and lemon juice but it can be whatever
you have at your house.
Grab three glasses that are already fill with cabbage juice
Add three drops of dish soap in the first glass of cabbage juice and stir with a spoon notice that the
color change to blue.
Do the same with the kitchen substances with the two other glasses
Next grab the other three glasses and add three drops of vinegar in the first glass and three drop of
sudsy ammonia and watch what happen to the colors, it should be changing back and forth if not add
some more drops.
Now get paper towel, add soak them in the cabbage juice and set it aside and let it dry. Test some of
the liquid that you created again using the paper.
Result and

Endergonic Reaction Lab
In this experiment it was observed that not all chemical reactions occur at the same rate. Chemical
reactions occur when one or more substances are changed into other substances. The properties of a
chemical reaction require three things. First, they need a source of energy for molecules to encounter
each other. Second, they require to proceed at a steady rate. Third, they must proceed in a particular
direction until they reach equilibrium. There are two types of chemical reactions that can occur:
endergonic and exergonic reactions. In these reactions there are both reactants and products. In
exergonic reactions the reactants (starting materials of a reaction) are higher than the products
(results of a reaction). This is opposite for endergonic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that substances that absorb more hydrogen ions will produce faster reactions times due
to higher temperatures. The data obtained from this experiment did not support the claim
hypothesized. In the hypothesis it was stated that the acidic solution would produce the fastest
reaction time. At the end of the completed experiment it was discovered that the basic solution
produced the fastest reaction time of 60.771 seconds, while the acidic solutions reaction time was
65.971 seconds, and the neutral solution produced a 63.425 reaction time. Some potential problems
that could have arouse during this experiment were that not all beakers contained the same amount
of substance. Since the liquids were measured with the naked eye there is a chance that amount of
solutions in each beaker were different. Another potential issue could have been not allowing all of
the antacid tablet to dissolve before stopping the timer. This issue much like the one stated before
would be hard to tell by just looking at the experiment with a naked eye. Perhaps in another
experiment looking to test pH and reaction times an experimenter should take solutions ranging
across the pH scale and change the temperature of each substance to see how temperature can affect
the reaction

Synthesis Of The Lead Acid Battery
The lead acid battery generally contains half a dozen lead–acid cells that are connected in series.
Each one of the six cells contains a cathode of lead (IV) oxide and an anode of lead. A sulfuric acid
solution that is highly acidic (pH as low as 0) provides the solution for each electrode to be
immersed in. The electrode reactions are: Anode: Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) +
2e– Cathode: PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– → PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Each cell has a
voltage of about 2v, and the combination of 6 within a series gives the structure that is usually used
in cars; a typical 12 volt battery. The lead acid cell battery is rechargeable, with electrons being
removed from the cathode and being provided to the anode. The reactions can be reversed by an
external potential difference being applied that is larger than the potential being produced whilst the
battery is being discharged. Because of its ability to do so, the lead accumulator is said to be a
storage battery. The recharging equations are as follows: Anode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– →
Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) Cathode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– As
can be observed the higher the concentration of sulfuric acid means a more charge battery. Lead
sulfate concentration increases and sulfuric acid concentration falls as the battery discharges. The
same principles are used to construct a normal galvanic cell are used to construct each cell. A
microporous separator acts as

The Effect of Ph on a Food Preservative Essay
The Effect of pH on a Food Preservative
September 18, 2012
Objective:
To study the affect of pH on a food preservative.
Chemical Equation: C6H5COONa + HCL –––––– C6H5COOH + NaCl
Procedure:
This experiment was started with a clear solution of sodium benzoate and HCl was added to it,
ultimately producing benzoic acid. First, .3395 g of sodium benzoate was weighed, then it was
dissolved in water, causing it to disassociate into ions. Next, 3M of HCl were added drop wise to the
solution until it reached a pH of 2, thus introducing the hydronium ion. This addition caused a white,
solid benzoic acid to precipitate out of the solution. A vacuum filtration system was used to separate
the solid from the liquid. What was once ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once, the precipitate was ready to be placed in the oven there was not enough time to allow for it to
dry for 10 minutes. The precipitate was only in the oven for about 5 minutes, therefore, when
weighed there was excess liquid in the precipitate. The final weight of the precipitate was .45 g
which was more than the amount that was started with. From this end weight, it can be deduced that
there was excess liquid in the end result.
Post–Lab: 1. The experiment began with a clear solution of sodium benzoate, once 3 M of HCl were
added to achieve a pH of 2, the clear solution became a precipitate. Sodium benzoate was water
soluble, but the yield of benzoic acid became quite insoluble in water.
3b. Although, a low amount of HCl was used, the waste can still cause health risks and risks to the
environment because it was not just one person doing the experiment, therefore increasing the waste
of HCl. Water was also used to wash the vial to remove all solids that might be sticking to the side
of the vial, therefore, wasting water, which is not green.
4. If you start adding NaOH to the solution in small amounts, NaOH neutralizes part of the HCl,
(moles of HCl to moles of NaOH) so the pH begins to increase slowly, this raises the soluability.
This allows for the equivalent point to be reached: moles of HCl = moles of NaOH. By continuing
to add the NaOH, pH will

Lab Report On Red Cabbage Indicator
Red Cabbage Indicator Experiment
Aim: The aim of our investigation was to identify and understand how different chemicals (Acids,
alkalis and neutral) react and experience a change in colour due of this.
Introduction:
The red cabbage indicator shows how a usual household product such as red cabbage can make a
suitable indicator and be able find out if a chemical is either and acid, alkali or neutral. Acids are a
chemical that reacts with an alkali neutralising it producing water and a salt. Acids are also
commonly found to be sour tasting. Acids react with metals, releasing hydrogen gas and leaving
behind a salt they also can conduct electricity. Acids also readily give off hydrogen ions and have a
pH level lower than 7. Some more common laboratory acids are Hydrochloric, Sulphuric and Nitric
Acids. Sulphuric acids and water are used in car batteries as the electrolyte.
Bases or alkali are a chemical that will react with acids and usually have a slimy or soapy feeling on
contact with skin. Bases readily accept hydrogen ions and has a pH level that is higher the 7. Bases
have a bitter taste and neutralise d by acids, producing water and a salt. Some common laboratory
bases are Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide and Calcium Hydroxide. Stronger bases are
commonly used today in many cleaning products.
Indicators help us find wether if a chemical is an acid or base. The scale that is used to find wether a
chemical is an acid or a base is the pH scale. The pH scale gives

Water Essay
Brittany Roberts AP bio
WATER ESSAY
The first thing water reminds us of is the clear liquid in our water bottles. However, water is more
than a normal substance. Water is the beginning and the continual of life on earth. Because of its
many unique properties, water was able to start life on our planet. Water covers about 3/4 of the
earth. In nature, water naturally exists in all three physical states of matter–solid, liquid and gas.
Water's extraordinary properties are emergent properties resulting from water's structure and
molecular interactions. Living cells are 70%–95% H2O The simple structure of H2O is the source of
all water's properties. With two hydrogen atoms sticking to an oxygen atom in a tetrahedron shape,
water is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This property is also a direct result of hydrogen bonding. As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the
liquid remaining cools down. Evaporative cooling occurs cooling because it is the molecules with
the most kinetic energy that leave as a gas. This property of water allows the temperatures in lakes
and ponds to remain stable and prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating. Oceans and Lakes
Don't Freeze Solid Because Ice Floats As a solid, water is less dense than as a liquid, because water
expands when it solidifies. When molecules are no longer moving quickly enough to break their
hydrogen bonds, water begins to freeze. Each molecule is bonded to the maximum four others at
0°C. As a result, the hydrogen bonds keep the molecules further apart than in liquid water. Water is
at its greatest density at 4°C. Because of this property, water in lakes does not freeze solid – only the
top layer of water freezes. The floating ice zes. insulates the liquid water below and allows life to
exist under the frozen surface Water is the Solvent of Life A liquid with a completely homogenous
mixture of two or more substances is a solution The solution. dissolving agent is the solvent , and
the substance dissolved is the solute. When salt is dissolved in solvent ent, solute. water, salt is the
solute and water is the solvent. An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent. While
water is not a truly

Essay on Lab1: Effect of Ph on Food Preservatives
Lab 1: Effect of pH on sodium benzoate, a food preservative
Sheikh M Zakaria
Person no. 36295651
TA: Synthia Gratia
Date of Submission: 05/29/13
Abstract Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative used in food products such as jams and
jellies, soft drinks, pickles, condiments etc and in tinned products in the market. This experiment
aimed to determine whether benzoic acid is formed from it's superior soluble form sodium benzoate
in stomach acid, which is simulated by HCl (pH=2). It has been seen that at a low optimum pH, i.e.
in the presence of sufficient hydrochloric acid, sufficient benzoic acid is yielded. The percentage
yield is determined from the calculations of the theoretical (stoichiometric) calculations and the
actual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The percentage yield calculation reveals that approximately 90% of benzoic acid as white
precipitate were recovered from the reaction. There were a number of factors which might have
contributed to the 10% deficiency in the final yield. It needs to be mentioned though that a
percentage yield of less than 100% is achieved because the drying of the solid mass after vacuum
filtration was sufficient to give a practical number. During measurements of mass of benzoate and
benzoic acid when it's formed, there were obvious human errors involved. Some benzoates were lost
while transferring to the conical reaction vial from the watch glasses, and further loss of the product
benzoic acid might have taken place when the solution mixture was tipped on the Hirsh funnel. We
couldn't determine if the reaction was complete or not, so we might not have had all the salt
converted 4. The solution might not have sufficiently and gradually cooled though every effort was
made for that, hence there could be lack of benzoic acid crystals forming.
The litmus test might have contributed to a significant loss of the precipitate, but only one instead of
multiple tests were performed to see if the reaction mixture was acidic enough. Given the carefully
controlled experiments and the 90% yield, it can be deemed that the methods used to perform the
experiments are full proof and performed as immaculately as possible.
Conclusion
The fact that a

Acid Rain
Acid rain is caused by a corrosion responses that starts when mixes like sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides are discharged into the air. These substances can ascend high into the atmosphere,
where they blend and respond with water, oxygen, and different chemicals to frame more acidic
contaminations, known as acid rain. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides break up effortlessly in
water and can be transported extremely far by the wind. Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a term that
incorporates any type of precipitation with acidic segments, for example, sulphuric or nitric acid that
drop to the ground from the air in wet or dry structures. Therefore, the two mixes can travel a long
way separated where they combine with the rain, hail, snow, dust and haze that we encounter on
certain days.
Acid Rain Equations
Carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere as a result of natural and human processes. Naturally, the
ocean releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a result of large amounts of carbon dioxide
being dissolved in the ocean. The decomposition of organisms in addition to plant and animal
respiration are likewise large producers of carbon dioxide. The respiration process involves glucose
(C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) reacting within organisms to produce water (H2O) and carbon dioxide
(CO2).
C6H12O6 (s)+ 6O2 (g)→ 6H2O(g)+6CO2(g)
Rainwater is naturally acidic because carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere dissolves in the water
droplets (H2O) to produce a weak acid: Carbon

The Depth Of The River Affect Its Overall Ph From Mid July...
Question: Does the depth of the river affect its overall pH from mid december 2015– to early
january 2016?
Knowledge Probe: According to.epa.gov/acidrain/measure/pH.html, pH is a measure of the
hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Solutions with a high concentration of hydrogen ions have
a low pH and solutions with a low concentrations of H+ ions have a high pH. A pH of 7 is the most
neutral you can get and 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic. each level is 10 times
more basic/ acidic than the previous level, for example a pH of 8 is 10 times more basic than 7, and
a pH of 9 is 100 times more basic than 7. when an acidic substance reacts with a basic substance
they counter each other like mixing hot and cold water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The blue bar grapH below it shows the pH of each of the 12 trial collected. The table below
compares the depth in inches to the pH directly, and the average of each is at the bottom of the table.
Data Analysis: On trial 5 something interesting happened where it did not match the trend of other
data points. you can see this when comparing the depth to pH with the grapHs; for example trial 1's
depth and pH is lower than trial 2's depth and pH, and trial 2's depth and pH is lower than trial 3's
depth and pH etc. that sort of trend is fluent through the data except trial 5 where depth was lower
than the previous trials but the pH was the highest collected. My data is accurate to a point but when
collecting the depth of the river it presented a challenge to get 100% accurate because it is
constantly changing; also the pH scale only measures to the hundredth of a digit. The pH Scales
calibration could also have been of slightly but all of my trials were collected under the same
calibration so it does not seem to present a change in trend but instead with the actual numbers.
Claim: When the depth on the Looking Glass river was higher it had a higher pH in late december
2015 to early January 2016.
Data Supporting Claim: When analysing my data you can clearly see that when the

The Various Types And Their Applications
Student name: Shard Singh Manhaini
Instructor and Section number: Sharmila Shakya 631A
Superacids
The various types, and their applications in the field of chemistry
Background information
The earliest definition of an acid came from a Swedish chemist named Arrhenius, who defined an
acid as a substance that produces hydrogen ions, which are in fact hydronium ions (H3O+), when
dissolved in water, and a base, the complementaries of acids, as a substance that produces hydroxide
ions (OH–) in water. Definitions from other scientists such as Brønsted–Lowry expanded on this
range and defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors, with the most expansive
definition coming from G.N. Lewis, who defined acids as electron pair ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This reaction also occurs in both directions spontaneously as the conjugate base in this case isn't
stable enough to resist re–forming a bond again with the hydrogen ion. This is the primary reason
why water is both a weak acid and a weak base, because its states as an acid and a base aren't stable
enough to last for long. Conversely, hydrochloric acid is a very strong acid for this very reason.
Once hydrogen ions dissociate from chloride ions in water, they do not re–form their bonds because
the chloride ion acts as a noble gas in this case, as it has completed its vacant electron orbitals. The
hydrogen ions then are left to react with the water molecules to form hydronium ions which lower
the pH of the entire system. It is because chlorine is a weak conjugate base as a chloride ion that it
supports its hydrogen ion complement in forming a strong acid. Consequently, the dissociation of
hydrochloric acid occurs only in direction, and its reaction can be written as follows:
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
H2O(l) + H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Thus, strong acids require weaker conjugate bases to begin with so that the reciprocal reaction is

Potassium Dichromate
Analysis:
Safety Analysis:
A number of safety precautions needed to be adhered to in order to maintain a safe and controlled
working environment. Acetic acid and potassium dichromate are two examples of hazardous
substances used throughout the practical, with their effects being intense redness, potential blisters,
inhalation is potentially irritant to lungs etc. In order to prevent all contact with these substances,
paper towels were used to wipe the glassware in order to remove any traces. Sulfuric acid was the
most hazardous substance used in the practical, hence the use of a fume hood was required due to its
harmful effects in case of inhalation. Its corrosive and irritant nature could be of great damage onto
skin, hence potential skin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it contains a carbonyl bond additional to a covalently–bonded oxygen, water is able to
form strong hydrogen bonding with two of its hydrogen atoms. Propyl ethanoate is only able to form
dipole–dipole bonding in addition to dispersion forces in their intermolecular interactions. In
contrast, water is able to form strong hydrogen bonds with surrounding molecules while conforming
to dispersion forces. It follows that water will require a higher boiling point in comparison to
isopropyl ethanoate due to its ability to form H–bonds with surrounding molecules, which require a
higher heat energy input to break. As the ester's polarity is low in comparison to water, it is unable to
dissolve completely in water and therefore, after esterification, the aqueous and organic layers are
separated as seen in Apparatus 2. The layer of ester is on the top as it is less dense than water due to
its lower polarity in comparison to water, which remains in the aqueous layer at the bottom.
(Science.uwaterloo.ca,

Biology
Part II: For the following questions, provide your response in short–answer format (2–3 detailed
sentences each). Use this Phase's activities and resources to assist you in answering.
7. What is pH?
a. pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. It measures rather the solution is acid, base,
or neutral.
8. What is a base?
a. Accepts hydrogen ions from another substance that have a pH>7. It taste bitter and feel slippery.
9. What is an acid?
a. Component with a positive or negative charge that break apart in water to form a hydrogen ion.
(H+)
10. What does it mean if a solution has more hydrogen ions (H+)?
a. More acidic the solution is
11. What does it mean if a solution has more hydroxide ions (OH–)? ... Show more content on
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2. What is a base?
3. What is an acid?
(H+)
5. What does it mean if a solution has more hydroxide ions (OH–)?
a. Basic
6. What does it mean if a solution is neutral?
a. The concentration of hydronium equals the concentration of hydroxide ions.
7. Explain the pH scale and how it is used to indicate acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions.

Part II: For the following questions, provide your response in short–answer format (2–3 detailed
sentences each). Use this Phase's activities and resources to assist you in answering.
1. What is pH?
a. pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. It measures rather the solution is acid, base,
or neutral.
2. What is a base?
3. What is an acid?
(H+)
5. What does it mean if a solution has more hydroxide ions (OH–)?
a. Basic
6. What does it mean if

Does Nitric Acid Affect The Synthesis Of Nitroacetanilide
In this experiment, nitric acid and sulfuric acid were mixed to form nitronium ions, hydronium ions,
and hydrogen sulfate ions. The amide on the acetanilide is an electron donating group, an activator,
which means that when an activated electrophile is added to the acetanilide, it will add in the ortho,
para positions. In this case, the activated electrophile is the nitronium ions, which react with the
acetanilide and form an arenium ion. Then, the hydrogen sulfate ions pull off the hydrogen that is
attached to the same carbon as the nitronium ion, allowing the lone pair that is now on the carbon
the hydrogen left from to form a double bond with the electron deficient (positively charged) carbon
next to it. The products formed are the ortho and para–substitutions of nitroacetanilide. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The crude solid was dissolved in hot ethanol and then, was allowed to cool. As the solution cooled
the solubility of the compounds in the solution drops, which allowed the nitroacetanilide to
recrystallize from the solution. The size of the crystals depends on the rate of cooling; a slower
cooling rate leads to the formation of larger crystals. In order to collect the crude solid and the
recrystallized solid, vacuum filtration was used. Vacuum filtration uses reduced pressure to force the
solution and air through the filter paper, allowing for the solid to

Chemical Reactions And Factors That Affect The Rate Of A...
Reactions occur everywhere, and they may take decades, such as fossils, or only seconds, such as
lighting a match to occur. "Chemical kinetics concerns the rates of chemical reactions" and what
factors affects these rates (Iodine Clock, 2017). "Temperature, concentration, pressure of reacting
gases, surface area of reacting solids and the use of catalysts are all factors which affect the rate of a
reaction" (Bbc.co.uk, 2017). This is because they affect the reaction roles and yields of activation
energy, product management and reactant management (William, 2017). This is accomplished by
"making changes to the concentration, pressure or temperature of a reaction to alter the position of
the equilibrium" (Bbc.co.uk, 2017).
Accordingly, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was further identified that typically for every 10oC temperature rise, the reaction rate would
double (Del Mundo et al., 2016) (Clark, 2017).
Throughout the Landolt Iodine Clock Reaction, chemical equilibria are clearly demonstrated
through the delayed colour change of combining two colourless solutions to form a dark blue
solution. The overall chemical reaction for this is as follows:
2IO–3(aq) + 5HSO–3(aq) + 2H–(aq) → I2 + 5HSO–4(aq) + H20(l)
Iodate ions + Bisulfite ions + hydronium ions → Iodine + Bisulfate + water (Iodine Clock, 2017)
The individual steps of the reaction are:
(1) IO3–(aq) + 3HSO3–(aq) → I–(aq) + 3SO4–(aq) + 3H+(aq)
Iodate + Bisulfite → Iodide + Sulfate + Hydronium ions
(2) IO3– (aq) + 5I–(aq) + 6H+aq) → 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Iodate + Iodide + Hydronium ions → Iodine + Water
(3) I2(aq) + HSO3–(aq) + H2O(l) → 2I–(aq) +SO4–(aq) +3H+(aq)
Iodine + Bisulfite + Water → Iodide + Sulfate + Hydronium ions
(4) I2(aq) + I–(aq) + starch → dark blue starch–I3– complex
Iodine + Iodide + starch → dark blue starch–I3– complex
(Iodine Clock Reaction, 2015)
The first reaction is the rate determining step, and hence, determines the order of the reaction. The
equilibria is delayed in this reaction due to any of the iodine produced, immediately reacting with
any bisulfite still present, before then being converted into colourless iodide (reaction 2). Therefore,
to demonstrate this reaction, the

Causes Of Coral Reef Bleaching
Neida M. Gutierrez
Mrs. Ybarra
Chemistry CC
20 Oct, 2017
Research paper: Causes of coral reef bleaching and how Co2 emissions affect coral populations
The effects of Co2 emissions over the years have greatly impacted the way coral reefs thrive in
certain parts of the ocean. To understand why coral reefs are dying throughout the oceans it is
imperative to first see what a coral is and what it is composed of. Corals are oceanic invertebrates
which fall into the phylum Cnidaria. Corals reefs mostly consist of shells made of aragonite, which
is the crystallized form of CaCo3. Small algae called zooxanthellae helps the corals with the vibrant
colors they are known for. Coals are one of the most inhabitable species found because of what they
can be composed of. For example, one species that make up the coral reefs are sea anemone. Sea
Anemones are chemically composed of a poison in their tentacles that fire viciously into their
victims penetrating them with a paralyzing neurotoxin. Clownfish, however, had a mucus–like layer
that protects them from the poison and is able to make a home out of the anemone. There is so much
life that is brought by coral reefs. There can be a plethora of symbiotic relationships found in coral
reefs. As years start to progress and humans are started to manipulate the natural environment of
these biological inhibitors. Coral reefs annually benefit human both directly and indirectly by $375
and about 500 million people need the reefs in

Copper Mining Essay
The purpose of this investigation is to determine the following question; "What have we learned
about the mining for copper that could minimise environment impacts of mining in the future?"
Copper is a metal used for jewellery, copper wiring, electrical motors, engines, but mainly used in
electrical generators and powers. This is because copper has a high thermal and electrical
conductivity. Hence, copper is essential in today's society. The mining for copper in Queenstown,
Tasmania was founded in 1883, but first started in 1896.
Copper mining led to the formation of acid rain because Acid mine drainage (AMG) was formed
into the river system by natural processes when the pyrite bedrock was exposed to oxygen and
water. This is because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A scrubber is used to remove gases and destroys the harmful chemicals in the atmosphere, which
prevents the formation of acid rain. Additionally, FDG works by "spraying a wet slurry of limestone
into a huge chambers where the calcium in the limestone responds with the sulfur dioxide in the flue
gas." When sulfur produces 〖SO〗_2, the fumes gas goes through the scrubber where a spray
mixture of limestone and water reacts with the 〖SO〗_2. It produces calcium sulfate (when
〖SO〗_2 consolidates with limestone), known as synthetic gypsum. Scrubbers reduce the health
risks of the local residents and workers. It is extremely important to remove sulfur dioxide because
it combines with water in the air to form sulfuric acid (acidic compound) when released into the
atmosphere. Thus, scrubbers are utilized to remove acidic gases as it filters out the sulfur dioxide
leaving water released as

Basic Solutions Lab Report
Solutions are classified based on basic or acidic based on their hydrogen ion concentration that is
relative to water (Acids, bases, pH, and buffers, n.d.). There are many differences between acid
solutions and basic solutions at the molecular level. In short, the major difference between the two
solutions is that an acidic solution has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, resulting in greater
than that of pure water (Acids, bases, pH, and buffers, n.d.). In contrast, a basic solution has a low
concentration, resulting in less than that of pure water (Acids, bases, pH, and buffers, n.d.).
Therefore, it is essential that certain buffers, solutions that resist changes in pH, exist in order to
maintain stability in most organisms and humans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the pH scale is based on pH values, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7.0 being of a neutral value of
water, it is utilized to better classify basic and acidic solutions. When a pH is greater than 7.0, the
solution is basic because of the concentration of hydrogen ions found in the solution. In addition, the
solution also has acid an increase on a negative logarithmic scale. In contrast, if the solution is lower
than 7.0 on the pH scale, it is acidic.
Acidic solutions dissolve in water. Those acids such as vinegar and tomato juice do not dissolve in
water but are still considered acids, just in a weaker form. Therefore, the stronger the acid, the
quicker it dissociates to generate hydrogen ions (Daempfle, 2016). When water yields more
hydrogen into its surroundings, it results in a liquid that is referred to as acid (Daempfle, 2016).
In contrast, basic liquids described as somewhat slippery. The more basic (or less acidic) the
solution is, the fewer hydrogen ions it has (Daempfle, 2016). Basic solutions often produce lather
when encountering a fatty substance. Overall, a basic chemical, such as sodium
hydroxide/potassium hydroxide (NaOH/KOH) is harmful (Acids, bases, pH, and buffers, n.d.). It is
only when a combination of fatty acids and sodium ion (Na+) or potassium ion (K+) occur that it is
safe for skin cells harmful (Acids, bases, pH, and buffers,

Titration Lab
The purpose of a titration is to discover the concentration of the unknown acid or base. In this case,
the experiment uses a strong base to titrate the unknown acid. Once the titration is complete, the
data is plotted to create a graph that shows the equivalence point as well as the change in pH with
each volumetric addition of NaOH. The equivalence point in the graph is the point where the moles
of acid equal the moles of base added, which can be expressed as the equation MaVa = MbVb. On
any titration graph involving a monoprotic acid and a strong base, the equivalence point is the center
of the steepest part of the graph, also known as the inflection point. This point will be at pH 7 or
above, since the titrant is a strong base and the unknown ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The pKa is –log[Ka], and Ka is the equilibrium constant of a reaction. If there is a weak acid, it will
have a strong conjugate base which will bond with a hydronium ion, causing the reaction to move
towards the reactants which results in a lower Ka (or higher pKa). Therefore, the magnitude of the
pKa has an effect on the equivalence point. A higher pKa results in a higher pH of the solution. The
pKa also has several other implications. As the pKa increases, the initial pH increases as well. The
initial slope of the graph is almost horizontal for a smaller pKa; however, as the pKa increases, the
slope at the initial values increases as well. With further analysis, one can notice that the pH
increases steadily between 5 and 20ml for all eight graphs but are placed at different pHs. This
steady increase only lasts until the one drop of the titrant causes a jump from pHs. The range of the
jump from one pH to another decreses as the pKa of a reaction increases. In other words, the range
where the equivalence point occurs decreases. Despite the change in this range, the pKa (or Ka)
does not affect the equivalence point volume since the same amount of acid was used in each
experiment, which in turn means the same volume amount of NaOH is used as well. The changes in
the pKa display changes in the equivalence point, pH, and slopes of the curve, all which ultimately

Investigating The Chemical Reactions Between Atoms And...
into the blood. Doctors would measure the amount of tracer that is found in the urine of their patient
in order to diagnose them. Which is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the
chemical reactions between atoms? The only subatomic particle that is directly involved is an
electron. What is potential energy? Potential energy is energy that matter has due to its location or
structure. Explain which has more potential energy in each pair: boy at the top of a slide/boy at the
bottom Boy at top of a slide because of his location. electron in the first energy shell/electron in the
third energy shell Electron in third energy shell because of its relative distance from the nucleus
water/glucose Glucose because of its structure (glucose has more chemical bonds) What determines
the chemical behavior of an atom? The distribution of electrons in the electron shells determines the
chemical behavior of an atom. For sodium: How many valence electrons does it have? 1 valence
electron How many protons does it have? 11 protons Section 3 15. Define molecule. A molecule is
formed by two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. 16. Now, refer back to your
definition of a compound and fill in the following chart: Molecule? Compound? Molecular Formula
Structural Formula (y/n) (y/n) Water Yes Yes H2O H – O – H Carbon Dioxide Yes Yes CO2 O = C =
O Methane Yes Yes CH4 Oxygen Yes No O2 O = O What type of bond is seen in O2? Explain what
this means. A double covalent bond is

Levels Of Acid-Buffer Titration
INTRODUCTION
For this experiment, a weak acid–buffer titration will be performed. While acids produce hydronium
ions in water, bases produce hydroxide ions. To determine how strong an acid or base is, levels of
dissociation are observed. While a strong acid or base entirely dissociates in solution, a weak acid or
base only partially dissociates in solution. The extent to which a weak acid dissociates in an aqueous
solution can be denoted by the constant, Ka, which stands for the ratio in products to reactant. The
following equation is used to describe the mentioned ratio in an acid–dissociation:
Ka= (〖[H〗_3 O^+][A^–])/([HA])
Acids with larger Ka values dissociate to a greater extent, while those with smaller values dissociate
to an inferior extent. To illustrate the dissociation of water molecules, the constant, Kw, is used
instead. In case of a pure water sample, only a small amount molecules will form hydronium and
hydroxide ions. The formula for the autoionization of water, the process mentioned, can be denoted
in the following equilibrium equation:
Kw= [H3O+][OH–] in which the value of Kw is equal to 1x10–14, where both H3O+ and OH– are
equal to 1x10–7 M. In addition, to measure how acidic or basic a solution is, the pH scale is used.
An acidic solution has a value that is lower than 7, and has a higher concentration of hydronium
ions, meaning a concentration that is higher than 1.0x10–7. A basic solution has value that is greater
than 7, and has a lower concentration

How Does Ph Affect Water?
pH is usually to measure acidic or basic water is. pH is a measure of the relative amount of free
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water. There are 0–14 range to be measure which is 7 is for neutral
while pH which less that 7 is acidity and the pH which is greater than 7 is alkali. Water that more
free hydrogen ions is acidic while water has more free hydroxyl ions in water is basic. Chemicals in
the water can affected the pH in water. Ph show an important indicator for water if it chemically
changes. pH is showed in logarithmic units. The change acidity or alkali in water represent in 10–
fold. pH of 5 is ten times more acidic in water than pH of 6. pH of water usually determines amount
that can be dissolve in water and organic

Hydrochloric Acid Lab
Background:
Acids are known to chemistry as the chemical substances that are below seven on the pH scale and
they cause litmus paper to turn red. They are also known to have a sour taste but not all acids should
be tasted due to some of them being extremely dangerous and should not be in contact with human
body parts. In this lab, we worked with an acid known Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). HCl is a clear
liquid that visibly looks no different from water. HCl is known to be very dangerous when in contact
with skin, eyes, ETC, and should be dealt with caution.
Bases are technically the opposite of acids. Bases are chemical substances that are above seven on
the pH scale and they cause litmus paper to turn blue. They have a very peculiar taste. Bases ...
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This was the lightest batch out of all the other batches.
Batches
Measurements
Batch 5 (Acids)
Acid (HCl)
Starting Volume:
9.89 mL of HCl
Ending Volume:
5.12 mL of HCl
Amount of Acid Used:
3.56 mL of HCl
Batch 5 (Bases)
Base (NaOH)
Starting Volume:
45.01 mL of NaOH
Ending Volume:
39.22 mL of NaOH
Amount of Base Used:
5.79 mL of NaOH
Observations: The result of this batch was a darker shade of pink. It was very similar to the batch #1.
Analysis:
We knew that the molarity of NaOH was 0.100M and we can find the molarity of the HCl by using

our data to create a stoichiometry problem. 0.100 mol NaOH1000mL of NaOHx49.61 mL of
NaOH1mol of NaOHx 1000 mL of HCl1000 mL of NaOHx 1 mol of HCl49.25 mL of HCl
= 1.007x 10–4 M HCl
Conclusion:
In conclusion, we have conducted this experiment in which we have gathered tons of data on HCl–
NaOH titration. In the end we gathered the data to discover the unknown concentration of our
solution. It took some practice and some stoichiometry, but that was what it took to disclose the
unknown

Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid
Magnesium + sulphuric acid → magnesium sulphate + hydrogen Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
Metal hydrogen carbonates and acids is also a common reaction. In this case, metal hydrogen
carbonates are reacted with acids; this produces water, salt and carbon dioxide. A common example
occurs between sodium hydrogen carbonate and hydrochloric acid, which react to form water,
carbon dioxide and sodium chloride (a salt). Metal hydrogen carbonate + acid → salt + water +
carbon dioxide Sodium hydrogen carbonate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water +
carbon dioxide NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 Acids and bases can be defined as either
strong or weak. The strength of an acid or base is determined by the amount of ionisation. Ionisation
is the creation of an ion through the addition or removal of an electron. If a substance ionises
completely, it is referred to as a strong acid. Weaker acids do not ionise completely in solution;
therefore, they are referred to as weak acids. Similarly, a strong base ionises completely, while weak
bases do not. For example, when a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water it
splits and forms hydronium and chloride ions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, weak acids do not fully ionise. Instead, they form an equilibrium mixture. Ethanoic acid
is a weak acid as it does not fully ionise when mixed with water. It reacts with water to produce
hydronium ions and ethanoate ions; however, only approximately 1% of the ethanoic acid molecules
are converted into

David Schindler Essay
David Schindler is an American/Canadian limnologist who has put great effort into studying inland
waters, ensuring that these bodies of water remain safe for the ecosystem. Born in Fargo, North
Dakota, he spent much of his childhood in his grandparents' farm, surrounded by many lakes. For
this reason, he gained great interest in fishing and studying freshwaters. He has made significant
contributions to the field of limnology by helping identify detergent phosphates as major pollutants
of lakes in the 1960s, determining that acid rain was the main cause of large fish deaths in the 1970s
and 1980s, and pointing out the potential damage of oil sands to bodies of water.
David played a key role in isolating phosphorus as a major cause of algae overgrowth that led to
eutrophication, a process that reduced oxygen in lakes. In 1968, David directed a group of scientists
to study this process. During their research, he and the group experimentally manipulated parts of
nearly 46 lakes, and from their results, they discovered that when lakes are high in phosphorus, the
overgrowth of algae is triggered. The large population of algae then decreases the lakes' oxygen
supply, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on their results, when the concentration of hydronium ions significantly exceeded that of
hydroxide ions and the pH of the of the water went below 7.0 because of acid rain, some species
such as opposum shrimp would not survive, disturbing the food chain and harming other organisms.
David and his team captured the effects of acid rain through photographs that later sparked public
attention, which resulted in the implementation of laws to decrease pollutants causing acid rain, such
as reducing industrial emissions. The results that David and his team achieved were crucial in
understanding the extent of contamination that acid rain could cause in an

Ocean Acidification Research Paper
Ocean Acidification is the ongoing decrease pH of the Earth's ocean, caused by the uptake of
Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This occurs as 30%–40% of carbon dioxide is released
by human into the atmosphere dissolves into the ocean, rivers and lakes.
As a result, chemical equilibrium is achieved, inturn making the reactant (carbon dioxide CO2) react
with water (H2O) to form Carbonic acid (CO3 2–) and excess of the carbonic acid reacting with
water to form bicarbonate ions (2HCO3–) and hydronium ions (H+), thus increasing the acidity (H+
ion concentration) of the ocean.
Chemical eqn: CO2+H20–> CO3 2– +H2O –> 2HCO3–.
Effects of Ocean Acidification:
a) biological impact:
1. Photosynthetic algae and sea grasses benefits from higher

Hydration Lab
The Dilution of Different Concentrations of a Strong Acid and its Effect on Temperature in Water
Introduction
According to the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, an acid is a reactant that loses a hydrogen ion
to another reactant. A strong acid is when virtually all the molecules of the acid ionises in water. In
this experiment, the strong acid used was hydrochloric acid. This acid forms when gaseous
hydrogen chloride reacts with water according to the equation:
When in solution, the hydronium and chloride ions formed will be partially surrounded by water
molecules via ion–dipole bonds, an electrostatic force of attraction that exists between charges in the
ions and the partial charges in the water molecules. Water molecules surrounding ions ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ions present in the acid solution are only partially hydrated by the available water molecules.
When more water molecules are available, the partially hydrated ions will be further hydrated. This
suggests that the more concentrated the acid solution, the more ion–dipole bonds formed and the
more heat generated, thus a greater change in temperature when diluting into water. The lower the
concentration of acid, the more hydrated the ions present in the solution, therefore the fewer ion–
dipole bonds that will be formed and the more heat that will be generated, thus less change in
temperature will be observed when diluted in water. The positive, linear relationship between acid
concentration and the change in temperature of the water found in the experiment supports the
theoretical trend.
Improvements
In addition to resolving the errors present in the experiment, ways to obtain more accurate and
conclusive data would be to increase the sample size by testing more concentrations of hydrochloric
acid. Experimenting with other strong acids, such as sulfuric and nitric acid, would also increase the
sample size and will allow for more results potentially support the question proposed. Repeating the
experiment would decrease random results from occurring, making results

Malic Acid Vs Inorganic Acid
An organic compound with acidic properties is called an organic acid. An inorganic acid or mineral
acid is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. The reason that organic acids are
weaker than mineral acids is that organic acids do not separate completely in water, whereas strong
mineral acids do separate completely in water. Organic acids do not react with metals. Harsh mineral
acids on the other hand react forcefully with metals. Inorganic acids are derived from inorganic
compounds and mineral sources, while organic acids have a biological origin. Mineral acids do not
contain carbon and organic acids do contain carbon. Uric acid is an example of mineral acids. Uric
acid is soluble in water and is a hetero cyclic compound which is composed of the elements: carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. A real–world example in which uric acid is used is that uric and
ascorbic acid in the human body provide over half of the antioxidant capacity in the bloodstream
which means it is very important in our lives. Oxalic acid is another example of an inorganic acid.
Oxalic acid is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water and gives a colorless solution. A
real–world application of oxalic acid is cleaning and bleaching agent, and is very effective in
removing rust.
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms. It has a clean, mellow,
smooth, persistent sourness, so it can be used to enhance flavor and blending abilities. It contributes
to the sour taste of fruits and can also be used as a food additive. It is used for alcoholic apple ciders
to maintain a sharp taste. In wines, the malolactic fermentation improves the flavor of the wine. It is
also used in acne creams and moisturizers to remove dead skin cells and remove acne. Citric acid
has a sour taste and is greatly present in fruits such as oranges. It is also a popular ingredient in most
types of candy, especially in sour candies. It is a weak organic acid and is used as a safe cleaning
product. Formic acid is a colorless liquid with a highly pungent, penetrating odor at room
temperature. Interestingly, it can be found in the venom of ants. Lactic acid is a well–known acid. It
is produced from pyruvate via the enzyme

The Effect Of Heartburn On Your Stomach
Introduction:
Heartburn is generally caused by imbalanced gastric juices/acids. Antacids are a type of medication,
which corrects the pH balance in your stomach. A pH scale is a scale that ranges from 0–14, with 0
being the most acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being most basic. There are many types of antacids,
such as sodium bicarbonate (contains baking soda), calcium carbonate, there is also aluminum and
magnesium based antacids. A combination of aluminum and magnesium based antacids also exist.
These come in liquid and solid tablet forms. The brands, which are going to be tested during this
experiment, will be milk of magnesia by the Life Brand that costs $8.99; Phillips that costs $13.99,
and Bismuth by the Life Brand that costs $5.99.
Purpose:
The testing of three different antacids was done during this experiment to determine, which of the
three antacids is the best to stop heartburn.
Hypothesis:
The Phillips antacid is going to be the best type of antacid from the three because this antacid
includes magnesium and not a lot of other chemicals. This antacid is also the one that costs the most,
and if it cost a lot it should be better.
Variables:
Independent Variables:
Amount of antacid
Concentration of acid
State of antacid
Dependent Variables:
Amount of acid added/dropped to neutralize the antacid
Controlled:

Titration technique
Indicator type
Concentration of acid
State of antacid
Materials:
1. Safety goggles
2.

Acid-Base Lab
"Acid/Base" lab's purpose was to introduce extractions of one of the four neutral organic compounds
(4–chlorobenzophene, biphenyl, trans–stilbene, and trans–chalcone). We then were asked to test the
solubility of our selected neutral compound with hexane, water, methanol, and ethyl acetate to find
the solvent that only dissolved the neutral compound while introduced to heat. Once the solvent was
chosen, we purified the compound by recrystallization, and then concluded that my neutral organic
compound was trans–stilbene.
₪ Introduction ₪ It's essential for any chemist to grasp acid/base chemistry. It's a method of
purification, once the experiment is completed. However, it's the groundwork of pKa values, which
helps identify the acid, conjugate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also another factor is finding a solvent at which ones compound dissolves in when heat is
introduced and insoluble at room temperature, but it should also crystalize when introduced to cold
temperatures. My compound had the melting point of trans–stilbene at 121–123°C which, was just
lower than the PubChem recorded melting temperature of 122–125°C. Concluded that my neutral
organic compound was trans–stilbene because of the mixed melting points similarity. If the
experiment were repeated it would be important to possibly have students use pipets or some
measured method to rinse their product during recrystallization so that mistakes such as over rinsing
occur less and are more precise. Also another improvement that could be made is to perform more
tests to the acid that had been a nucleophile to better identify its transformation. Other wise the lab
that was performed was parallel to that of work in the extraction of medicines and other compounds
that are marketed as pure at a less grand scale, but demonstrated the importance of acid/base
chemistry.
Supplemental

There were many things that I learned in Module 7 . Some...
There were many things that I learned in Module 7 . Some of them where: what is the difference
between an acid and a base; what is pH; what is equilibrium, what is Le Châtelier's principle; and
what is oxidation. Here are some of the things that I learned in lesson 07.01 (Acids and Bases) and
lesson 07.02 (Acid–Base Reactions). An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ or
hydrodium ionsH3O+ in solution. There are three "kinds of acids": Arrhenius, BrØnsted–Lowry, and
Lewis Acid. An Arrhenius acid is a substance the increases the concentration of hydrogen ion, H+ or
hydronium ions H3O+when dissolved in water. You must have water. A BrØnsted–Lowry acid is
any substance that donates a hydrogen ion, H+ to another substance. A ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Here are some of the things that I learned in lessons 07.03 (pH), and 07.04 (Equilibrium). The
formula to calculate the pH of a solution is pH = – log [H3O+]. A titration is a laboratory technique
used to calculate the concentration of a chemical. You are performing an acid–base neutralization
reaction. For example, let's say we have some HCl that we do not know the concentration. We can
react it with a base, such as NaOH. You start by placing the substance of a known concentration in a
buret, such as a 0.25 M NaOH solution. Then, place the chemical that you do not know the
concentration of in a flask under the buret, such as HCl. We need to add an indicator to the flask
since most reactions are colorless. You will 'titrate' the NaOH until you reach the endpoint, which
means that you will allow the chemical in the buret, called the titrant, to flow into the flask. At the
end point, the solution will have a light pink color. Once you determine how much of the titrant,
NaOH you used, you can use stoichiometry to calculate the concentration of the unknown,
HCl.Chemical equilibrium is when the forward and the reverse reactions are occurring at the same
rate. If K is greater than 1, that means there are products than reactants are equilibrium. If K is less
than 1, there are more reactants than products at equilibrium.As more products are made, the rate of
the forward reaction will decrease.The rate of the

Why We Absorb Bath Bombs
Bubbling Bath Bombs
Hypothesis
What makes bath bombs fizz and bubble? Will a bath bomb containing lime juice rather than citric
acid dissolve faster? I think there is a chemical reaction within the bath bomb that makes it fizz, but
I am not sure what things are reacting. I also think that if I substitute lime juice for citric acid in one
half of the bath bomb, the half with citric acid will dissolve quicker. This is because it is pure citric
acid, unlike lime juice which has other things as well as citric acid in it.
Research
Bath bombs are composed of several ingredients that are molded into a shape. They begin to fizz
and dissolve once they touch water. Bath bombs come in a large variety of different colors, scents,
shapes, and sizes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
water, 2 tsp. coconut oil, about 15 drops essential oil, and a few drops of food coloring (depending
on the color I wanted), ¼ cup Epsom salt, 5 bowls, and molds to put the mixture into. To create the
different halves, I took half of each ingredient into separate bowls and added either ¼ cup lime juice
or ¼ cup citric acid. First, I combined the baking soda, corn starch, and Epsom salt into a bowl. If I
was using the citric acid, I combined that into the same bowl. Next, I combined my water, coconut
oil, essential oil (optional), and food coloring (optional) into a different bowl. If I was using the lime
juice instead of the citric acid, I would combine it into this bowl. It is very important you keep your
wet and dry ingredients separate. Then, I slowly put a few drops of the wet mixture into the dry
mixture and stirred. You want to put a few drops, then stir; add a few more, and stir again. You must
do this step slowly to prevent any reactions happening between the citric acid and the baking soda.
During this step, I discovered that the side with lime juice was much moister than the other side with
citric acid. This made it difficult to mold the halves together because a slight reaction was occurring
when I put them together. Next, I put the different mixtures into half a mold and stuck the halves
together into the freezer for 2 hours. Then, I took the bath bomb and put it into a bowl full of warm
water. Finally, I watched the reaction and recorded my

Acid Base Balance Case Study

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Acid Base Balance Case Study