1. Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Staging Evaluation Purpose Physical examination Identify signs Chest x-ray Determine position, size, number of tumors Bronchoscopy Determine location of tumor, obtain biopsy Fine-needle aspiration Cytology CT scan Identify chest-wall invasion, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, distant metastases PET scan Mediastinal, lymph-node and extrathoracic staging Laboratory analysis Detect changes in hormone production, and hematologic manifestations of lung cancer Mediastinoscopy Visualize and sample mediastinal lymph nodes
2. TNM Staging of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer T = primary tumor; N = nodal involvement; M = distant metastasis. Mountain CF. Chest. 1997;111:1710. M0 M0 N1 N0 T2 T3 Stage IIB M0 N1 T1 Stage IIA M0 N0 T2 Stage IB M0 N0 T1 Stage IA
3. TNM Staging of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer T = primary tumor; N = nodal involvement; M = distant metastasis. Mountain CF. Chest. 1997;111:1710. M1 Any N Any T Stage IV M0 M0 Any N N3 T4 Any T Stage IIIB M0 M0 N2 N1 T1–3 T3 Stage IIIA
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6. ANITA1: Evaluation of PORT in Patients With Node-Positive Disease 5 Year-Survival According to N Stage 232/840 received radiation after chemotherapy or surgery Doulliard J-Y, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2006;66:S2. Courtesy of Dr. Doulliard. 44.4% 59.7% 43.8% 62.3% N0 47.4% 40.0% Chemotherapy + PORT 34.0% 56.3% Chemotherapy 21.3% 42.6% PORT 16.6% 31.4% Observation N2 N1
7. PORT for Stage II or III NSCLC (SEER Database) N = 7465; Hazard ratio (HR) <1 = improved overall survival. Lally BE, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2998-3006. Reprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Conclusion In a population-based cohort, PORT use is associated with an increase in survival in patients with N2 nodal disease but not in patients with N1 and N0 nodal disease. Multivariate Analysis Overall Survival Disease-Specific Survival HR 95% Cl P HR 95% Cl P 1.176 1.005–1.376 .0435 1.361 1.134–1.633 .0009 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref) 1.097 1.015–1.186 .0196 1.082 0.990–1.182 .0822 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref) 0.855 0.762–0.959 .0077 0.850 0.748–0.967 .0133 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref) Nodal Stage N0 Radiotherapy Observation N1 Radiotherapy Observation N2 Radiotherapy Observation
8. Phase III Trial of Chemoradiation ± Surgery in Stage IIIA pN2 Patients (INT 0139) Resection if no progression, then PE x 2 (n = 202) Complete chemoradiotherapy to 61 Gy with PE x 2 (n = 194) INDUCTION CHEMORADIOTHERAPY Cisplatin 50 mg/m 2 IV days 1, 8, 29, 36 + etoposide 50 mg/m 2 IV days 1–5, 29–33 (PE) + RT to 45 Gy starting day 1 Albain KS, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:16S. Abstract 7014. 10.5 22.2 12.8 23.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 Median PFS Median OS Months CT/RT/S CT/RT P = .017 HR 0.77 (0.62 –0.96) P = .24 HR 0.87 (0.70 –1.10) 5-y PFS 22.4% 11.1% 5-y OS 27.2% 20.3%
9. INT 0139: Overall Survival of the Lobectomy Subset vs Matched CT/RT Subset Overall Survival (%) 0 25 50 75 100 Months from Randomization 0 12 24 36 48 60 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / P = .002 CT/RT/S 57/90 CT/RT 74/90 Deceased/Total Median survival 34 mo 22 mo 5-y OS 36% 18% CT/RT/S CT/RT CT/RT/S CT/RT Albain KS, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:16S. Abstract 7014. Courtesy of Dr. K. Albain.
10. Survival Comparison—Chemoradiation Sequencing 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Sequential Induction- Concurrent WJLCG RTOG 9410 CALGB 39801 BROCAT LAMP GLOT CZECH SWOG 9504 RTOG 9801C RTOG 9801A CALGB 30105A CALGB 30105B Median Overall Survival (%) Concurrent Concurrent- Consolidation 1. Tada T, et al. Radiat Med. 2004;22:163. 2. Curran WJ, et al. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:621. Abstract 2499. 3. Vokes EE, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(suppl):7005. 4. Huber RM, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4397. 5. Choy H, et al. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;21:1160. 6. Gournel P, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5910. 7. Zatloukal P, et al. Lung Cancer. 2004;46:87. 8. Gandara DR, et al. Clin Lung Cancer. 2006;8:116. 9. Movsas B, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2145. 10. Blackstock AW, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(suppl):7042. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 10
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Editor's Notes
All patients should undergo a history-taking and physical examination, chest X-ray and chest computed tomography (CT) scans (including the adrenal glands), liver CT scan or abdominal ultrasound. Other evaluations include a complete blood count, electrolytes, liver function tests, calcium, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, as well as a baseline ECG. Bone scans and/or brain CT scans may be appropriate in some patients. 1 The extent of the tumor, the involvement of the lymph nodes, and chest wall or mediastinal invasion can be determined with similar efficacy using either CT or MRI. CT is used more commonly, although MRI may be preferable in specific situations, for example in evaluating superior sulcus tumors. 2 Positron emission tomography (PET) with radiolabeled fluoro-2-deoxyglucose combined with CT was significantly more accurate than CT alone in identifying lymph node involvement in NSCLC. 3 1. NCCN Guidelines. 2. Webb WR, et al. Radiology 1991; 178: 705-713. 3. Vansteenkiste JF, et al. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2142-2149.
