A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to communicate on a local area network (LAN). The NIC provides the hardware interface between the computer and the network. It functions like an input/output device, handling data transmission and reception without requiring the CPU's constant attention. NICs are available for both wired Ethernet and wireless WiFi networks. They install into expansion slots or directly on the motherboard and have ports for connecting Ethernet cables or antennas for wireless communication. The NIC implements the necessary circuitry and protocols to communicate on the LAN using standards like Ethernet or token ring.
Presentation on Network Devices for Class 12Class12CBSECS
Network devices are a very important topic of networking. As these devices help to connect various communication channels with each other. We will talk about following network devices:
Modem
RJ45 connector
Ethernet Card
WiFi Card
Hub
Switch
Repeater
Router
Gateway
Advanced TCP/IP-based Industrial Networking for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This manual is for engineers and technicians who need a practical and extensive knowledge of the design and troubleshooting of Industrial Ethernet networks, as well as the selection, installation, and configuration of components such as routers and switches.
It deals in-depth with the underlying TCP/IP protocols, and specifically addresses both design and configuration issues related to IPv4 and the more recent IPv6.
It also covers the more advanced aspects and applications of Ethernet such as advanced switching and routing, CCTV over IP, OPC and Modbus/TCP over Ethernet, industrial security, intrinsically safe applications, switched rings (included the latest IEC 62439-3 redundant ring standard), and highly-deterministic Ethernet-based field buses (e.g. for servo control) capable of 1 millisecond repetition rates and jitter of less than 1 microsecond.
http://www.idc-online.com/content/advanced-tcpip-based-industrial-networking-engineers-and-technicians-21
Ethernet is a traditional technology for connecting devices in a wired local area network or wide area network, enabling them to communicate with each other via a protocol. It was commercially introduced in 1980. First standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3
Presentation on Network Devices for Class 12Class12CBSECS
Network devices are a very important topic of networking. As these devices help to connect various communication channels with each other. We will talk about following network devices:
Modem
RJ45 connector
Ethernet Card
WiFi Card
Hub
Switch
Repeater
Router
Gateway
Advanced TCP/IP-based Industrial Networking for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This manual is for engineers and technicians who need a practical and extensive knowledge of the design and troubleshooting of Industrial Ethernet networks, as well as the selection, installation, and configuration of components such as routers and switches.
It deals in-depth with the underlying TCP/IP protocols, and specifically addresses both design and configuration issues related to IPv4 and the more recent IPv6.
It also covers the more advanced aspects and applications of Ethernet such as advanced switching and routing, CCTV over IP, OPC and Modbus/TCP over Ethernet, industrial security, intrinsically safe applications, switched rings (included the latest IEC 62439-3 redundant ring standard), and highly-deterministic Ethernet-based field buses (e.g. for servo control) capable of 1 millisecond repetition rates and jitter of less than 1 microsecond.
http://www.idc-online.com/content/advanced-tcpip-based-industrial-networking-engineers-and-technicians-21
Ethernet is a traditional technology for connecting devices in a wired local area network or wide area network, enabling them to communicate with each other via a protocol. It was commercially introduced in 1980. First standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. INTRODUCTION
Anetwork interface card, more commonly referred to
as a NIC, is a device that allows computers to be joined
together in a LAN, or local area network .
The network interface card acts as the liaison for the
machine to both send and receive data on the LAN .
In computer networking, a NIC provides the hardware
interface between a computer and a network.
3. Network cards are
typically available in
10/100/1000 Mbit/s
varieties. This means
they can support a
notional maximum
transfer rate of 10, 100
or 1000 Megabits per
second.
Network interface card
5. Need Of NICs
Most computer networks transfer data across a medium
at a fixed rate, often faster than the speed at which
computers can process individual bits.
To accommodate the mismatch in speed, each
computer attached to a network contain special
purpose hardware known as a network interface card
(NIC).
The NIC functions like an I/O device: it is built for a
specific network technology.
It handles the details of frame transmission or reception
without requiring the CPU to process each bit.
6. ETHERNET AND WIFI NICs
Some NIC cards work with wired connections
while others are wireless.
Most NICs support either wired Ethernet or
WiFi wireless standards.
Ethernet NICs plug into the system bus of the
PC and include jacks for network cables.
while WiFi NICs contain built-in transmitters /
receivers (transceivers).
7. Installation of NICs
The most common language or protocol for
LANs is Ethernet, sometimes referred to as
IEEE 802.3.
Alesser-used protocol is Token Ring.
When building a LAN, a network interface card
must be installed in each computer on the
network and all NICs in the network must be of
the same architecture.
For example, all must either be Ethernet cards,
Token Ring cards, or an alternate technology.
8. Cont..
An Ethernet network interface card is installed
in an available slot inside the computer.
Most newer computers have a network interface
built into the motherboard.
A separate network card is not required unless
multiple interfaces are needed or some other
type of network is used.
Newer motherboards may even have dual
network (Ethernet) interfaces built-in.
9. WORKING
Acomputer or device on a network can be
reached by its MAC (media access control)
address through the NIC card.
Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-
bit serial number called a MAC address, which is
stored in ROM carried on the card.
The MACs on the network are used to direct
traffic between the computers.
10. Cont..
An example of a MAC address:
A1B2C3D4E5F6
The first 6 hex digits in the MAC address is the
OUI (organizationally unique identifier),
assigned by the IEEE to each manufacturer (e.g.
Cisco, Intel etc).
The rest of the MAC address can be assigned in
any wayby the manufacturer to the individual
networking devices that it manufactures
11. The back plate of the network
interface card features a port that
looks similar to a phone jack, but is
slightly larger.
Anetwork card typically has a
twisted pair, BNC, or AUI socket
where the network cable is
connected, and a few LEDs to
inform the user of whether the
network is active, and whether or
not there is data being transmitted
on it.
Port In NICs
12. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) e.g. CAT6 (‘Category 6’)
That port accommodates an Ethernet cable, which
resembles a thicker version of a standard telephone
line.
14. Wireless Ethernet cards
Wireless Ethernet cards are installed like their wired
counterparts, but rather than a port for an Ethernet
cable, the card features a small antenna.
The card communicates with the central wireless switch
or hub via radio waves.
Wireless LANs may have some restrictions depending
on the material the building is made from.
For example, lead in walls can block signals between
the network interface card and hub or switch.
15. NICs on network
The card implements the electronic circuitry
required to communicate using a specific
physical layer and data link layer standard such
as Ethernet or token ring.
This provides a base for a full network protocol
stack, allowing communication among small
groups of computers on the same LAN and
large-scale network communications through
routable protocols, such as IP.