The document discusses adult overweight and obesity. It states that over two-thirds of American adults are considered overweight or obese, with over one-third being obese. It discusses how body mass index (BMI) is used to determine if a person is at a normal weight, overweight, or obese. Factors that can contribute to weight gain include consuming more calories than burned, genetics, environment/lifestyle, sleep habits, and certain medications. Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Losing even a small amount of weight through diet and exercise can help improve health risks.
Obesity is that, you have a high amount of fat in your body, and from that definition you can notice that, obesity is not about more weight, it's about more fat .
you will find in his presentation:(Body mass index (BMI),causes,Waist–hip ratio,Childhood obesity,complications and treatment)
With obesity comes serious health, economic, and social consequences. Systems4PT explains these implications and the realities of obesity in the United States.
Obesity is that, you have a high amount of fat in your body, and from that definition you can notice that, obesity is not about more weight, it's about more fat .
you will find in his presentation:(Body mass index (BMI),causes,Waist–hip ratio,Childhood obesity,complications and treatment)
With obesity comes serious health, economic, and social consequences. Systems4PT explains these implications and the realities of obesity in the United States.
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in all the related fields of Metabolic Syndrome.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Metabolic Syndromes research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Obesity may be defined as “an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue due to an enlargement of the cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or an increase in fat cell number (hyperplasic obesity) or a combination of both.
Americans are obsessed with both food and dieting. As a nation, we love to eat. We eat out often, when meals are often higher in fat and calories than meals eaten at home; we eat larger portions; and we indulge in dozens of delicious “new” food products found on our grocery store shelves every year.
Health Risks of Being Overweight & Obesity | How to lose weight fastlose_weight_fast
How to lower the risk of having health problems related to overweight and obesity?Excess pounds do more than increase your weight—they increase your risk of major health problems. People who are overweight or obese are more likely to have HEART DISEASE, STROKES, DIABETES, CANCER, and DEPRESSION. If you are pregnant, excess weight may lead to short- and long-term health problems for you and your child.
Globally obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1977. Obesity is common, serious & preventable. Obesity is preventable & can be managed through a dedicated program.
Hence it is important to understand its definition & classification to begin with.
Portion size changes over time and how it is affecting weight gain in america...Prab Tumpati
Portion sizes have changed dramatically over the last few decades. Studies have shown that people tend to consume more if they were fed in a bigger plate thus contributing to our expanding waist lines.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
Obesity and overweight measures to help lose weight and community strategies ...Prab Tumpati
As the nation fights an epidemic of Obesity, here are some of the measures at the level of the community from Centers For Disease Control.
If you are overweight or obese and trying to lose weight, you are not alone. According to statistics, up to 70 percent of the adult population in the United States are either overweight or obese. Our countries approach of blaming the victim for obesity does not help.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information.
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
Proven measures to lose weight very low calorie diets vlcd and low calorie di...Prab Tumpati
Very low calorie diets and low calorie diets for weight loss are one of the most commonly used and most effective of all the measures for weight loss. Given the risks associated with very low calorie diets, it has to be done only under the supervision of a trained and licensed physician familiar with treatment of obesity.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in all the related fields of Metabolic Syndrome.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Metabolic Syndromes research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Obesity may be defined as “an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue due to an enlargement of the cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or an increase in fat cell number (hyperplasic obesity) or a combination of both.
Americans are obsessed with both food and dieting. As a nation, we love to eat. We eat out often, when meals are often higher in fat and calories than meals eaten at home; we eat larger portions; and we indulge in dozens of delicious “new” food products found on our grocery store shelves every year.
Health Risks of Being Overweight & Obesity | How to lose weight fastlose_weight_fast
How to lower the risk of having health problems related to overweight and obesity?Excess pounds do more than increase your weight—they increase your risk of major health problems. People who are overweight or obese are more likely to have HEART DISEASE, STROKES, DIABETES, CANCER, and DEPRESSION. If you are pregnant, excess weight may lead to short- and long-term health problems for you and your child.
Globally obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1977. Obesity is common, serious & preventable. Obesity is preventable & can be managed through a dedicated program.
Hence it is important to understand its definition & classification to begin with.
Portion size changes over time and how it is affecting weight gain in america...Prab Tumpati
Portion sizes have changed dramatically over the last few decades. Studies have shown that people tend to consume more if they were fed in a bigger plate thus contributing to our expanding waist lines.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
Obesity and overweight measures to help lose weight and community strategies ...Prab Tumpati
As the nation fights an epidemic of Obesity, here are some of the measures at the level of the community from Centers For Disease Control.
If you are overweight or obese and trying to lose weight, you are not alone. According to statistics, up to 70 percent of the adult population in the United States are either overweight or obese. Our countries approach of blaming the victim for obesity does not help.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information.
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
Proven measures to lose weight very low calorie diets vlcd and low calorie di...Prab Tumpati
Very low calorie diets and low calorie diets for weight loss are one of the most commonly used and most effective of all the measures for weight loss. Given the risks associated with very low calorie diets, it has to be done only under the supervision of a trained and licensed physician familiar with treatment of obesity.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
Free weight loss and diet tips for healthy eating and portion control of foodPrab Tumpati
This is a public domain document from the state of Vermont with excellent points on portion control. 20 years ago, a typical bagel was 3” and 140 calories. Today, a typical bagel is 6” and 360 calories.
The larger bagel is an extra 200 calories. Eating 22 extra calories a day equals a weight gain of 23 pounds a year.
As we welcome the new year 2014, it is important to make a resolution to reduce portions as even cutting down by by a small amount a day can add up.
The other very important and often misunderstood aspect of the foods is the glycemic index of foods. For example, a typical bagel has a very high glycemic index of over 70 percent leading what is called "sugar rush" and "sugar crash". This phenomenon is so common that this is what drives the hunger in most people! This also leads to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes.
How does glycemic index affect us?
Your body quickly digests the starches found in bagels, which causes your blood sugar levels to rise quickly and a few hours later, it leads to the crash. The higher the glycemic index of a food, the more it affects your blood sugar levels. Table sugar or sucrose has a glycemic index of 60, while the glycemic index of bagels averages 70 - a bagel is worse than even sugar. A breakfast rich in high-glycemic foods such as bagels can predispose you to weight gain, type 2 diabetes and heart problems.
In fact, Sumo wrestlers in Japan intentionally eat high glycemic diet for rapid weight gain, and there are reports that body builders in USA are intentionally using this principle of insulin resistance leading quick weight gain for their benefit by using insulin. According to the CDC, a third of all US adults are prediabetic or insulin resistant, and another third have some degree of it!
According to Dr. Prab R. Tumpati, MD, founder of W8MD medical weight loss centers of America, our obsession with low fatty foods as advocated by the failed food pyramid in fact contributed to our expanding waist lines by way of increased insulin resistance which in turn causes weight gain!
If you are overweight or obese, have excess belly fat, or have metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, or diabetes, and need help losing weight with health insurance, w8md medical weight loss centers of America can help! Check out our youtube channel with 52 weeks of weight loss and wellness videos at http://www.youtube.com/w8md
Portion size changes over time and how it is affecting weight gain in america...Prab Tumpati
Portion sizes have increased enormously in the last few decades in the United States. Studies have shown that eating from a bigger plate increases the chances of overeating.
Please feel free to share this free, public domain information
Thank you.
W8MD Medical Weight Loss Centers
5 steps for fast and easy weight loss and wellnessweight-loss-diet
Here are 5 simple and easy steps to lose weight. Understanding why you may be gaining weight is the key to lose weight. For most people, the cause of weight gain is not overeating but metabolic factors such as insulin resistance.
Taking Charge of Your Health: Weight ManagementTauseefAhmad121
Diet and exercise both are important to upkeep the health standards according to the height and weight chart.
Weight loss is one of the most discussed topics in the world. There are a wide range of health products meant to induce weight loss. Similarly, a large number of companies provide health and fitness related services meant to help people reduce weight.
Our presentation will also help to fullfill the weight gain and weight loss goals of the people.
Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers.
There are many reasons why some people have difficulty avoiding obesity. Usually, obesity results from a combination of inherited factors, combined with the environment and personal diet and exercise choices.
53715 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter.docxtarifarmarie
537
15
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
15.1 Explain why weight management is important
to health and well-being.
15.2 Define the terms appetite, hunger, and satiety,
and describe the physiological factors involved
in regulating food intake.
15.3 Describe the role of hyperplasia and
hypertrophy of adipocytes in the development
of obesity.
15.4 Discuss the role of genetics and the
environment in the development of
underweight, overweight, and obesity.
15.5 Describe the role of diet and exercise in
achieving a reasonable rate of weight loss.
15.6 Design a food and exercise plan to maintain a
healthy weight.
15.7 Describe the role of diet and exercise in
achieving a healthy weight gain.
15.8 Describe the role of weight-loss drugs and
surgery for reducing obesity.
True or False?
1. Healthy weight loss occurs only with at
least 2 hours of daily exercise. T/F
2. The body stops synthesizing fat cells
after adolescence. T/F
3. Grazing throughout the day helps curb
appetite and control body weight. T/F
4. Losing even 10 pounds can improve
health. T/F
5. Genetics and the environment both
affect body weight. T/F
6. Eating more vegetables and fruits can
help an individual lose weight. T/F
7. Obesity is the result of consuming more
energy than is expended. T/F
8. The nutrient that has the most effect on
satiety is fat. T/F
9. You don’t need to diet and exercise if
you are taking a weight-loss drug. T/F
10. Bariatric surgery results in weight loss
without restricting food intake. T/F
See page 572–573 for the answers.
Weight Management
538 Chapter 15 | Weight Management
Why Is Weight Management
Important?
LO 15.1 Explain why weight management is important to health and
well-being.
The term weight management means maintaining body weight within a healthy range.
Achieving a healthy body weight is essential for physical and emotional well-being. It
helps you feel good about yourself, provides the energy you need to enjoy life, and lowers
the risk of chronic disease. In addition, weight management reduces costs to society. The
costs for treating obese individuals are several thousand dollars higher than for their lean
counterparts. It has been estimated that each additional pound of extra body weight above
healthy body weight could add up to $13 a year per pound in added medical costs for men
and up to $45 for women.6
Being Overweight or Obese Increases Health Risks
As you learned in Chapter 14, a healthy weight is a body weight that doesn’t increase
the risk of developing any weight-related health problems or diseases.7 In contrast, over-
weight—and especially obesity—is associated with numerous health problems. In fact, in
2013, the American Medical Association declared obesity a disease in itself—specifically a
multi-metabolic and hormonal disease state.8 This new classification of obesity as a disease helps
focus attention and resources on the problem, .
53715 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docxtarifarmarie
537
15
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
15.1 Explain why weight management is important
to health and well-being.
15.2 Define the terms appetite, hunger, and satiety,
and describe the physiological factors involved
in regulating food intake.
15.3 Describe the role of hyperplasia and
hypertrophy of adipocytes in the development
of obesity.
15.4 Discuss the role of genetics and the
environment in the development of
underweight, overweight, and obesity.
15.5 Describe the role of diet and exercise in
achieving a reasonable rate of weight loss.
15.6 Design a food and exercise plan to maintain a
healthy weight.
15.7 Describe the role of diet and exercise in
achieving a healthy weight gain.
15.8 Describe the role of weight-loss drugs and
surgery for reducing obesity.
True or False?
1. Healthy weight loss occurs only with at least 2 hours of daily exercise. T/F
2. The body stops synthesizing fat cells after adolescence. T/F
3. Grazing throughout the day helps curb appetite and control body weight. T/F
4. Losing even 10 pounds can improve health. T/F
5. Genetics and the environment both affect body weight. T/F
6. Eating more vegetables and fruits can help an individual lose weight. T/F
7. Obesity is the result of consuming more energy than is expended. T/F
8. The nutrient that has the most effect on satiety is fat. T/F
9. You don’t need to diet and exercise if you are taking a weight-loss drug. T/F
10. Bariatric surgery results in weight loss without restricting food intake. T/F
See page 572–573 for the answers.
Weight Management
538 Chapter 15 | Weight Management
Why Is Weight Management
Important?
LO 15.1 Explain why weight management is important to health and
well-being.
The term weight management means maintaining body weight within a healthy range.
Achieving a healthy body weight is essential for physical and emotional well-being. It
helps you feel good about yourself, provides the energy you need to enjoy life, and lowers
the risk of chronic disease. In addition, weight management reduces costs to society. The
costs for treating obese individuals are several thousand dollars higher than for their lean
counterparts. It has been estimated that each additional pound of extra body weight above
healthy body weight could add up to $13 a year per pound in added medical costs for men
and up to $45 for women.6
Being Overweight or Obese Increases Health Risks
As you learned in Chapter 14, a healthy weight is a body weight that doesn’t increase
the risk of developing any weight-related health problems or diseases.7 In contrast, over-
weight—and especially obesity—is associated with numerous health problems. In fact, in
2013, the American Medical Association declared obesity a disease in itself—specifically a
multi-metabolic and hormonal disease state.8 This new classification of obesity as a disease helps
focus attention and resources on the problem, opening the door for t.
Overweight and obesity are both labels
for ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally
considered healthy for a given height. The terms also identify ranges
of weight that have been shown to increase the likelihood of certain
diseases and other health problems.
Global Medical Cures™ | Health Risks of Being OVERWEIGHT
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Similar to Nih causes of weight gain and obesity and strategies and help losing weight (20)
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Nih causes of weight gain and obesity and strategies and help losing weight
1. Understanding Adult
Overweight and Obesity
U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services
WIN Weight-control Information Network
When we eat more calories than we burn, our
bodies store this extra energy as fat. While a few
extra pounds may not seem like a big deal, they
can increase your chances of having high blood
pressure and high blood sugar. These conditions
may lead to serious health problems, including
heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and
certain cancers.
Today, more than two-thirds of adults in the United
States are considered to be overweight or obese.
More than one-third of adults have obesity. This
fact sheet will help you find out if you may be at
risk of developing weight-related health problems.
It will also explain how overweight and obesity are
treated and give you ideas for improving your
health at any weight.
How can I tell if I am at a normal weight?
Body mass index (BMI) is one way to tell whether
you are at a normal weight, overweight, or obese. The
BMI measures your weight in relation to your height.
The BMI table on the next page will help you to
find your BMI score. Find your height in inches
in the left column labeled “Height.” Move across
the row to your weight. The number at the top of
the column is the BMI for that height and weight.
Pounds are rounded off. You may also go to the
Resources section at the end of this booklet for a
link to an online tool for measuring BMI.
A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is in the normal range.
A person with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered
overweight, and someone with a BMI of 30 or
greater is considered obese.
However, because BMI doesn’t measure actual
body fat, a person who is very muscular, like a
bodybuilder, may have a high BMI without having
a lot of body fat. Please review your findings with
your health care provider if your BMI is outside
of the normal range.
Why do people gain weight?
Our bodies need calories (energy) to keep us alive
and active. But to maintain weight we need to
balance the energy we take in with the energy we
use. When a person eats and drinks more calories
than he or she burns, the energy balance tips toward
weight gain, overweight, and obesity. The tipping
Does my body shape matter?
Health care providers are concerned not only
with how much body fat a person has, but
where the fat is located on the body.
„„ Women tend to collect fat in their hips and
buttocks, giving them a “pear” shape.
„„ Men usually build up fat around their
bellies, giving them more of an “apple”
shape.
„„ Of course, some men are pear-shaped and
some women are apple-shaped, especially
after menopause.
Extra fat around your midsection may put
you at greater risk for type 2 diabetes, heart
disease, and other health problems—even if
you have a normal weight. Your provider can
help you assess your risk.
(continued on page 3)
3. 3
point at which the calories coming in and the calories
going out become out of balance and lead to weight
gain may differ from one person to another.
What other factors are involved?
Your genes, the world around you, and other
factors may all affect weight gain. Learn how to
address these factors in the section “How can I
improve my health?”
Family
Research shows that obesity tends to run in
families, suggesting that genes may contribute
to obesity. Families also share diet and lifestyle
habits that may affect weight. However, it is
possible to manage your weight even if obesity
is common in your family.
(continued from page 1)
The World around You
Where people live, play, and work may also strongly
affect their weight. Consider the fact that obesity
rates were lower 30 years ago. Since that time, our
genetic make-up hasn’t changed, but our world has.
The world around us affects access to healthy foods
and places to walk and be active in many ways:
■■ Many people drive rather than walk.
■■ Living in areas without sidewalks or safe
places to exercise may make it tough to be
more active.
■■ Many people eat out or get takeout instead
of cooking, which may lead to eating more
calories.
■■ Most vending machines do not offer low-
calorie, low-fat snacks.
Overweight and obesity affect people in all income
ranges. But people who live in low-income areas
may face even greater barriers to eating healthy
foods and being active than other people. High-
calorie processed foods often cost less than healthier
options, such as fruits and vegetables. There also
may be few safe, free, or low-cost places nearby to
be active on a regular basis. These factors may
contribute to weight gain.
Culture
A person’s culture may also affect weight:
■■ Some cultures have foods with a lot of fat or
sugar, making it hard to manage weight.
■■ Family events at which people eat large
amounts of food may make it tough to
control portions.
Sleep
Research suggests that lack of sleep is linked to
overweight and obesity. Recent studies have found
that sleeping less may make it harder to lose weight.
In these studies, adults who were trying to lose
weight and who slept less ate more calories and
snacked more.
For more on how obesity and sleep are related,
see the Resources section at the end of this fact
sheet for a link to the WIN fact sheet Do You
Know Some of the Health Risks of Being Overweight?
Medicine
Certain drugs may cause weight gain. Steroids and
some drugs to treat depression or other mental health
4. 4
problems may make you burn calories more slowly
or feel hungry. Be sure your health care provider
knows all the medicines you are taking (including
over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements).
He or she may suggest another medicine that has
less effect on weight.
Whatproblemsarelinkedtoexcessweight?
Weighing too much may increase the risk for several
health problems. It also may contribute to emotional
and social problems.
Health Risks
Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure,
stroke, kidney disease, and certain cancers are some
of the diseases linked to excess weight. Obese men
are more likely than other men to develop cancer
of the colon, rectum, or prostate. Obese women are
more likely than other women to develop cancer
of the breast (after menopause), gallbladder, uterus,
or cervix. Cancer of the esophagus (the tube that
carries food and liquids to the stomach) may also
be linked to obesity.
Other diseases and health problems linked to
excess weight include
■■ breathing problems, including sleep apnea
■■ fatty liver disease (also called nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis or NASH)1
■■ gallbladder disease and gallstones
■■ pregnancy problems, such as gestational
diabetes (high blood sugar during pregnancy),
high blood pressure, and increased risk for
cesarean section (C-section)
Emotional and Social Effects
Excess weight may also contribute to emotional
suffering. Physical beauty and how a person looks
are highly valued in society. People who may not
fit society’s view of beauty because of their weight
may be seen as less attractive.
1
For more information on NASH, see the listing in the
Resources section for the National Digestive Diseases
Information Clearinghouse.
Also, because some people in our culture may view
a person with obesity as lacking willpower, people
with obesity may face limited options in the job
market, at school, and in social situations. They
may feel rejected, ashamed, or depressed.
Who should lose weight?
Health care providers generally agree that people
who are considered to be obese (have a BMI of 30
or greater) may improve their health by losing weight.
If you are overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9),
experts recommend that you avoid gaining any extra
weight. If you are overweight and have other risk
factors (see below), losing weight may reduce these
risks. Experts recommend you try to lose weight if
you have two or more of the following:
■■ Family history of certain chronic diseases. If you
have close relatives who have had diseases such
as heart disease or diabetes, you may be more
likely to develop these problems.
■■ Pre-existing medical problems. High blood
pressure, high LDL (bad) cholesterol levels,
low HDL (good) cholesterol levels, high
triglycerides, and high blood sugar (prediabetes
or diabetes) are all warning signs of some diseases
linked to obesity.
■■ Large waist size. Men who have waist sizes
greater than 40 inches and women who have
waist sizes greater than 35 inches are at higher
risk of diabetes, unhealthy blood fats (high
cholesterol and triglycerides), high blood
pressure, and heart disease.
Fortunately, losing even a small amount of weight
can help improve your health. This weight loss
may lower your blood pressure and improve other
risk factors.
For example, research shows that people at high risk
for type 2 diabetes who lose a modest amount of
weight and increase their physical activity may
prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. For more
information, see the listing in the Resources section
for the National Diabetes Education Program.
5. 5
How are overweight and obesity treated?
The best way to control your weight may depend
on how much excess weight you have, your overall
health, and how ready you are to change your eating
and physical activity habits. In some cases, if lifestyle
changes do not lead to enough weight loss to improve
your health, doctors may recommend additional
treatment, including weight-loss drugs.
In some cases of extreme obesity, doctors may
recommend bariatric surgery. For more information
on bariatric surgery, see the WIN fact sheet Bariatric
Surgery for Severe Obesity, listed in the Resources
section.
How can I improve my health?
Although you cannot change your genes, you can
work on changing your eating habits, levels of
physical activity, and other factors. Try the ideas
below.
Get regular physical activity
Try these tips for starting or maintaining an
exercise program:
■■ Get at least 150 minutes (2 ½ hours) of
moderately intense aerobic activity each
week that raises your heart rate and makes
you sweat. Brisk walking, biking (with a
helmet), swimming, and playing tennis or
basketball are fun choices that you can do
with others for support.
■■ You can spread the 150 minutes out in short
spurts over the week. Do house or yard chores
briskly, walk the dog at a quick pace, or dance
to your favorite music for at least 10 minutes
at a time.
■■ Aim for 300 minutes (5 hours) of aerobic
activity a week to prevent gradual weight
gain in adulthood. If you are at a healthy
weight now but used to be overweight or obese,
experts encourage 60 to 90 minutes of exercise
a day to keep the weight off.
Most adults don’t need to see their doctor before
starting a physical activity program. However,
those who should see a doctor include men
older than 40 and women older than 50 who
plan a vigorous program or who have either a
serious health condition or risk factors for a
serious health condition.
Eat better
Eating healthy foods has vital health benefits, too,
including weight loss. To start eating better, try
these tips:
■■ Eat the rainbow. Make half of what’s on your
plate fruit and vegetables.
■■ Replace refined grains with whole grains, like
oatmeal, whole wheat bread, and brown rice.
■■ Get your protein from healthy sources, like
seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, beans,
unsalted nuts, and seeds.
■■ Instead of sugary drinks, choose unsweetened
tea, low-fat milk, or water.
Remember, weight control is a lifelong effort.
Starting now with small steps may improve your
health. A healthy eating plan and regular physical
activity can be steps to a healthier you.
6. 6
Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
conducts and supports a broad range of basic and clinical obesity research. More
informationaboutobesityresearchisavailableathttp://www.obesityresearch.nih.gov.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care,
gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and
help others by contributing to medical research. For more information, visit
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Resources
Additional Reading from the Weight-control Information Network
For more information on topics related to healthy eating, barriers to physical
activity,portion control,and eating and physical activity myths,refer to these WIN
publications.All are available online at http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications.
■■ Active at Any Size explains the benefits of regular physical activity and describes
activities that people who are overweight or obese can enjoy safely.
■■ Bariatric Surgery for Severe Obesity explains how this operation on the stomach
and/or intestines helps patients with extreme obesity to lose weight. Patients may
use this fact sheet to talk about this option with their health care providers.
■■ Do You Know Some of the Health Risks of Being Overweight? explains the
harmful effects of being overweight and the benefits of losing weight.
■■ Weight Loss for Life discusses the benefits of weight loss and helps readers
plan for healthy eating and regular physical activity.This brochure also compares
different types of weight-loss programs to help readers choose programs that are
best for them.
Additional Resources
■■ 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx
■■ Body Mass Index Online Calculator
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi
■■ Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines
■■ National Diabetes Education Program
http://www.yourdiabetesinfo.org
■■ National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Information on NASH
http://www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/nash/index.htm
■■ National Kidney Disease Education Program
http://nkdep.nih.gov
Weight-control
Information Network
1 WIN Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3665
Phone: 202–828–1025
Toll-free number: 1–877–946–4627
Fax: 202–828–1028
Email: win@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet:
http://www.win.niddk.nih.gov
http://www.facebook.com/win.niddk.nih.gov
The Weight-control Information
Network (WIN) is a national
information service of the National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part
of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). WIN provides the general
public, health professionals, and the
media with science-based, up-to-date,
culturally relevant materials and tips.
Topics include healthy eating, barriers
to physical activity, portion control, and
eating and physical activity myths.
Publications produced by WIN are
carefully reviewed by both NIDDK
scientists and outside experts. This fact
sheet was also reviewed by Delia Smith
West, Ph.D., Professor, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
Inclusion of resources is for information
only and does not imply endorsement
by NIDDK or WIN.
This publication is not copyrighted.
WIN encourages you to copy and share
as many copies as desired.
This publication is also available at
http://www.win.niddk.nih.gov.
Photo, page 3: Sierra Faye Mitchell
Photo, page 5: Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention/Amanda Mills
NIH Publication No. 06–3680
November 2008
Updated December 2012
NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®