This document summarizes fertilizer policies in Thailand from the 1960s to the present. It discusses how trade policies aimed to protect domestic fertilizer companies but were eliminated by 1993. Support policies provided credit and subsidized fertilizer prices through the BAAC and MCF. Price controls were unsuccessfully implemented during an oil shock and led to market distortions. Tailor-made and site-specific fertilizer projects aimed to reduce costs but faced implementation challenges for smallholders due to extra transaction costs. Overall, government intervention caused shortages and higher prices while competition benefited the market when trade policies became neutral.
All about sesame seed market in myanmar information collection by myo aungMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://youtu.be/CIxL5uZ1Kb4
Sesame Market Systems Development in Myanmar-•Jan 7, 2019 WinrockIntl
Ma Khin Mar Htay is from a farming family in Magway Township, Myanmar, located in the country’s arid Central Dry Zone, an area known for its sesame production. In the past, farmers like Htay have been unable to earn good prices for their sesame, in part due to quality issues but also because they lacked export markets. But that dynamic is changing. With support from USAID’s Value Chains for Rural Development project, implemented by Winrock International, sesame farmers are adopting new agricultural practices and earning quality premiums from export buyers. In this video, Htay explains how smallholder sesame farmers are organizing into groups like the Sesame Farmers Development Association, which allows them to attract financing and investment, offer tractor rentals and discounted purchases of improved inputs, and negotiate deals directly with buyers. With support from USAID and Winrock, smallholder farmers are contributing to inclusive, agriculture-led economic growth in Myanmar.
Winrock International is a recognized leader in U.S. and international development, providing solutions to some of the world’s most complex social, agricultural and environmental challenges. Inspired by its namesake Winthrop Rockefeller, Winrock’s mission is to empower the disadvantaged, increase economic opportunity and sustain natural resources. Winrock combines technical expertise with entrepreneurial innovation to improve lives around the globe.
https://www.winrock.org/
https://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/prices-for-sesame-seeds-hit-highest-in-three-year-due-to-high-demand/
https://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/adviser-says-bean-production-can-be-propped
https://youtu.be/LgvQewKzSMY
Myanmar White Sesame Seeds
Grade I
(a) Other Colour Seeds 5.00% Max
(b) Oil Content 48.00% Min
(c) Foreign Matters 2.00% Max
(d) Moisture Content 8.00% Max
(e) F.F.A (Free Fatty Acid) 2.00% Max
(f) Damaged Seeds 2.00% Max
Grade II
(a) Other Colour Seeds 10.00% Max
(b) Oil Content 48.00% Min
(c) Foreign Matters 2.00% Max
(d) Moisture Content 8.00% Max
(e) F.F.A (Free Fatty Acid) 2.00% Max
(f) Damaged Seeds 2.00% Max
Myanmar Mixed Colour Sesame Seeds
FAQ (Fair Average Quality)
(a) Oil Content 48.00% Min
(b) Foreign Matters 2.00% Max
(c) Moisture Content 8.00% Max
Pigeon peas and the local economy of Babati, Tanzania – the impact of mobile ...FAO
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/spi/en/
Presentation by Per Hillbur (Malmö University) describing the role of pigeon pease in the local economy of Babati, Tanzania. The presentation was delivered in occasion of the “Putting Perennial crops to work in practice” workshop in Bamako, Mali (1-5 September 2015).
All about sesame seed market in myanmar information collection by myo aungMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://youtu.be/CIxL5uZ1Kb4
Sesame Market Systems Development in Myanmar-•Jan 7, 2019 WinrockIntl
Ma Khin Mar Htay is from a farming family in Magway Township, Myanmar, located in the country’s arid Central Dry Zone, an area known for its sesame production. In the past, farmers like Htay have been unable to earn good prices for their sesame, in part due to quality issues but also because they lacked export markets. But that dynamic is changing. With support from USAID’s Value Chains for Rural Development project, implemented by Winrock International, sesame farmers are adopting new agricultural practices and earning quality premiums from export buyers. In this video, Htay explains how smallholder sesame farmers are organizing into groups like the Sesame Farmers Development Association, which allows them to attract financing and investment, offer tractor rentals and discounted purchases of improved inputs, and negotiate deals directly with buyers. With support from USAID and Winrock, smallholder farmers are contributing to inclusive, agriculture-led economic growth in Myanmar.
Winrock International is a recognized leader in U.S. and international development, providing solutions to some of the world’s most complex social, agricultural and environmental challenges. Inspired by its namesake Winthrop Rockefeller, Winrock’s mission is to empower the disadvantaged, increase economic opportunity and sustain natural resources. Winrock combines technical expertise with entrepreneurial innovation to improve lives around the globe.
https://www.winrock.org/
https://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/prices-for-sesame-seeds-hit-highest-in-three-year-due-to-high-demand/
https://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/adviser-says-bean-production-can-be-propped
https://youtu.be/LgvQewKzSMY
Myanmar White Sesame Seeds
Grade I
(a) Other Colour Seeds 5.00% Max
(b) Oil Content 48.00% Min
(c) Foreign Matters 2.00% Max
(d) Moisture Content 8.00% Max
(e) F.F.A (Free Fatty Acid) 2.00% Max
(f) Damaged Seeds 2.00% Max
Grade II
(a) Other Colour Seeds 10.00% Max
(b) Oil Content 48.00% Min
(c) Foreign Matters 2.00% Max
(d) Moisture Content 8.00% Max
(e) F.F.A (Free Fatty Acid) 2.00% Max
(f) Damaged Seeds 2.00% Max
Myanmar Mixed Colour Sesame Seeds
FAQ (Fair Average Quality)
(a) Oil Content 48.00% Min
(b) Foreign Matters 2.00% Max
(c) Moisture Content 8.00% Max
Pigeon peas and the local economy of Babati, Tanzania – the impact of mobile ...FAO
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/spi/en/
Presentation by Per Hillbur (Malmö University) describing the role of pigeon pease in the local economy of Babati, Tanzania. The presentation was delivered in occasion of the “Putting Perennial crops to work in practice” workshop in Bamako, Mali (1-5 September 2015).
This presentation highlights the overview and subsidiaries of the agro and food processing sector in India & Gujarat. It details the major initiatives taken up by the government in terms of policies as well as infrastructure to promote industries and investments in the sector.
HKVIB: Haryana Khadi and Village Industries Board.GouravBareja1
This PPt will enable the reader in understanding the roke of Khadi and Village industries board for the growth and development of khadi and village industries in Rural Haryana.
This presentation was presented during the GSOC17 - Launch of the International Network of Black Soils that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Skye Wills, from USDA – USA, in FAO Hq, Rome
This presentation highlights the overview and subsidiaries of the agro and food processing sector in India & Gujarat. It details the major initiatives taken up by the government in terms of policies as well as infrastructure to promote industries and investments in the sector.
HKVIB: Haryana Khadi and Village Industries Board.GouravBareja1
This PPt will enable the reader in understanding the roke of Khadi and Village industries board for the growth and development of khadi and village industries in Rural Haryana.
This presentation was presented during the GSOC17 - Launch of the International Network of Black Soils that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Skye Wills, from USDA – USA, in FAO Hq, Rome
IFFCO - Market Leader in Fertilizer Industry
This is project on Strategic Analysis of IFFCO.
In this study, corporate strategy and business strategy of iFFCO was studied. All the models of strategic management which includes External and Internal Environment affecting the organization, SWOT Analysis, Porter's Five forces Internationalization strategies, growth strategies of IFFCO were studied.
Recommendations were also shared with the organization
Towards the implementation of the Fertilizer Code at the global levelSoils FAO-GSP
Webinar: Towards the implementation of the International Code of Conduct for the Sustainable Use and Management of Fertilizers (Fertilizer Code). Zineb Bazza (GSP Secretariat
This presentation shows the characteristics of Contract Farming in Nepal. This includes Nepalese agriculture policy, Land Use Pattern and Productivity and a success story in Vegetable Seed.
Contract Farming and its Prospective in NepalExternalEvents
This study shows the contract farming experience in Nepal highlighting its essential elements, the Nepalese agriculture, the land use pattern and productivity. A successful story on contract farming for vegetable seeds is also included.
capacity building in agricultural trade2rishabhkumar
international trade barriers both tariff and non-tariff.
Indian perspective
Trade competitiveness of rice
Case study on India-Pakistan bilateral trade in agriculture
The History of Cooking Oil Fortification in Indonesia: Government Support for the Program and Challenges by Idrus Jus’at, Senior Lecturer, Esa Unggul University, Indonesia. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Food Fortification Policies in the Asia Region by Dennis Bittisnich, Food Fortification Initiative. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Wheat and Cooking Oil/Ghee Fortification in Pakistan by Amna Ejaz, IFPRI- Pakistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
China's Food Safety regulatory system: Achievements, Challenges and Suggestions by Prof. Jiehong Zhou, Zhejiang University, China. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Current Status of Agricultural Biotechnology in Thailand by Orachos Napasintuwong, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kasetsart University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Creating and Implementing Biosafety Regulations: The Philippine Experience by Carlo G. Custodio Jr., Philippines Country Coordinator, Program for Biosafety Systems. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Making Vegetable Markets Work by Ye Htut, Grow Asia, Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Soybean Value Chains for Rural Development by Nimish Jhaveri, Winrock Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Farm Production, Market Access and Dietary Diversity in China’s Poor Rural Households: Evidence from a Panel Data by Kevin Chen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI- Beijing.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Livestock Sector in India: Progress and Challenges by Vijay Sardana, Poultry Federation of India.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Production Diversity and Market Access for Predicting Animal-source Food Consumption by Jytoi Felix, Catholic Relief Services. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Quiet Revolution in Myanmar’s Aquaculture Value Chain by Ben Belton, Michigan State University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Does e-commerce Increase Food Consumption in Rural Areas? Evidence from China by Xiaobo Zhang, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Impacting at Scale: From .5% to + 40% by Grahame Dixie, Executive Director, Grow Asia.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Regulatory Cooperation in ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices by Catherine Frances J. Corpuz, Senior Program Officer, ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Traditional Versus Modern Milk Marketing Chains in India: Implications for Smallholder Dairy Farmers by Anjani Kumar, Research Fellow, IFPRI- Delhi.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Pakistan’s Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy by Amna Ejaz, Research Analyst, IFPRI-Pakistan.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
More from International Food Policy Research Institute (20)
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
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LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Fertilizer policy in Thailand- Nipon Poapongsakorn
1. Fertilizer Policy in Thailand
Nipon Poapongsakorn
Danop Aroonkong
TDRI
26 September 2013
At Apsara Angkor Resort & Conference
Center, Siem Reap, Cambodia
2. Outline
1. Objective
2. Summary of findings
3. Fertilizer policies in Thailand
3.1 Trade policy
3.2 Support policy
3.3 Price control
3.4 Tailor-made and site-specific fertilizer
projects
4. Conclusion and recommendation
3. 1. Objective
Our main objective is to answer: how do
government fertilizer policies affect the
fertilizer market in Thailand?
To answer, we focus on:
o What were the fertilizer policies in Thailand? What
is the rationale?
o What were their impacts on the market?
4. 2. Summary of findings
1. Trade policy was implemented to protect companies,
fortunately, it no longer exists.
2. Support policy in Thailand has been mostly about
providing credits and selling fertilizers at lower-than-
market prices. Now, the role of government has been
reduced to credit provision through the BAAC.
3. Wholesale price control was implemented during the oil
shock in 208, but was unsuccessful and resulted in
distortion. After that, the control price is not binding.
4. Farmers’ farms using the recommended site-specific
fertilizers have lower fertilizer cost, and for a few crops,
higher yields. However, most smallholders do not
embrace the suggestions, thanks to the transaction cost.
5. 4. Government policy
3.1 Trade policy:
• Started in 1968, government started to impose
import taxes and bans on various fertilizers to
protect the Chemical Fertilizer plant
Ban on domestic fertilizers
Bans on urea, ammonia sulfate, single-nutrient nitrogen
fertilizer imports
• Shortage in supply and resulted in high prices of
fertilizers
• By 1993, all import duties and value-added taxes on
fertilizers for agricultural use were at zero percent
6. National Fertilizer Company (NFC)
• Objectives:
1) To secure fertilizer supply and reduce price fluctuations for farmers
2) To promote the use of fertilizers and use of appropriate grades
3) To reduce the amount of adulterated fertilizers in the market
4) To increase competition in the fertilizer market
• Rationale:
Second world oil shock in 1979-1981 – prices of fertilizers increased
as oil price increased.
Around the same time, natural gas was discovered in the Gulf of
Thailand
• Performance of NFC
Unable to meet demand
Little or no influence in promoting fertilizer use
Low quality and adulterated fertilizers could not be controlled by one
single plant
The plant was more of a cartel as most firms had a share holding.
It was not subject to the competition law
• Fall of NFC
Unable to service debt after the baht depreciation in 1998
Problems related to the technological design of the plant
7. 3.2 Support policy
• 1966: Establishment of the Bank for Agriculture and
Agricultural Co-operatives (BAAC)
Provided credit, but also forced farmers to purchase
fertilizers from the Bank’s cooperative
• 1974: The BAAC established the Marketing Cooperative
For Farmers (MCF)
BAAC asked farmers to buy fertilizer from MCF
A study by TDRI (2010) reveals that BAAC clients reported
that MCF fertilizer prices were lower than the market prices
and thought that MCF fertilizers were of better quality
• Prior to 1998, the Department of Agricultural Extension
(DOAE) distributed free fertilizers
8. 3.3 Price control
• Objectives:
To lower input costs accrued to farmers and ideally
Prevent dealers and importers from intentionally storing
fertilizers to take advantage of the increase in chemical
fertilizer prices in the world market by controlling prices.
• Rationale:
Prices of fertilizers were surging in 2008.
Being a controlled good, the Price Control Act of 1999 and
the Fertilizer Act of 2007 allowed the government to directly
intervene.
• Impact of price control on the market
At the wholesale level, some large-scale companies stopped
giving credit to dealers/wholesalers
o Some asked their customers to pay the price difference between
the actual price and controlled price in terms of rebate at a later
time.
Introduction of other uncontrolled fertilizer grades with
similar nutrient contents to the controlled grades
o I.e., 16-16-16 as an alternative to 15-15-15
• In January of 2013, price ceiling was relaxed
9. 3.4 Tailor-made (TMF) and site-specific (SSF)
fertilizer projects
• Origin:
Started by a professor at Kasetsart University, who
experimented on farms using tailor-made/site-specific
fertilizers. Results were impressive and the government
was showed interest.
• Objectives:
The TMF project was officially launched in 2011 to
promote efficient agricultural production through the
use of appropriate fertilizer grades and to reduce
farmers’ input costs
• Rationale:
The mentioned Kasetsart University professor has
tested tailor-made fertilizers on farms and found that
cost per rai in the TMF plot was lower than that of the
farmers’ plots by about 35-45%
10. • Project was terminated in 2011:
Short period of preparation
Conflict of interest between the Land
Development Department and Kasetsart
University
Implementation problems for small farmers:
o Extra transaction costs to smallholders, i.e.,
problems with leftover fertilizers, extra labor cost
• Project is now called the SFF project, which
is more of an information-based program
11. 4. Conclusion
Given the neutral trade policy and no government intervention,
the domestic fertilizer prices reflect the world prices
• Competition exists as new entrants can start importing due to no import
tariffs.
Government intervention has proven to cause shortages and that
prices rose
Support policy can potentially increase competition by forcing
other firms to reduce price and increase quality
Existing problems:
• Policies to encourage appropriate use of fertilizers have yet come to
fruition
Implementation issues
• Adulterated and low quality fertilizers
• Exaggerated advertisements
• Still distortion in the output market (rice), thanks to the rice pledging
policy