2. • Layering in computer networking that enables the modular and
hierarchical organization of protocols and functions within a
network architecture.
• It allows for the separation of different tasks into distinct
layers, each responsible for specific functions and services.
• The TCP/IP protocol suite, which forms the foundation of the
Internet, follows a layered architecture. Here's an overview of
layering and the TCP/IP protocol layers:
3. Layering Concept:
• Layering in networking involves dividing the network functionality into a
series of layers, where each layer provides a specific set of services to the
layer above it.
• The layered approach simplifies network design, implementation, and
troubleshooting by promoting modularity and separation of concerns.
• It also allows for interoperability between different network technologies
and facilitates the evolution and improvement of individual layers without
impacting others.
4. Application Layer:
provides network services directly to end-users, enabling the exchange of
data and information between applications.
Protocols such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and DNS
(Domain Name System) operate at this layer.
Transport Layer:
The transport layer ensures reliable, end-to-end communication between
hosts (computers) on a network.
It breaks data from the application layer into smaller chunks called
segments, manages flow control, provides error detection and correction,
and facilitates multiplexing and demultiplexing of data.
The primary protocols in this layer are Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
5. Internet/Network Layer:
The internet layer, also known as the network layer, handles the routing and
addressing of packets across multiple networks.
It adds source and destination IP addresses to the data received from the
transport layer, encapsulating it into packets.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for packet forwarding and routing
decisions.
Link Layer:
also referred to as the network interface layer or the data link layer, deals with
the transmission of data frames over a physical network link.
It establishes and manages the direct connection between network nodes,
performs error detection and correction
manages access to the physical network medium. Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and PPP
(Point-to-Point Protocol) are examples of link layer protocols.
