The document provides a comprehensive overview of nickel and its various alloys, including nickel-copper and nickel-chromium alloys, detailing their compositions, properties, and applications. Nickel is described as a corrosion-resistant metal used in diverse industries, notably food processing and aerospace. Specific alloys such as Monel and Nichrome are highlighted for their unique traits and uses in challenging environments.

1. Nickel & Ni alloys

2. Contents
● Introduction to Nickel
● Nickel - Copper alloys
● Nickel - Chromium alloys
● Conclusion

3. Element Symbol: Ni
Atomic Number: 28
Classification: D-block transition metal
Appearance: Solid silver-colored metal
Discovery: Axel Frederik Cronstedt (1751)
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Crystal Structure: FCC Lattice
Introduction to Nickel

4. Commercially pure Nickel
● Contains 99.5% Ni (+Cr)
● Microstructure contains solid solution phase in
annealed condition
● Corrosion resistant
● Used to make food-processing equipment,
electronic parts and caustic handling equipment
● Is carcinogenic, causes skin and asthma-like
allergies

5. Classification of Nickel Alloys
⮚Nickel-Copper Alloys (Monel)
⮚Nickel-Chromium Alloys
⮚Nickel-Aluminium Alloys
⮚Nickel-Based Superalloys
⮚Nickel-Iron Superalloys

6. Nickel-Copper Alloys
Nickel-Copper Phase Diagram

7. • Forms the basis of Monel alloys
• Addition of Copper (28-34%)
improves corrosion resistance of
Ni
• Microstructural changes can
occur depending upon the speed
of cooling

8. Monel
• A group of Nickel alloys primarily composed of Nickel(52-67%) and Copper
• Single phase alloy
• It is an expensive alloy.
• There are different kinds of monel classified on the basis of their composition-

9. Monel-400
• Around 63 % Ni, 28-34% Cu and small
amount of Fe, Si
• Low in strength during annealed
condition.
• Hardened by Cold-working
• Monel R-405 -Free machining version of
Monel-400
• One of the few alloy, which maintains its
Strength at sub-zero temperature.

10. Properties:
• High Strength and Toughness over a
range of temperature
• Good weldability
• Excellent Corrosion Resistance
• Resistant to seawater, chlorine and alkali
• Good mechanical properties at low
temperature
Applications:
● Steam Turbine Blades
● High Temperature Valves
● Centrifugal Pump impellers
● Frame for eyeglasses
● Aerospace-related items

11. K-Monel
Microstructure of Monel-K 500
• Consists of 66% Nickel, 29 %
Cu, 2.57 % Al and small amount
of Mn, C
• Age hardening process is done
for its preparation.
a) Hot Rolled b) Annealed at 11000C

12. • Wholly Non-Magnetic
• Excellent corrosion-resistant properties
• Presence of Al increases strength and hardness
• Pump shafts, springs & valve stems etc.
• Electronic components where extra hardness is
required.
• Oil-well drill collars
Properties and applications

13. Nickel Chromium Alloys
● Higher chromium is necessary when the temperature
increases.
● Cr forms solid solution with Ni up to~30% at room
temperature.
● High corrosion resistance is due to high Cr addition.
(Passivation).
● Commercial alloys mainly contain 20–30% Cr and it’s
minor addition improves the mechanical and/or
chemical properties of alloys (typical ‘Nichrome’).
Steely-grey, lustrous, hard and
brittle transition metal

14. Nickel-Chromium
(Ni-Cr)
Phase diagram

15. ● Consists of 80% Ni + 20% Cr
● Also known as Nichrome 80/20
Properties
● High melting point
● High electrical resistivity
● Good stability from deforming at high temperatures
● High mechanical strength and their high creep strength
Applications
● Resistance heating coils
● As explosives and fireworks in rocket igniters
● In microbiological laboratories
● Ceramic manufacturing industry (furnaces and hot wire cutters)
Nichrome

16. ● Made of approx. 90% Ni and 10% Cr
Properties
● High electrical resistance
● Corrosion resistance
Applications
● Heating devices
● Thermocouples
● Hot wire cutters
● In oxidising conditions at high temperatures
Chromel

17. Chromel A
● Contain approx. 80% nickel and 20% chromium (More precisely Cr 20%, Fe 0.5%,
Si 1%, remaining Ni).
● Used for its excellent resistance to high-temperature corrosion and oxidation.
● Also commonly called Nichrome 80-20 and used for electric heating elements.
Chromel C
● Contain 60% nickel, 16% chromium and 24% iron.
● Commonly called Nichrome 60 and is used for heating elements, resistance
windings, and hot wire cutters.
Chromel-R
Chromel-R has a composition of Ni 75%, Cr 18-20%, Al 2.5%, Cu 1.7-2.0%, and Mn
0.0-2.5%.

18. Gemini space suit
The legs are covered with Chromel-R, which is a
cloth woven from stainless steel metal fibers, used to
protect the astronaut and suit from the hot exhaust
thrust of the Astronaut Maneuvering
Apollo 11 lunar EVA glove

19. Other Ni-based alloys
● Nickel-Iron Alloys
Applications include the desired property is a low rate of thermal
expansion.
● Nickel-Molybdenum Alloys
Offer high chemical resistance to strong acids and other reducers such
as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric
acid.
● Nickel-Titanium Alloys
Feature shape retention of shape memory properties.