The document discusses different wireline networks used for data transmission, including telephone networks, dial-up modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL), and cable TV networks. Telephone networks originally used analog signals and circuit switching to transmit voice calls. Dial-up modems allowed data transmission over traditional telephone lines at speeds up to 56 kbps. To provide higher speeds, DSL technologies were developed to transmit digital data over existing telephone lines at speeds from hundreds of kbps to tens of Mbps. Cable TV networks also provide internet access by transmitting both video and data signals over coaxial cables at speeds up to 30 Mbps downstream and 12 Mbps upstream.
Telecommunication networks allow for the transmission of signals over distance for communication purposes. They transfer various types of information including audio, text, pictures, video, and data using different technologies. The key components of telecommunication networks include customer premises equipment, access networks, transmission networks, switching systems, and computerization. Common examples provided include fixed telephone lines using telephone exchanges and mobile networks using mobile switching centers and base stations.
Wireless networking technologies have evolved significantly over the past few decades. Early technologies like HiperLAN and 802.11 provided connectivity at speeds up to 2 Mbps in the 1990s. 802.11 standards have since been updated to support speeds up to 54 Mbps. Meanwhile, other technologies like Bluetooth, WiMax and 4G/LTE were developed to provide wireless broadband and meet increasing bandwidth demands, with 4G/LTE targets of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps speeds. However, the future remains uncertain as different standards compete and many expect a mix of technologies will be used depending on the situation and device capabilities.
This document is the transcript of a lecture on wireless communications. It discusses the history and evolution of wireless technologies from early inventions using smoke signals and flags to modern cellular standards. Key developments include Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, Hertz's demonstration of wireless transmissions, Marconi's wireless telegraph, the introduction of analog cellular networks, and the transition to digital 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular standards. It also covers trends toward higher data rates, mobility, and applications of wireless including in transportation, emergencies, and entertainment.
The document discusses how fixed wireless networks using LTE can deliver next generation access (NGA) broadband today in rural areas. It notes that UK Broadband currently offers fixed wireless broadband services using LTE spectrum in several locations. The document explains that fixed wireless networks are designed specifically for high bandwidth data capacity over a targeted area, unlike mobile networks. It provides details on the range and throughput of a sample 4G LTE base station and how fixed wireless can deliver speeds of at least 30Mbps downlink. The evolution of LTE technologies to 2014/2015 is also summarized. The document addresses UK's position on state aid for fixed wireless, noting issues around interim solutions and matching deployment rules to fiber-
This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
Wireless local loop (WLL) uses radio signals instead of copper wires to connect subscribers to the public switched telephone network. There are several categories of WLL implementation, including analog cellular, digital cellular, personal communications networks, cordless telephones, and proprietary systems. WLL provides advantages over wired connections such as lower installation and operating costs and faster construction times by shortening wiring requirements.
This document defines wireless broadband technology as a type of high-speed Internet access that connects homes and businesses to the Internet using radio links rather than wired connections. It can be either fixed, providing wireless Internet to permanent locations like homes and offices using technologies like LMDS and MMDS, or mobile, offering connectivity to temporary locations through portable modems and mobile phones using WiMAX, GPRS, or LTE. Wireless broadband is an alternative to wired broadband technologies for delivering high-speed Internet access to users.
The document discusses different wireline networks used for data transmission, including telephone networks, dial-up modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL), and cable TV networks. Telephone networks originally used analog signals and circuit switching to transmit voice calls. Dial-up modems allowed data transmission over traditional telephone lines at speeds up to 56 kbps. To provide higher speeds, DSL technologies were developed to transmit digital data over existing telephone lines at speeds from hundreds of kbps to tens of Mbps. Cable TV networks also provide internet access by transmitting both video and data signals over coaxial cables at speeds up to 30 Mbps downstream and 12 Mbps upstream.
Telecommunication networks allow for the transmission of signals over distance for communication purposes. They transfer various types of information including audio, text, pictures, video, and data using different technologies. The key components of telecommunication networks include customer premises equipment, access networks, transmission networks, switching systems, and computerization. Common examples provided include fixed telephone lines using telephone exchanges and mobile networks using mobile switching centers and base stations.
Wireless networking technologies have evolved significantly over the past few decades. Early technologies like HiperLAN and 802.11 provided connectivity at speeds up to 2 Mbps in the 1990s. 802.11 standards have since been updated to support speeds up to 54 Mbps. Meanwhile, other technologies like Bluetooth, WiMax and 4G/LTE were developed to provide wireless broadband and meet increasing bandwidth demands, with 4G/LTE targets of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps speeds. However, the future remains uncertain as different standards compete and many expect a mix of technologies will be used depending on the situation and device capabilities.
This document is the transcript of a lecture on wireless communications. It discusses the history and evolution of wireless technologies from early inventions using smoke signals and flags to modern cellular standards. Key developments include Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, Hertz's demonstration of wireless transmissions, Marconi's wireless telegraph, the introduction of analog cellular networks, and the transition to digital 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular standards. It also covers trends toward higher data rates, mobility, and applications of wireless including in transportation, emergencies, and entertainment.
The document discusses how fixed wireless networks using LTE can deliver next generation access (NGA) broadband today in rural areas. It notes that UK Broadband currently offers fixed wireless broadband services using LTE spectrum in several locations. The document explains that fixed wireless networks are designed specifically for high bandwidth data capacity over a targeted area, unlike mobile networks. It provides details on the range and throughput of a sample 4G LTE base station and how fixed wireless can deliver speeds of at least 30Mbps downlink. The evolution of LTE technologies to 2014/2015 is also summarized. The document addresses UK's position on state aid for fixed wireless, noting issues around interim solutions and matching deployment rules to fiber-
This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
Wireless local loop (WLL) uses radio signals instead of copper wires to connect subscribers to the public switched telephone network. There are several categories of WLL implementation, including analog cellular, digital cellular, personal communications networks, cordless telephones, and proprietary systems. WLL provides advantages over wired connections such as lower installation and operating costs and faster construction times by shortening wiring requirements.
This document defines wireless broadband technology as a type of high-speed Internet access that connects homes and businesses to the Internet using radio links rather than wired connections. It can be either fixed, providing wireless Internet to permanent locations like homes and offices using technologies like LMDS and MMDS, or mobile, offering connectivity to temporary locations through portable modems and mobile phones using WiMAX, GPRS, or LTE. Wireless broadband is an alternative to wired broadband technologies for delivering high-speed Internet access to users.
This document discusses the standardization of IMT-2000, which aims to develop standards for 3G mobile networks and services in the 2000s. The objectives are to provide global services, reduce the digital divide, offer flexible services on fixed and mobile networks, and improve efficiency. IMT-2000 is expected to be dominated by data services and offer high quality voice and multimedia. Key expectations are flexibility, lower costs than 2G, improved efficiency, and global roaming. The document outlines the roles of ITU and regional standards bodies in developing IMT-2000 through consensus building and evaluations.
A cordless telephone replaces the handset cord with a radio link between the handset and a base station connected to a fixed telephone line. The range is limited to the same building or short distance from the base station. Unlike a corded phone, a cordless phone needs power to the base station and a rechargeable battery in the handset. Various frequency bands have been used for cordless phones over time, with newer digital technologies providing improved security against eavesdropping compared to older analog models.
Chap 1&2(history and intro) wireless communicationasadkhan1327
The document provides an outline for a course on wireless communication, beginning with an introduction to wireless networking concepts, cellular system design including frequency reuse and handoff, wireless link characteristics such as propagation and fading, modulation techniques, and multiple access methods including TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. It also gives a brief history of wireless technology from early systems like smoke signals to the development of modern cellular standards such as GSM and LTE. Key wireless networking and mobile communication systems are defined.
This document provides an overview of broadband and DSL technology. It discusses how broadband provides high-speed internet access from 256 kbps to several mbps. It then describes ADSL technology, how it works by splitting bandwidth on copper telephone lines into channels for upstream, downstream, and voice. The document outlines the various components used in broadband networks like DSLAMs, BRAS, CPE, and discusses how they connect and function. It also lists some services that can be accessed through broadband like video and audio on demand. In closing, it mentions how broadband can help bridge the digital divide and strengthen education through improved internet access.
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line is a technical term that is used in many ways to describe a fixed fee of hybrid technical services packaged and delivered via your ISP, telecommunications provider for both commercial businesses and residential homes.
A ‘Baseband’ Network is one in which the cable or other network medium can carry only a single signal at any one time.
A ‘Broadband’ network on the other hand can carry multiple signals simultaneously, (using a discrete part of the cables bandwidth for each signal.)
As an example of broadband network, consider the cable television service that you probably have in your home. Although only one cable runs at your TV, it supplies you with dozens of channels of programming at the same time.
This document discusses using TV white spaces to help achieve the vision of Digital India by providing rural broadband connectivity. TV white spaces refer to unused portions of spectrum in the VHF and UHF bands that have been freed up due to the digital transition of TV broadcasting. This spectrum has good propagation characteristics for rural areas, allowing for long range and non-line-of-sight connections. The document outlines ongoing trials of TV white spaces in various countries and provides an overview of the IEEE 802.22 and 802.11af standards. It discusses how TV white spaces could deliver high-speed broadband and help improve education, healthcare, agriculture and other services in rural India, but challenges like antenna size and protecting existing broadcasts must be addressed
This document discusses point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks. It defines point-to-point networks as connections between two end points, usually host computers. Point-to-multipoint networks connect a single location to multiple locations. The document describes basic point-to-point data links using RS-232 interfaces and modems, as well as modern wireless point-to-point links. It explains that point-to-multipoint networks divide bandwidth from a central hub among multiple connected nodes and are commonly used for wireless internet and IP telephony.
The document discusses mobile communication systems and standards. It provides a history of communication networks beginning with Marconi's invention of wireless telegraph in 1896. It describes the evolution of technologies including wired and wireless communication technologies. Key concepts discussed include orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), WiMAX features, and challenges for WiMAX system design. The document is a technical report on mobile communication systems that was prepared by Dr. T. Deepa.
A brilliant use of under-utilized frequencies to provide last-mile internet services in developing nations not only helps in upliftment of the society both socially and academically but also connects people of the world.
This document provides a case study on using an IP PBX solution over WiMAX technology. It begins with an abstract explaining that the paper will discuss IP PBXs and transmitting voice over IP networks, as well as how WiMAX can provide universal access. The body of the document then defines IP PBXs, their advantages, standards used, and how WiMAX can serve as the backbone for various voice and data applications like IP PBXs across different usage scenarios such as education and rural networks. It provides diagrams of sample network topologies and concludes that WiMAX enables flexible, high-bandwidth delivery of real-time applications and services.
Wireless LANs use radio waves to connect devices within a local area network, avoiding the need to install network cabling. They can extend an existing wired LAN or provide connectivity in situations where wired infrastructure is not practical. The 802.11 standards define the specifications for implementing wireless LAN technology, including the media access control protocol and various physical layer options. Key components include access points, basic service sets, and an extended service set to interconnect multiple basic service sets over a distribution system.
The document provides information on Bluetooth and CDMA technologies. For Bluetooth, it describes its origins, how it works by forming instant networks between devices, advantages like freedom from cables and standardized protocol, and limitations around compatibility and security. For CDMA, it gives an introduction to code division multiple access used for data and voice, its key elements using spreading codes, and advantages like improved capacity and security for 3G networks. Applications of Bluetooth include wireless peripherals, printers, and connecting devices like phones and computers, while CDMA is used widely in cellular networks.
LTE is a 4G mobile communication technology developed by 3GPP to meet ITU standards for 4G. It uses OFDMA and SCFDMA techniques for data transfer and aims to increase network capacity and speed while reducing latency. LTE is classified as FDD, which uses paired frequencies for simultaneous upload and download, or TDD, which uses time-division multiplexing on a single frequency. LTE Advanced was later developed to better meet 4G specifications. While LTE provides faster speeds than previous technologies, drawbacks include high costs to transition networks and increased battery consumption.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands. It allows for connection between devices like computers, phones, keyboards, printers, headsets within a range of about 10 meters. Bluetooth operates using a frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band to avoid interference and jamming. Up to eight devices can be connected in a piconet, with one device acting as the master and up to seven acting as slaves. Multiple piconets can be further connected to form a scatternet, allowing for many more than eight devices to be connected together. Bluetooth is commonly used for hands-free calling, file
Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides faster speeds of up to 480 megabits per second, operates in the 6-9 GHz range to avoid interference, and maintains backwards compatibility. It features a new architecture with an AMP layer to interface with alternate MAC/PHY controllers for additional radios, and separates the host and controller layers. Data can be transported either framed via L2CAP channels or directly over baseband links.
Cordless phones allow wireless communication between a portable handset and a base station connected to a telephone line. There are different generations of cordless phone technology, from early analog systems to newer digital standards like DECT and PHS. DECT is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world for home and office cordless phone systems, offering better voice quality and security than analog predecessors. Digital systems also provide features like extended battery life and range compared to early cordless phones.
This document provides an overview of cellular technology roadmaps and standards including LTE and UMTS. It summarizes the evolution of technologies like W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE over time with increasing download/upload speeds. It describes the key aspects of LTE including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and LTE-Advanced. It also provides an overview of UMTS architecture and air interface standards like W-CDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA.
The document summarizes a white space radio product called the Agility White Space Radio (AWR) that provides broadband connectivity for industrial SCADA systems. The AWR uses unused TV spectrum to provide non-line-of-sight links for applications in agriculture, logistics, oil/gas, utilities and security. Case studies show the AWR providing reliable connectivity for perimeter security cameras, environmental monitoring sensors, precision agriculture and traffic management systems. Key features of the AWR include data rates up to 3Mbps, a compact and efficient design, and the ability to access available white space spectrum on both a rural and nationwide basis.
Ninnananne spagnole versione definitivaIacopo Luzi
El documento resume una conferencia de Federico García Lorca sobre las ninne nanne españolas. Lorca analiza las ninne nanne, notando que a diferencia de otras culturas europeas, las españolas suelen ser tristes y melancólicas. Describe diferentes tipos de ninne nanne españolas y cómo reflejan aspectos de la cultura española como la pobreza y la soledad.
Utopia Bathroom Group installed energy-saving dust extraction technology from ECOGATE to reduce their electricity bills. The technology analyzes extraction needs for each machine and adjusts fan speeds based on demand. This allows extraction systems to operate more efficiently based on current machine usage. Utopia installed ECOGATE systems across their manufacturing center, resulting in annual energy savings of over 450,000 kilowatt hours, providing a return on investment within two years. Analysis after six months found that savings were even higher at 700,000 kWh annually, increasing extraction efficiency while lowering energy costs.
This document discusses the standardization of IMT-2000, which aims to develop standards for 3G mobile networks and services in the 2000s. The objectives are to provide global services, reduce the digital divide, offer flexible services on fixed and mobile networks, and improve efficiency. IMT-2000 is expected to be dominated by data services and offer high quality voice and multimedia. Key expectations are flexibility, lower costs than 2G, improved efficiency, and global roaming. The document outlines the roles of ITU and regional standards bodies in developing IMT-2000 through consensus building and evaluations.
A cordless telephone replaces the handset cord with a radio link between the handset and a base station connected to a fixed telephone line. The range is limited to the same building or short distance from the base station. Unlike a corded phone, a cordless phone needs power to the base station and a rechargeable battery in the handset. Various frequency bands have been used for cordless phones over time, with newer digital technologies providing improved security against eavesdropping compared to older analog models.
Chap 1&2(history and intro) wireless communicationasadkhan1327
The document provides an outline for a course on wireless communication, beginning with an introduction to wireless networking concepts, cellular system design including frequency reuse and handoff, wireless link characteristics such as propagation and fading, modulation techniques, and multiple access methods including TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. It also gives a brief history of wireless technology from early systems like smoke signals to the development of modern cellular standards such as GSM and LTE. Key wireless networking and mobile communication systems are defined.
This document provides an overview of broadband and DSL technology. It discusses how broadband provides high-speed internet access from 256 kbps to several mbps. It then describes ADSL technology, how it works by splitting bandwidth on copper telephone lines into channels for upstream, downstream, and voice. The document outlines the various components used in broadband networks like DSLAMs, BRAS, CPE, and discusses how they connect and function. It also lists some services that can be accessed through broadband like video and audio on demand. In closing, it mentions how broadband can help bridge the digital divide and strengthen education through improved internet access.
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line is a technical term that is used in many ways to describe a fixed fee of hybrid technical services packaged and delivered via your ISP, telecommunications provider for both commercial businesses and residential homes.
A ‘Baseband’ Network is one in which the cable or other network medium can carry only a single signal at any one time.
A ‘Broadband’ network on the other hand can carry multiple signals simultaneously, (using a discrete part of the cables bandwidth for each signal.)
As an example of broadband network, consider the cable television service that you probably have in your home. Although only one cable runs at your TV, it supplies you with dozens of channels of programming at the same time.
This document discusses using TV white spaces to help achieve the vision of Digital India by providing rural broadband connectivity. TV white spaces refer to unused portions of spectrum in the VHF and UHF bands that have been freed up due to the digital transition of TV broadcasting. This spectrum has good propagation characteristics for rural areas, allowing for long range and non-line-of-sight connections. The document outlines ongoing trials of TV white spaces in various countries and provides an overview of the IEEE 802.22 and 802.11af standards. It discusses how TV white spaces could deliver high-speed broadband and help improve education, healthcare, agriculture and other services in rural India, but challenges like antenna size and protecting existing broadcasts must be addressed
This document discusses point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks. It defines point-to-point networks as connections between two end points, usually host computers. Point-to-multipoint networks connect a single location to multiple locations. The document describes basic point-to-point data links using RS-232 interfaces and modems, as well as modern wireless point-to-point links. It explains that point-to-multipoint networks divide bandwidth from a central hub among multiple connected nodes and are commonly used for wireless internet and IP telephony.
The document discusses mobile communication systems and standards. It provides a history of communication networks beginning with Marconi's invention of wireless telegraph in 1896. It describes the evolution of technologies including wired and wireless communication technologies. Key concepts discussed include orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), WiMAX features, and challenges for WiMAX system design. The document is a technical report on mobile communication systems that was prepared by Dr. T. Deepa.
A brilliant use of under-utilized frequencies to provide last-mile internet services in developing nations not only helps in upliftment of the society both socially and academically but also connects people of the world.
This document provides a case study on using an IP PBX solution over WiMAX technology. It begins with an abstract explaining that the paper will discuss IP PBXs and transmitting voice over IP networks, as well as how WiMAX can provide universal access. The body of the document then defines IP PBXs, their advantages, standards used, and how WiMAX can serve as the backbone for various voice and data applications like IP PBXs across different usage scenarios such as education and rural networks. It provides diagrams of sample network topologies and concludes that WiMAX enables flexible, high-bandwidth delivery of real-time applications and services.
Wireless LANs use radio waves to connect devices within a local area network, avoiding the need to install network cabling. They can extend an existing wired LAN or provide connectivity in situations where wired infrastructure is not practical. The 802.11 standards define the specifications for implementing wireless LAN technology, including the media access control protocol and various physical layer options. Key components include access points, basic service sets, and an extended service set to interconnect multiple basic service sets over a distribution system.
The document provides information on Bluetooth and CDMA technologies. For Bluetooth, it describes its origins, how it works by forming instant networks between devices, advantages like freedom from cables and standardized protocol, and limitations around compatibility and security. For CDMA, it gives an introduction to code division multiple access used for data and voice, its key elements using spreading codes, and advantages like improved capacity and security for 3G networks. Applications of Bluetooth include wireless peripherals, printers, and connecting devices like phones and computers, while CDMA is used widely in cellular networks.
LTE is a 4G mobile communication technology developed by 3GPP to meet ITU standards for 4G. It uses OFDMA and SCFDMA techniques for data transfer and aims to increase network capacity and speed while reducing latency. LTE is classified as FDD, which uses paired frequencies for simultaneous upload and download, or TDD, which uses time-division multiplexing on a single frequency. LTE Advanced was later developed to better meet 4G specifications. While LTE provides faster speeds than previous technologies, drawbacks include high costs to transition networks and increased battery consumption.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands. It allows for connection between devices like computers, phones, keyboards, printers, headsets within a range of about 10 meters. Bluetooth operates using a frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band to avoid interference and jamming. Up to eight devices can be connected in a piconet, with one device acting as the master and up to seven acting as slaves. Multiple piconets can be further connected to form a scatternet, allowing for many more than eight devices to be connected together. Bluetooth is commonly used for hands-free calling, file
Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides faster speeds of up to 480 megabits per second, operates in the 6-9 GHz range to avoid interference, and maintains backwards compatibility. It features a new architecture with an AMP layer to interface with alternate MAC/PHY controllers for additional radios, and separates the host and controller layers. Data can be transported either framed via L2CAP channels or directly over baseband links.
Cordless phones allow wireless communication between a portable handset and a base station connected to a telephone line. There are different generations of cordless phone technology, from early analog systems to newer digital standards like DECT and PHS. DECT is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world for home and office cordless phone systems, offering better voice quality and security than analog predecessors. Digital systems also provide features like extended battery life and range compared to early cordless phones.
This document provides an overview of cellular technology roadmaps and standards including LTE and UMTS. It summarizes the evolution of technologies like W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE over time with increasing download/upload speeds. It describes the key aspects of LTE including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and LTE-Advanced. It also provides an overview of UMTS architecture and air interface standards like W-CDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA.
The document summarizes a white space radio product called the Agility White Space Radio (AWR) that provides broadband connectivity for industrial SCADA systems. The AWR uses unused TV spectrum to provide non-line-of-sight links for applications in agriculture, logistics, oil/gas, utilities and security. Case studies show the AWR providing reliable connectivity for perimeter security cameras, environmental monitoring sensors, precision agriculture and traffic management systems. Key features of the AWR include data rates up to 3Mbps, a compact and efficient design, and the ability to access available white space spectrum on both a rural and nationwide basis.
Ninnananne spagnole versione definitivaIacopo Luzi
El documento resume una conferencia de Federico García Lorca sobre las ninne nanne españolas. Lorca analiza las ninne nanne, notando que a diferencia de otras culturas europeas, las españolas suelen ser tristes y melancólicas. Describe diferentes tipos de ninne nanne españolas y cómo reflejan aspectos de la cultura española como la pobreza y la soledad.
Utopia Bathroom Group installed energy-saving dust extraction technology from ECOGATE to reduce their electricity bills. The technology analyzes extraction needs for each machine and adjusts fan speeds based on demand. This allows extraction systems to operate more efficiently based on current machine usage. Utopia installed ECOGATE systems across their manufacturing center, resulting in annual energy savings of over 450,000 kilowatt hours, providing a return on investment within two years. Analysis after six months found that savings were even higher at 700,000 kWh annually, increasing extraction efficiency while lowering energy costs.
Solemne ii empresa y sociedad del conocimiento (1)Arthur Oyarzun
Este documento define hardware y software, y describe varios tipos de hardware como la unidad central de procesamiento, memoria RAM, periféricos, hardware gráfico y ejemplos de periféricos. Luego clasifica y explica diferentes tipos de software como controladores de dispositivos, herramientas de diagnóstico, software de programación, aplicaciones, software de contabilidad y auditoría. Finalmente, discute objetivos de la informática y la auditoría informática, y concluye que es importante encontrar un sistema completo de software para automatizar el proceso de auditoría.
El resumen analiza los resultados de una encuesta realizada a 78 padres del Colegio Alemán de Quilmes “Eduardo L. Holmberg” en septiembre de 2013. La mayoría de los encuestados no son ex alumnos del colegio, tienen entre 35-45 años, y tienen 1 o 2 hijos concurrentes a nivel jardín o primario. Más de la mitad visita con frecuencia el sitio web del colegio y cree que Internet es una herramienta útil para mejorar la comunicación entre el colegio y las familias.
AwesomeBox TV is a web-based cloud media center that allows users to organize their video library and access it from any device. It plays TV shows, movies, and music videos using HTML5 and can gather additional information about content from open databases. The service also includes user-contributed internet TV channels and social features like sharing with friends.
VAN DUTCH 40, 2010, 385.000 € For Sale Brochure. Presented By yachtingelite.comWolfgang Stolle
VAN DUTCH 40
Spain
The Unique Contemporary Design Of Then Van Dutch 40 Makes Her The Centre Of Attention Wherever She Is Seen. Superb Attention To Detail Both In Build Quality And Design, It Is No Wonder Van Dutch Is Often The Choice For Superyacht Support Boats. Perfect As A Stylish Day Boat And Even For Water Skiing!
For Sale Brochure. Presented By yachtingelite.com. Visit Site http://www.yachtingelite.com by yachtingelite.com. Real Estate,Luxury Property
Presentación de Lee, In Jae, Director General de Administración de Políticas. Ministerio de Seguridad y Administración Pública de Corea, en el WorkShop APEC 2013 "Government-to Citizens Service Channels"
Este documento presenta los resultados de una práctica de laboratorio realizada por dos estudiantes sobre la intoxicación por cobalto en cobayos. La práctica incluyó la inyección de cobalto en los cobayos, la observación de los síntomas y el tiempo de muerte, la disección de los animales, y las reacciones químicas para identificar la presencia de cobalto. Los estudiantes concluyeron que la intoxicación por cobalto ocurre por un aumento de los niveles de cobalto en el cuerpo y puede causar daños
Ingeniería de requisitos en sistemas complejos ferroviarios - Pedro Calle - T...Visure Solutions
Este documento discute los desafíos de la ingeniería de requisitos en proyectos ferroviarios complejos, incluida la necesidad de cumplir con la normativa CENELEC 50128. Describe cómo la herramienta Visure Requirements puede ayudar a gestionar los más de 500 requisitos funcionales y 1800 pruebas funcionales típicos de un proyecto de señalización ferroviaria mediante la trazabilidad, reutilización y generación de informes. Concluye que Visure Requirements reduce los costos en comparación con otras
Este documento describe cómo crear y dar formato a gráficos en Excel utilizando datos de una hoja de cálculo. Explica que hay 11 tipos de gráficos en Excel y cómo seleccionar los datos y el tipo de gráfico deseado. También describe cómo dar formato a gráficos existentes modificando elementos como títulos, ejes, fondo y estilos. Finalmente, explica que para editar o imprimir un gráfico basta con editar los datos de la tabla subyacente o usar las opciones de impresión.
La realidad virtual es un mundo virtual generado por computadora en el que el usuario tiene la sensación de estar dentro de este mundo. La realidad virtual incluye realidad proyectada, realidad aumentada, telepresencia y realidad virtual de escritorio.
Guide hébergement 2015 en Côte Landes NatureSabine C
Castets - Léon - Lévignacq - Linxe -
Lit-et-Mixe/Cap de l'Homy -
Saint-Julien-en-Born/Contis plage -
Saint-Michel-Escalus - Taller - Uza -
Vielle-Saint-Girons/Saint-GIrons plage
Vous recherchez un camping ? une aire de camping-car ? un hôtel ou une chambre d'hôtes ? ou tout simplement une maison de vacances pour votre séjour ?
Vous avez désormais la réponse, il ne vous reste plus qu'à choisir !
Cronicas contemporaneas a los hechos del s.VIII en la peninsula.Crónica mozárabe,también llamada Crónica del 754, Anónimo de Córdoba, Chronicon de Isidoro Pacense o en latín Epitome Isidori Pacensis episcopi o Continuatio Hispanica anni DCCLIV.
Descargado de http://clasicoshistoria.blogspot.com.es
Este documento proporciona una introducción general a la climatología. Define la climatología como el estudio de los diferentes climas sobre la superficie terrestre. Explica que los elementos dominantes del clima son la lluvia, la temperatura y los vientos. También describe los principales factores que influyen en el clima como la latitud, la altura y la continentalidad de una región. Por último, introduce el concepto de microclima y los factores locales que lo afectan.
Este documento describe la evolución del concepto de Lean desde su origen en el sistema de producción de Toyota hasta su aplicación más amplia en otros sectores. Explica los principios básicos de Lean como la eliminación de despilfarros, el flujo continuo de valor y la mejora continua. También cubre los objetivos del módulo sobre la aplicación de Lean en la gestión de proyectos y compras para mejorar la eficiencia.
The document discusses an Odoo Amazon Connector module that allows integration between Odoo and Amazon for e-commerce fulfillment. It describes features for managing the Merchant Fulfillment Network (MFN), Amazon Fulfillment Network (AFN), and Multi-Channel Fulfillment (MCF). For MFN, it covers importing/exporting products and orders. For AFN, it discusses creating shipment plans and confirming transport. For MCF, it outlines fulfilling non-Amazon orders from FBA warehouses. It also mentions auto jobs for inventory syncing and order management.
El documento describe varias comidas típicas de la cocina chilena, incluyendo cazuela de ave, pantrucas, mariscal, porotos con riendas, pastel de choclo, humitas, charquican y empanadas. La cocina chilena varía en todo el país y se ve influenciada por las cocinas indígena y española. Las recetas incluyen ingredientes como pollo, papas, porotos, choclo y diferentes carnes y verduras.
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
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ATIC Summit - Community Broadband Workshop 11/13/12Mark Goldstein
The Arizona Telecom & Information Council (ATIC) recently held a Broadband Summit. This is the slide deck from the Community Broadband Workshop that I anchored and put together. Session description was "A primary strategy of the Digital Arizona Program (DAP) is to provide funding, technical assistance, and support to the four rural Councils Of Government (COGS) and/or local communities to create Broadband Planning Committees. These committees and other stakeholder groups will develop and implement plans to expedite deployment of affordable high speed broadband services to their rural communities and to enable those communities and citizens to use next generation Broadband to support 21st Century education and workforce development, create jobs and support economic and community development, enhance public safety as well as health care and government services, and connect their citizens to the world. When you attend this workshop you will learn about resources, strategies, and tools to support the development of your community plans and engagement of your community's stakeholders."
5G technology will provide data rates of over 1 Gbps and enable new applications through higher bandwidth and lower latency. The presentation discusses the history and limitations of previous generations of wireless technology as well as the key concepts and technologies that 5G aims to integrate, such as a unified global standard, wearable devices with AI capabilities, and a "real wireless world" without limitations. 5G is expected to transform applications like telemedicine, traffic control, and entertainment through its high-speed connectivity and ability to support ubiquitous communication between devices.
Wide Area Network (WAN) connects local area networks (LANs) over long distances using technologies like leased lines, DSL, frame relay, or VPNs. A WAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN and uses networking devices like routers, switches, and modems. Common WAN technologies include leased lines, DSL, frame relay, cable internet, and SONET. WANs provide connectivity between LANs but usually at slower speeds and lower bandwidth compared to LANs. Security measures for WANs include firewalls, VPNs, and antivirus filtering.
Unit 1 network models & typical examples(part b)Vishal kakade
This document discusses various network examples used for data transmission, including telephone networks, dial-up modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL), cable TV networks, and using cable TV for data transfer. It covers the major components of telephone systems, signaling in telephone networks, standards for modems, different types of DSL technologies, network architectures for cable TV, and data transmission schemes for cable networks.
This document discusses various access technologies used for broadband internet connections, including DSL, cable, wireless, and microwave radio systems. It describes technologies like ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, and DOCSIS that provide internet access over existing telephone lines or cable infrastructure. Wireless options like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, MMDS, and 3G cellular are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of microwave radio systems, discussing technologies like parabolic antennas, repeaters, multipath fading, and environmental factors that can impact microwave signals.
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
4G is not defined by a single technology, but rather a collection of technologies that create fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100Mbps for mobile users and 1Gbps for stationary users. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 0G to 4G. It describes the characteristics of 1G, 2G, 3G networks and how they improved over previous generations in terms of digitalization, data speeds and capacity. 4G networks are expected to provide broadband services with speeds over 100Mbps, seamless switching between networks, and integration of technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth.
Narrowband internet uses technologies like dial-up, ISDN, and leased lines to provide speeds up to 128 Kbps. Broadband internet uses technologies like DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, and satellite to provide high-speed internet access with download speeds greater than 256 Kbps. The document discusses various narrowband and broadband technologies, their specifications, and how they work to deliver internet access to users.
This document provides an overview of 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G wireless technologies. It discusses the development and key features of each generation. 1G systems from the 1980s supported early analog cell phones at speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2G digital systems from the late 1980s to 1990s enabled voice transmission at speeds up to 64 kbps. 3G systems developed in the late 1990s support higher bandwidth applications like video streaming at speeds from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps. 4G systems, expected from 2010 onward, will provide even faster speeds of 100 Mbps for mobility and 1 Gbps when stationary through fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.
The document discusses various wireless technologies including their history, standards, applications, and comparisons. It covers early wireless technologies using radio waves for communication. It then discusses wireless local area network standards including IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, ZigBee, and their uses in providing flexible network connectivity. Mobile communication standards from 1G to 3G are also summarized.
Five wireless networking protocols used in mobile phones are described:
1. Bluetooth uses BNEP and RFCOMM for delivering network packets and emulating serial ports.
2. WiFi uses 802.11ac and 802.11ag standards for high-throughput wireless local area networks on 5GHz bands and wireless communications on 2.4GHz bands.
3. GSM is a widely used digital cellular standard that uses TDMA and encryption for secure mobile communication networks internationally.
1) Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital multi-carrier modulation technique that divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, each modulated with a conventional modulation scheme.
2) OFDM provides advantages such as high spectral efficiency, resilience to channel interference and fading, and efficient implementation using fast Fourier transforms.
3) While OFDM has advantages, it also has disadvantages including sensitivity to Doppler shift and frequency synchronization errors as well as a high peak-to-average power ratio requiring linear transmitters.
Cable free low cost microwave radio datasheetAbrar Ahmad
CableFree provides low cost microwave radios for wireless networking using licensed frequencies between 6-38GHz. The radios can transmit PDH and IP/Ethernet traffic up to 130Mbps and feature compact indoor and outdoor units, advanced modulation techniques, and flexible network interfaces. Typical applications include point-to-point wireless networking, telecom backbones, and temporary deployments. The radios offer high performance, software-defined capabilities, and low total cost of ownership.
In data communication,
Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver.
We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.
Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals.
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology. It defines 4G as the next evolution in wireless communications providing integrated IP services including voice, data and multimedia on a global scale. Key 4G technologies discussed include MIMO, OFDM, software defined radio and mobile IPv6 which enable higher speeds and more flexible networks. Potential applications highlighted are virtual presence, navigation, telemedicine, education and crisis management. The socio-economic impacts discussed are more affordable communication and connectivity through a single multi-purpose device.
Wireless – It’s complicated! By Albert KangasAnn Treacy
Wireless is complicated involving various technologies, geographic and topographic implications, legal considerations, pricing models, all wrapped in marketing jargon that is sure to confuse.
Join us for an informative webinar, aimed to give participants a more solid understanding about which wireless technologies will provide the broadband Internet your community wants and needs.
Learn:
The various parts of the radio spectrum are allocated and used.
How your community’s topography and tree cover impacts wireless performance.
About licensed and unlicensed frequencies and why that matters.
About how fiber makes wireless better
1. Stephen R. Brazil Principal Home Networking Depot HomeNetworkingDepot.com BroadbandPremise.com [email_address] Twitter: HomeNetDepot Skype: HND.MIAMI (954)422.2343
17. RJ-11 HPNA port provides a 4-31Mhz 135 ohm interconnection to HomePNA compatible NICs and routers. "F" PhonePNA port provides a 4-31Mhz bandpass and 75 ohm interface to broadband coaxial cable. "F" Cable TV port allows full broadband utilization from 54Mhz to 1Ghz for RF analog and digital cable television whole house distribution. Jumper terminates in a standard RJ-11 male jack and the lenght is typically 8".