Notes pb lab 06 part 2 the spectacular spectrum separating light
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The document discusses spectranomy and how prisms can be used to separate light into a continuous spectrum. It provides examples of bright line spectra for various elements like mercury, hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, and neon that can be used to identify unknown elements. The end discusses the stars Rigel and Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion.
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The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
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There are three main types of laser gain media: gases, liquids, and solids. Gases like CO2 have narrow wavelength gain, while liquids like dyes have broad gain. Solid state lasers like Nd:YAG can have either narrow or broad gain depending on the material. All gain media require pumping to receive energy, which can be optical pumping using lamps or flashlights, or electrical pumping using gas discharges. Q-switching is a technique to produce high power pulses using a Pockels cell to prevent lasing until a population inversion is fully inverted.
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This document discusses different types of lasers categorized by their gain medium. It provides details on atomic gas lasers like helium-neon lasers and ion gas lasers like argon ion lasers. Helium-neon lasers use a mixture of helium and neon gases as the gain medium, with the helium assisting in the population inversion process to allow lasing from neon. Argon ion lasers use argon gas that is ionized, with the argon ions providing the lasing transition. Excimer lasers use excimer or exciplex molecules as the gain medium, which only exist in excited states and allow efficient population inversion.
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This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction, explaining that Raman spectroscopy involves measuring the wavelength and intensity of inelastically scattered light from molecules. This scattered light occurs at shifted wavelengths corresponding to molecular vibrations.
It then provides a brief history of Raman spectroscopy and its development. The document outlines some key aspects of Raman spectroscopy, including that it is a vibrational spectroscopy that is complementary to infrared spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy can be used to study samples with minimal preparation across various physical states.
The remainder of the document discusses various technical aspects of Raman spectroscopy in more detail, including classical theories, instrumentation components like lasers and filters, and conditions required for Raman scattering to occur. It provides examples
LASERs
The document discusses lasers, including their history, characteristics, components, types, and applications. It begins with defining what a laser is, describing early developments in stimulated emission. Key points made include:
- Lasers emit highly directional, intense beams of coherent, monochromatic light.
- The first working laser was a ruby laser developed by Maiman in 1960.
- Laser light has properties of directionality, coherence, monochromaticity, and high intensity compared to other light sources.
- The main components of a laser system are the power source, active medium which is pumped to induce stimulated emission, and optical cavity.
- Common laser types include solid state, gas, liquid,
Infrared spectroscopy i
Introduction
Instrumentation
Sampling techniques
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Factors affecting group frequencies
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This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of how atoms and molecules interact with light. It then describes Raman scattering, which was discovered by C.V. Raman in 1928 and involves a change in frequency of scattered light that depends on the chemical structure of molecules. The rest of the document discusses key aspects of Raman spectroscopy such as Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, the relationship between Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and applications of Raman spectroscopy such as molecular identification and quantification.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u ii chapter 2-laser
The document provides information about LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). It discusses the principle of LASER including absorption, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and population inversion. It describes the key characteristics of laser light such as coherence, high intensity, high directionality and monochromaticity. It also discusses different types of lasers including solid (ruby), liquid and gas (He-Ne, CO2) lasers. Specific details provided include the construction and working of ruby and He-Ne lasers.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Raman Spectroscopy is a non destructive chemical analysis technique which provides detailed information about chemical structure, crystallinity and molecular interactions. The raman effect involves scattering of light by molecules of gases, liquids, or solids. Raman Spectroscopy is sensitive to homo-nuclear molecular bonds. It is able to distinguish between single, double, and triple bonds between carbon atoms.Raman spectroscopy is the study of matter by the inelastic scattering of monochromatic
light. It has become a ubiquitous tool in modern spectroscopy, biophysics, microscopy, geochemistry, and analytical chemistry. In contrast to typical absorption or emission spectroscopy experiments, transitions among quantum levels of atoms or molecules are induced by the absorption or emission of photons (IR, visible, UV). In a typical Raman experiment, a polarized monochromatic light source (usually a laser) is focused into a sample, and the scattered light at 90 degree
to the laser beam is collected and dispersed by a high-resolution monochromator. The incident laser wavelength (chosen such that
the sample does not absorb, in ordinary Raman Spectroscopy) is fixed, and the scattered light is
dispersed and detected to obtain the frequency spectrum of the scattered light. The scattered light is very weak
(<10-7 of the incident power), so that monochromators with excellent straylight rejection and sensitive detectors are required. In a much rarer event (approximately 1 in 10million photons)Raman scattering occurs, which is an inelastic scattering process with a transfer of energy between the molecule and scattered photon. If the molecule gains energy from the photon during the scattering (excited to a higher
vibrational level) then the scattered photon loses energy and its wavelength increases which is called Stokes Raman scattering . Inversely, if the molecule loses energy by relaxing to alower vibrational level the scattered photon gains thecorresponding energy and its wavelength decreases;
which is called Anti-Stokes Raman scattering. • Quantum mechanically Stokes and Anti-Stokes areequally likely processes. However, with an ensemble of molecules, the majority of molecules will be in the ground vibrational level (Boltzmann distribution) and Stokes scatter is the statistically more probable process. As a result, the Stokes Raman scatter is always more intense than the anti-Stokes and for this
reason, it is nearly always the Stokes Raman scatter that is measured in Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is used in chemistry to identify molecules and study chemical bonding and intramolecular bonds.In solid-state physics, Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize materials, measure temperature, and find the crystallographic orientation of a sample . In nanotechnology, a Raman microscope can be used to analyze nanowires to better understand their structures, and the radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes is commonly used to evaluate their diameter.
Raman spectroscopy (1)
Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, when it interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons, or other excitations in the system being investigated. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It can also be used to observe rotational
Use of atomic spectra for detection and determination
Atomic spectra is the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed during electron transitions between energy levels within an atom. Each element has a characteristic atomic spectrum that can be used to identify it. There are two main types of atomic spectra: emission spectra produced when excited electrons return to lower energy states, and absorption spectra produced when electrons absorb radiation and move to higher energy states. Atomic spectra can be used for a variety of purposes including detecting elements and isotopes, determining the composition of materials like inorganic fertilizers and natural waters, and analyzing biological samples like blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and fingernails.
Laser wps office
The document describes the basics of lasers, including:
1) LASER stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". It emits light through optical amplification based on stimulated emission.
2) The first practical laser was invented by Theodore Maiman in 1960 using a ruby crystal doped with chromium.
3) Lasers have properties of being highly monochromatic, directional, coherent, and intense. They have wide applications in medicine, manufacturing, communications, and more.
x ray crystallography & diffraction
X-rays introduction, why xrays, why crystals, Xray diffraction, Bragg's law, Interference, Crystal lattice , Instrumentation of xray crystallography, Production of Xrays, Monochromator, Types of Monochromator, Interference filters, Crystal monochromator, xray diffration methods - single crystal, rotating crystal, powder method, Applications of xray crystallography
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Notes pb lab 06 part 2 the spectacular spectrum separating light
- 1. SpectranomySpectranomy Bending andBending and Separating LightSeparating Light
- 2. PrismsPrisms Through a diffraction gradientThrough a diffraction gradient
- 3. This image is of a continuousThis image is of a continuous spectra.spectra. There are no interruptions of theThere are no interruptions of the visible light spectrum.visible light spectrum. The numbers represent the wavelengths of theThe numbers represent the wavelengths of the light waves.light waves.
- 4. Bright Line SpectraBright Line Spectra It is a way to identify matter inIt is a way to identify matter in the universe.the universe.
- 5. This is a bright line spectrum forThis is a bright line spectrum for Mercury. These are the lightMercury. These are the light emissions given off by theemissions given off by the element mercury.element mercury.
- 6. This is a bright line spectrumThis is a bright line spectrum for Hydrogen. These are thefor Hydrogen. These are the light emissions given off bylight emissions given off by the element hydrogen.the element hydrogen.
- 7. This is a bright line spectrumThis is a bright line spectrum for nitrogen. These are thefor nitrogen. These are the light emissions given off by thelight emissions given off by the element nitrogen.element nitrogen.
- 8. This is a bright line spectrumThis is a bright line spectrum for an unknown element. Nowfor an unknown element. Now that you have seen several,that you have seen several, identify it.identify it.
- 9. If you chose Argon, youIf you chose Argon, you are correct!!are correct!!
- 10. This is a bright line spectrumThis is a bright line spectrum for an unknown element. Nowfor an unknown element. Now that you have seen several,that you have seen several, identify it.identify it.
- 11. If you chose Neon, youIf you chose Neon, you are correct!!are correct!!
- 13. OrionOrion
- 14. RigelRigel