This is a Simple Presentation.

1. Networks
Network Adapter
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2. Objective of this presentation
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3. Network Adapter (NIC)
 Also known as a Network interface card.
 Integrated circuit board that plugs into the
internal circuitry of the computer.
 Allows the members of a local-area network
to communicate with each other.
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4.  NIC is the physical interface from
the computer or peripheral to the
medium.
 The Medium may be physical cable,
such as twisted pair wiring, coaxial
cable, fiber optic or even wireless.
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5. Role of NIC In networking
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6. This old ‘combo’ NIC accepts both BNC
(coaxial) and RJ45 (UTP) connectors.

7. Network Cards Convert Data from
Parallel to Serial, and vice versa
 Most computers use parallel data lines
internally to send data between the CPU and
the adapter cards. This is called a Bus.
 Most networking media transmit data in a
single line, called serial transmission.
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8.  The NIC translates parallel into
serial for outgoing messages and
serial into parallel for incoming
messages.
 Prior to the invention of NICs, data
was sent via serial ports on the
computer.
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9. Serial port
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10. Need Of NICs
 Most computer networks transfer data across a
medium at a fixed rate, often faster than the
speed at which computers can process
individual bits.
 To accommodate the mismatch in speed, each
computer attached to a network contain special
purpose hardware known as a network interface
card (NIC).

11.  The NIC functions like an I/O
device: it is built for a specific
network technology.
 It handles the details of frame
transmission or reception without
requiring the CPU to process each
bit
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12. Types of Network Interface Cards
 Fiber-Optic Network Interface Cards work on
a Fiber-Optic cabled network.
 Infrared networking uses infrared light to
transmit data from one device to another.
 Wireless network cards with antennas
operate on a wireless network with a
wireless hub.
 Copper wired Network Interface Cards work
on coaxial cable or twisted-pair wire.
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13. ETHERNET AND WIFI NICs
 Some NIC cards work with wired connections while
others are wireless.
 Most NICs support either wired Ethernet or WiFi wireless
standards.
 Ethernet NICs plug into the system bus of the PC and
include jacks for network cables.
 while WiFi NICs contain built-in transmitters / receivers
(transceivers).

14. The MAC Address
 NICs have a unique identifier, called a Media Access
Control (MAC) address.
 It is programmed into a ROM chip on the NIC.
 It’s a 48-bit number, written as six two-digit
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons.
 The first part identifies the manufacturer.
 The second part is unique to each NIC.
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15. IP Address
 Network Cards can have a second address
called an IP address.
 IP Address is software configurable.
 IP currently uses 32 bits split into four sections
separated by dots.
 i.e. 165.255.110.133 – These are decimal values.
 Only used in certain network protocols such as
TCP/IP.
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16. WORKING
 A computer or device on a network can be reached by
its MAC (media access control)
address through the NIC card.
 Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-bit serial
number called a MAC address, which is stored in ROM
carried on the card.
 The MACs on the network are used to direct traffic
between the computers.

17. Cont..
 An example of a MAC address: A1B2C3D4E5F6
 The first 6 hex digits in the MAC address is the OUI
(organizationally unique identifier), assigned by the
IEEE to each manufacturer (e.g. Cisco, Intel etc).
 The rest of the MAC address can be assigned in any way
by the manufacturer to the individual networking
devices that it manufactures

18. Installation of NICs
 The most common language or protocol for LANs is Ethernet, sometimes
referred to as IEEE 802.3.
 A lesser-used protocol is Token Ring.
 When building a LAN, a network interface card must be installed in each
computer on the network and all NICs in the network must be of the same
architecture.
 For example, all must either be Ethernet cards, Token Ring cards, or an
alternate technology.

19. Cont..
 An Ethernet network interface card is installed in an available slot inside
the computer.
 Most newer computers have a network interface built into the
motherboard.
 A separate network card is not required unless multiple interfaces are
needed or some other type of network is used.
 Newer motherboards may even have dual network (Ethernet) interfaces
built-in.

20. Network Interface Card for connection of a
computer to an Ethernet Network

21. 4. Driver Software
4.1. NIC Driver Configuration
4.2. Wireless NIC Configuration
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22.  Device driver: small, specialized program that
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represents a device to an OS and manages
communications between the OS and NIC
 Incorrect/poorly written drivers can have negative
impact on performance or prevent PC from booting
 Major vendor standards for drivers
 Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS)
 Win32 Driver Model (WDM)
 Open Data-link Interface (ODI)
 Installing a driver for a NIC is usually easy

23. 23

24. 4.1. NIC Driver Configuration
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25. 25

26. 4.2. Wireless NIC Configuration
Guide to
Networki
ng
Essentials
, Fifth
Edition
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27. 27

28. NICs on network
 The card implements the electronic circuitry required
to communicate using a specific physical layer and data
link layer standard such as Ethernet or token ring.
 This provides a base for a full network protocol stack,
allowing communication among small groups of
computers on the same LAN and large-scale network
communications through routable protocols, such as IP.

29. Configuring a Network Interface Card
 This involves three settings:
 Interrupt Request line (IRQ)
 Base Input/Output (I/O) port
 Base memory address
 In older computers, the user needed to
supply the IRQ and base I/O port. Currently
Plug and Play operating systems have
automated this task and default values are
normally assigned.
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30. 10Mbs Ethernet Card with an ISA Slot
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Mounting
bracket
10baseT RJ45
Socket
Status LEDs
10Base2 BNC
Connector
Each network card
has a unique 48 bit identifier
known as the Media Access Control
(MAC) number.

31. Network interface card
Network cards are
typically available in
10/100/1000 Mbit/s
varieties. This means
they can support a
notional maximum
transfer rate of 10,
100 or 1000 Megabits
per second.

32. Electronic Components on the
Network Interface Card
 Resistors
 Diodes
 Capacitors
 Coils
 Crystals
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33. Features of the Ethernet Controller
 Scrambling: All the encoded data is passed to the data
scrambler to reduce EMI by spreading the power
spectrum using a 10-bit scrambler seed loaded at the
beginning.
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34. Summary of the Network
Interface Card
 Allows connectivity of one computer to another.
 Controls the communication that takes place
between computers.
 Utilizes an ethernet controller chip to encode,
scramble, send and receive data.
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35. Conti
 Converts data from parallel to serial for transmission to
another Network Interface Card.
 Comes in a variety of forms depending on the
application or network medium.
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36. Question
 1. A bridge makes forwarding decision based on what
information .
 Ip Address
 Mac Address
 Binary Address
 Irq Address
 2. On window 2000 System ,ifconfig/all command would
you use to view the Mac Address
 Yes /no
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37. Thank You
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