Radio

Radio – A tool for Communication
Notes By : Ashish Richhariya
Course : FTNMP / BMM
Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce
Query : arichhariya30@gmail.com

Contents
1. Meaning
2. Timeline of Radio
3. Invention and History
4. Etymology
5. Radio technology
6. Radio communications
7. Applications
8. Regulations
9. Important tool in mass media.
10.Radio in India
11.Broadcasts
12.Broadcasting channels
Thakur College Of Science & Commerce , Mumbai

Meaning of Radio.
According to the Collins Dictionary:- Radio is the broadcasting of
programmes for the public to listen to, by sending out signals from
a transmitter.
Another definition according to Merriam – Webster dictionary states: the
wireless transmission and reception of electric impulses or signals by means of
electromagnetic waves

Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves.
Radio waves are nothing but the electromagnetic waves of
frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz).
They are usually generated by an electronic device called a transmitter that is
connected to an antenna which radiates the waves, and are in turn received by
a radio receiver connected to another antenna.
Radio is now a days very widely used in modern technology, in radio
communication, radar, radio navigation, remote control, remote sensing and
other applications.

Radio communication
Used in radio and television broadcasting, cell phones, two-way
radios, wireless networking and satellite communication.
The Radio waves are used to carry information across space from a
transmitter to a receiver, by modulating the radio in the transmitter.
In radar, which is used to locate and track objects like aircraft, ships,
spacecraft and missiles, here radio waves emitted by a radar transmitter
reflects off the target object, and the reflected waves reveal the object's
location.
In radio navigation systems such as GPS and VOR.
In wireless radio remote control devices like drones, garage door openers,
and keyless entry systems, radio signals transmitted from a controller device
control the actions of a remote device.

Timeline of radio
December 1894: In Italy, Guglielmo Marconi conducts experiments in pursuit of
building a wireless telegraph system based on Herzian Waves (radio), demonstrated a
radio transmitter and receiver to his mother, a set-up that made a bell ring on the other
side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench.
Financed by his family, over the next year he works on adapting experimental
equipment into a radio wave telegraphic transmitter and receiver system that could work
over long distances. This is considered to be the first development of a radio system
specifically for communication
1896: Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British Patent 12039, Improvements
in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There-for. This is the
initial patent for radio based wireless telegraphy.
1896: Bose goes to London on a lecture tour and meets Marconi, who was conducting
wireless experiments for the British post office.
1897: Marconi establishes a radio station on the Isle of Wight, England. In the U.S.
during 1897, Tesla applies for several wireless power patents. Those two patents were
issued in early 1900.

1897: Although Australia's first officially recognized broadcast was made in 1906,
some sources claim that there were transmissions in Australia in 1897, either conducted
solely by Professor William Henry Bragg of Adelaide University or by Prof. Bragg in
conjunction with G.W. Selby of Melbourne.
1898: Marconi opened the first radio factory, on Hall Street, Chelmsford, England,
employing around 50 people.
1904: The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the
invention of radio.
1916: First regular broadcasts on 9XM (now WHA) – Wisconsin state weather, delivered
in Morse Code
1919: First clear transmission of human speech, (on 9XM) after experiments with voice
(1918) and music (1917).
1920: Regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by
the group around Enrique Telémaco Susini.
20 August 1920: E.W. Scripps's WWJ in Detroit received its commercial broadcasting
license and started broadcasting.

31 August 1920: The first known radio news program was broadcast by station 8MK,
the unlicensed predecessor of WWJ (AM) in Detroit, Michigan.
October 1920: Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the first US
commercial broadcasting station to be licensed when it was granted call letters KDKA.
1921: In Australia, Charles Maclurcan of 2CM commenced broadcasting Sunday
night classical music concerts on the long wave band (214 kHz.), using seven watts.
26 February 1922: In California, Joseph Franklin Rutherford transmitted his first radio
Bible sermon.
23 November 1923: 2SB was the first Australian station to be officially recognized.
23 May 1925 : First broadcast in Tbilisi, Georgia.
1933: FM radio was patented; Edwin H. Armstrong invented it.
1937: W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit
by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

1954: Regency introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard
22.5V Battery".
1960: Sony introduced their first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest
pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were
no tubes to burn out.
1970s: LORAN became the premier radio navigation system
Early 1990s: Amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers
with audio cards to process radio signals.
1994: The U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive successful project to
construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing
software.
Late 1990s: The digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting.
2015: It was reported that Cambridge Consultants had developed the first fully digital
radio transmitter, followed by the first digital radio receiver in 2016.

Invention

Discovered in 1904 by an Italian inventor named Guglielmo Marconi, born in
Bologna, Italy in 1874.
He was a physicist, inventor, and Noble Prize winner; credited for all technology
relatable to the radio.
The first effective radio communication was established by Marconi in the
nineteen hundreds.
By 1901, Marconi became the only person to successfully develop a sufficient
wireless signal. Marconi won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1909.
Marconi improved on Hertz’s experiments in a number of important ways.
First, to the spark-gap transmitter he attached a Morse telegraph key, which
could send out dot-dash signals.
The electrical impulses traveled into a Morse inker, the machine that telegraphs
operators used to record the dots and dashes onto narrow strips of paper.
Second, Marconi discovered that grounding --- connecting the transmitter and
receiver to the earth --- greatly increased the distance over which he could send
signals.

History
After World War II, radio was the most reliable source of information and news.
Historic events that were present during the age of radio were World War II and The Great
Depression.
Great shows such as: Amos and Andy, the Shadow, The Long Ranger, etc. were popular
during the time.
However, the most monumental show that made history was The War of the Worlds.
The broadcast of The War of the Worlds became the highest rated radio broadcast in
history, aired on October 30, 1938 ,grossing over a million listeners.
Radio in this age was not of the portable medium. Prior to transistors and solid-state
integrated circuits, most radio sets required large glass tubes housed in heavy wooden
pieces of furniture.
At the time, only a handful of stations operated in most large radio markets, and popular
stations were affiliated with either CBS or one of the two NBC networks.

A family gathered
around a radio console,
1930s.

Etymology
The word "radio" is derived from the Latin word "radius", meaning "spoke of a
wheel, beam of light, ray".
It was first applied to communications in 1881 at the suggestion of French
scientist Ernest Mercadier.
Alexander Graham Bell adopted "radiophone" (meaning "radiated sound") as an
alternate name for his photophone optical transmission system.
After Heinrich Hertz's discovery of the existence of radio waves in 1886, a variety of
terms were initially used for this radiation, including "Hertzian waves", "electric
waves", and "ether waves".
The first practical radio communications systems, developed by Guglielmo Marconi in
1894–5, transmitted telegraph signals by radio waves, so radio communication was
first called "wireless telegraphy".

The radio- prefix was later used to form additional descriptive compound and
hyphenated words, especially in Europe.
For example, in early 1898 the British publication The Practical Engineer included a
reference to "the radiotelegraph" and "radiotelegraphy“.
The French text of both the 1903 and 1906 Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conventions
includes the phrases "radiotélégraphique" and "radiotélégrammes“.
The use of "radio" as a standalone word dates back to at least December 30, 1904, when
instructions issued by the British Post Office for transmitting telegrams specified that
"The word 'Radio'... is sent in the Service Instructions".
This practice was universally adopted, and the word "radio" introduced internationally,
by the 1906 Berlin Radiotelegraphic Convention.
In recent years "wireless" has gained renewed popularity as a more general term for
devices communicating using electromagnetic radiation, either radio waves or light, due
to the rapid growth of short-range computer networking, e.g., wireless local area
networks Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, as well as cell phones, to distinguish these uses from
traditional "radio" communication, such as broadcasting.

Radio Technology
Radio waves are radiated by electric charges undergoing acceleration.
They are generated artificially by time varying electric currents, consisting
of electrons flowing back and forth in a metal conductor called an antenna, thus
accelerating.
In transmission, a transmitter generates an alternating current of radio frequency which is
applied to an antenna.
The antenna radiates the power in the current as radio waves. When the waves strike the
antenna of a radio receiver, they push the electrons in the metal back and forth, inducing a
tiny alternating current.
The radio receiver connected to the receiving antenna detects this oscillating current and
amplifies it.
Radio waves have the ability to pass through the atmosphere, foliage, and most building
materials, and by diffraction can bend around obstructions, and unlike other
electromagnetic waves they tend to be scattered rather than absorbed by objects larger
than their wavelength.

Radio communication
In radio communication systems, information is carried across space using
radio waves.
At the sending end, the information to be sent is converted by some type
of transducer to a time-varying electrical signal called the modulation signal.
The modulation signal may be an audio signal representing sound from
a microphone, a video signal representing moving images from a video
camera, or a digital signal consisting of a sequence of bits representing binary
data from a computer.
The modulation signal is applied to a radio transmitter.
In the transmitter, an electronic oscillator generates an alternating
current oscillating at a radio frequency, called the carrier wave because it
serves to "carry" the information through the air.
The information signal is used to modulate the carrier, varying some aspect of
the carrier wave, impressing the information on the carrier.

Different radio systems use different modulation methods:
AM (amplitude modulation) – in an AM transmitter, the amplitude (strength) of the radio
carrier wave is varied by the modulation signal.
FM (frequency modulation) – in an FM transmitter, the frequency of the radio carrier
wave is varied by the modulation signal.
FSK (frequency shift keying) – used in wireless digital devices to transmit digital signals,
the frequency of the carrier wave is shifted periodically between two frequencies that
represent the two binary digits, 0 and 1, to transmit a sequence of bits.
OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) – a family of complicated digital
modulation methods very widely used in high bandwidth systems such
as WiFi networks, cellphones, digital television broadcasting, and digital audio
broadcasting (DAB) to transmit digital data using a minimum of radio
spectrum bandwidth. It has higher spectral efficiency and more resistance to fading than
AM or FM.

Applications
1. Broadcasting
2. Two way voice communication
3. One way voice communication
4. Data communication
5. Space communication
6. Radar
7. Remote Sensing
8. Scientific Research

Broadcasting is the one-way transmission of information
from a radio transmitter to receivers belonging to a
public audience.
Since the radio waves become weaker with distance,
a broadcasting station can only be received within a
limited distance of its transmitter.
Systems which broadcast from satellites can generally be
received over an entire country or continent.
In subscription systems like satellite
television and satellite radio the customer pays a
monthly fee and the radio signal is encrypted and can
only be decrypted by the receiver, which is controlled by
the company and can be deactivated if the customer
doesn't pay his bill.
Broadcasting

Broadcasting uses several parts of the radio spectrum, depending on the type of
signals transmitted and the desired target audience.
Longwave and medium wave signals can give reliable coverage of areas but have
more limited information carrying capacity and so work best with audio signals
(speech and music), and the sound quality can be degraded by radio noise from
natural and artificial sources.
The shortwave bands have greater potential range, but are more subject to
interference by distant stations and varying atmospheric conditions that affect
reception.

Radio broadcasting
Radio broadcasting is transmission of audio by radio waves intended to reach a
wide audience.
Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either
in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both.
Signals can be either analog audio or digital audio.
The earliest radio stations were radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio.
For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had
to be incorporated.

Stations
A radio broadcasting station is usually associated with wireless transmission, though in practice
broadcasting transmission (sound and television) take place using both wires and radio waves.
The point of this is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the broadcast.
Types
Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM and FM stations.
There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting, non-commercial educational (NCE) ,
public broadcasting and non-profit varieties as well as community radio, student-run campus
radio stations, and hospital radio stations can be found throughout the world.
Many stations broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over
thousands of miles (especially at night).
For example, the BBC, VOA, VOR, and Deutsche Welle have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and
Asia.
These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.
Nielsen Audio, formerly known as Arbitron, the United States-based company that reports on radio
audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station.

AM
AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed.
AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the
amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted.
The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting.
Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of FM
stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North American stations
began broadcasting in AM stereo, though this never gained popularity, and very few
receivers were ever sold.
The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms (lightning) and
other electromagnetic interference (EMI).
One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple
equipment.
If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an
unpowered crystal radio receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of
AM broadcasting.

FM
FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of
88 to 108 MHz everywhere except Japan and Russia.
Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the
world standard.
Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band.
Edwin Howard Armstrong invented FM radio to overcome the problem of radio-frequency
interference (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception.
At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in
the radio frequency spectrum.
Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz)
apart.
The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the
1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing
feature of wideband FM.

The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the Yankee Network, located in New
England.
Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM
broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver.
The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current
frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of World War II and was to some extent
imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a
potentially serious threat.
FM radio as a commercial venture, remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until
the 1960s.
The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often
broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("simulcasting").
The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s.
By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became
the dominant medium, especially in cities because of its greater range, AM remained more
common in rural environments.

If you want to start your own radio, you must register for an AM station or an FM station.
The application must be submitted to the Federal Communications Commission (also known as FCC)
electronically.
Along with the submission of the application, there is a submission fee and several charges
implemented during the application process.
The FCC is a government operated company that develops regulations for radio, television, wire,
satellite, cable, internet, and press.
The registration application is the only application submitted electronically.
The written applications are the construction permit and license.
The construction permit is for the placement and construction of the station’s satellite.
Both the license and construction permit can be obtained by the bidding process.
After obtaining a station, license, and permit, a bid must be placed to obtain a radio frequency.
This is the signal which the owner will broadcast a variety of entertainment and news.
Starting A Radio Channel

Radio in India
HISTORY OF RADIO IN INDIA
Nov. 1923 – First radio club in Calcutta
16 May 1924 – Radio club in Madras
23 July 1927 – Bombay station
26 August 1927 – Calcutta radio station
15 July 1927 – First radio program journal “The India Radio’
1930 – Indian broadcasting company handover Bombay station to government. It was renamed
as ISBS (Indian State Broadcasting Station).
8 July 1936 – It renamed as AIR (All India Radio)
1952 – National program of music started
2 Oct. 1957 – Vividh Bharti launched
1967 – Commercials on AIR was started
23 July 1969 – Yuv vani launched
1976 – Doordarshan delinked from AIR (Chanda Committee 1964-66)
1974 – Sky radio channel concept launched. The enable subscribers to receive 20 radio channels
via satellite on FM receivers.
1977 – First FM service launched in Madras
Mid 1980s – Phone in program were experimented in Delhi, Pune and other cities
1988 – National channel launched
1990s – AIR on network of 219 centers, including 32 Vividh Bharti/ commercial station, 73 local
countries, 114 regional channel. Over 6 radio sets were in rural households. AIR 300 news
bulletins every day in national, regional and external services in different language.
1992 – FM broadcast started in Jalandhar
1993 – Privatization of FM
15 August 1993 – FM channel launched in Bombay by Times FM
1997 – Prasar Bharti came into existence
1998 – AIR news on telephone and AIR radio on internet. Till now AIR covers 90% of
geographical area and 97% population.
1998 to present – many new channels have been added.

The FM broadcasting in India began in 1977, but boomed
after 2001 when the privatization of FM broadcasting began.
As of December 2018, there are more than 369 operational
private radio stations in more than 101 cities and towns across
India.
The Government of India-owned All India Radio has about 450
FM stations covering 39% of the area and 52% of the
population of India.
FM broadcasting in India

History of broadcasting in india
FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, then Madras, and was
expanded during the 1990s, nearly 50 years after it mushroomed in the US.
The country first experimented with private FM broadcasts in the small tourist
destination of Goa and the large metropolitan areas of Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai
and Chennai.
These were followed by private stations
in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur and Lucknow.
Until 1993, All India Radio, a government undertaking, was the only radio
broadcaster in India.
The government then decided to privatize the radio broadcasting sector.
It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in Indore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi,
Kolkata, Vizag and Goa to private operators, who developed their own program
content.
The Times Group operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998.
After that, the government decided not to renew contracts given to private
operators. Instead, in 2000, the government announced the auction of 108 FM
frequencies across India, opening up the FM broadcasting industry to private
competition.

Radio City Bangalore, started on July 3, 2001, is India's first private FM radio station.
It launched with presenters such as Vera, Rohit Barker, Seetal Iyer, Jonzie Kurian, Geeta
Modgil, Suresh Venkat, and Chaitanya Hegde and Priya Ganapathy on the weekends.
The Times Group rebranded their radio operations, establishing the Radio Mirchi brand.
The first Radio Mirchi station began broadcasting on October 4, 2001 in Indore.
Indian policy currently states that these broadcasters are assessed a one-time entry fee
(OTEF), for a license period of 10 years.
Under the Indian accounting system, this amount is amortized over the 10-year period at
10% per annum.
The annual license fee for private broadcasters is either 4% of revenue share or 10%
of reserve price, whichever is higher.
India's earlier attempts to privatize its FM channels ran into rough weather when private
players bid heavily and most could not meet their commitments to pay the government
the amounts they owed.

Broadcasting Channels
Name Frequency Language
Radio Jamia 90.4 MHz Multilingual
Delhi University Community Radio 90.4 MHz Multilingual
Radio SD 90.8 90.8 MHz Hindi
Radio City 91.1 MHz Multilingual
Big FM 92.7 MHz Multilingual
Red FM 93.5 MHz Multilingual
Radio One 94.3 MHz English
Hit FM 95.0 MHz Hindi
Apna Radio (Indian Institute of Mass
Communication)
96.9 MHz Multilingual
Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz Multilingual
AIR FM Gold 100.1 MHz Multilingual
AIR FM Rainbow 102.6 MHz Hindi
Fever 104 104.0 MHz Hindi
104.8 Ishq 104.8 MHz Hindi
Gyan Vani 105.6 MHz Hindi
Vividh Bharti (All India Radio) 106.4 MHz Hindi
Radio Nasha 107.2 MHz Hindi
Noida FM 107.4 MHz Hindi
Gurgaon Ki Awaz 107.8 MHz Hindi
National Capital Region

Bansal FM 95.5
Vividh Bharati
Jago Mumbai 90.8
Radio City 91.1 FM
Big FM 92.7
Red FM 93.5
Radio One 94.3 (Only English Radio station of Mumbai)
Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM
Radio Dhamaal 106.4
AIR FM Gold 100.7
RAINBOW FM 102.2
Fever 104 FM 104.0
Oye 104.8 104.8
AIR FM Rainbow 107.1
Mumbai One
Redtro 106.4
Gyan Vani
Radio MUST
Mumbai, Maharashtra

Radio City 91.1 FM - Kannada
Indigo 91.9 FM FM - (English, Devotional)
Big 92.7 FM - Kannada
Red FM 93.5 FM - Hindi
Radio ONE FM 94.3 - English
Mirchi 95 95 FM - Hindi[14]
Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM Kannada
Ragam 100.1 FM (Classical)
FM Rainbow 101.3 FM (Kannada, Hindi, English)
Vividh Bharti 102.9 FM (Kannada, Hindi)
Fever FM 104 FM (Hindi)
Radio Active Community Radio 106.4 FM (Kannada, English,
Hindi)
Bengaluru, Karnataka

Radio Mirchi - 98.3 FM (Times Group)
My FM - 94.3 FM D B Corp Ltd.
Red FM - 93.5 FM (Sun Group
Radio City - 91.1 FM (Music Broadcast Limited)
Radio One - 95.0 FM (Only Bollywood Retro Station of
Ahmedabad)
AIR Vividh Bharati - 96.7 FM (All India Radio)
Micavaani - 90.4 FM (Mudra Institute of Communications)
AIR Gyan Vaani - 105.4 FM (All India Radio)
Mirchi Love - 104 FM (Times Group)
All India radio - 100.1 FM
Radio Nazariya - 107.8 FM (Drishti)
Ahmedabad, Gujarat

All India Radio
All India Radio (AIR), officially known since 1956 as Akashvani ("Voice from the Sky"),
is the national public radio broadcaster of India and is a division of Prasar Bharati.
It was established in 1936.
It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, an Indian television broadcaster.
Headquartered in the Akashvani Bhavan building in New Delhi, it houses the Drama
Section, the FM Section, the National Service, and is also home to the Indian television
station Doordarshan Kendra, (Delhi).
All India Radio is the largest radio network in the world, and one of the largest
broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the number of languages broadcast
and the spectrum of socio-economic and cultural diversity it serves.
AIR’s home service comprises 420 stations located across the country, reaching nearly
92% of the country’s area and 99.19% of the total population.
AIR originates programming in 23 languages and 179 dialects.

Etymology
Ākāśavānī (आकाशवाणी) is a Sanskrit word meaning 'celestial announcement' or
'voice from the sky/heaven'.
In Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, Akashvanis are often featured in
stories as a medium of communication from heaven to mankind.
'Akashvani' was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswami in
1936 after setting up India's first private radio station in his residence,
"Vittal Vihar" (about two hundred yards from AIR’s current Mysore radio
station).
Akashvani was later adopted as All India Radio's on-air name in 1957.

Broadcasting began in June 1923 during the British Raj with programs by the Bombay
Presidency Radio Club and other radio clubs.
According to an agreement on 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company
Ltd (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations: the Bombay station which began
on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station which followed on 26 August 1927.
The company went into liquidation on 1 March 1930.
The government took over the broadcasting facilities and began the Indian State
Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and
permanently in May 1932 it then went on to become All India Radio on 8 June 1936.
History of AIR

On 1 October 1939, the External Service began with a broadcast in Pushtu and was
intended to counter radio propaganda from Germany directed at Afghanistan,
Persia and Arab nations.
1939 also saw the opening of the Dhaka station of Eastern India, now Bangladesh.
This station catered and nurtured the pioneers of Bengali intellectuals.
The foremost among them, Natyaguru Nurul Momen, became the trail-blazer of
the talk-show in 1939 who wrote and directed the first modern radio-play for this
station in 1942.
When India became independent in 1947, the AIR network had only six stations
(Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Lucknow, and Tiruchirappalli).
The three radio stations at Lahore,Peshawar and Dhaka remained in what became
Pakistan after the division.
The total number of radio sets in India at that time was about 275,000.

On 3 October 1957, the Vividh Bharati Service was launched, to compete with Radio
Ceylon.
Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR, but was split off from
the radio network asDoordarshan on 1 April 1976.
FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, and expanded during the 1990s.
Deccan Radio (Nizam Radio 1932), the first radio station in Hyderabad
State (now Hyderabad, India), went live on air on 3 February 1935.
It was launched by Mir Osman Ali Khanthe the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad with a
transmitting power of 200 Watts.
On 1 April 1950, Deccan Radio was taken over by the Indian Government, and in
1956 it was merged with All India Radio (AIR).
Since then, it has been known as AIR-Hyderabad (100 kW).

Services of AIR
AIR has many services in a number of languages, each serving different regions across
India.
Vividh Bharati
Vividh Bharati is one of the best-known services of All India Radio. Its name roughly
translates as "Diverse Indian". It is also known as the Commercial Broadcasting
Service or CBS. Commercially, it is the most accessible AIR network and is popular
in Mumbai and other large cities. Offers a wide range of programs including news, film
music, short plays, music and comedy. It operates on different medium wave-band as
well as FM frequencies in each city.
Some programs broadcast on Vividh Bharati are:
Hawa-mahal: Radio plays based on novels and plays
Santogen ki mehfil: Comedy
Regional services
The headquarters of the Regional Deputy Directors General are located in Delhi and
Chandigarh (NR), Lucknow and Bhopal (CR), Guwahati (NER), Kolkata (ER),
Mumbai and Ahmedabad (WR), Chennai and Bangalore (SR).

External services
The external services of All India Radio are broadcast in 27 languages to countries
outside India.
In addition to broadcasts targeted at specific countries by language, there is a General
Overseas Service broadcasting in English with 8¼ hours of programming each day
aimed at a general international audience.
The external broadcasts were begun on 1 October 1939 by the British government to
counter the propaganda of the Nazis directed at the Afghan people.
The first broadcasts were in Pushto, beamed to Afghanistan and the North-West
Frontier Province.
Broadcasts soon began in other languages including: Dari, Persian, Arabic, English,
Burmese, Japanese, Chinese, Malay and French.
The external services broadcast in 16 foreign and 11 Indian languages gave a total
program output of 70¼ hours per day on medium and shortwave frequencies.

Two high powered FM stations of All India Radio are being installed in Amritsar and
Fazilka in the Punjab to supplement the programs broadcast from transmitters
operating from different cities and to improve the broadcast services during
unfavourable weather conditions in the border regions of Punjab.
Today, the External Services Division of All India Radio broadcasts daily with 57
transmissions with almost 72 hours or programming covering over 108 countries in 27
languages, of which 15 are foreign and 12 Indian.
The foreign languages are: Arabic, Baluchi, Burmese, Chinese, Dari, French,
Indonesian, Persian, Pushtu, Russian, Sinhala, Swahili, Thai, Tibetan and English
(General Overseas Service).
The Indian languages are Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani, Kashmiri, Hindi,
Kannada, Malayalam, Nepali, Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

The longest daily broadcast is the Urdu Service to Pakistan, around the clock on DTH
(direct-broadcast satellite) and on short- and medium wave for 12¼ hrs.
During Hajj, there are special broadcasts beamed to Saudi Arabia in Urdu.
AIR is planning to produce programmes in the Baluchi language.
The external services of AIR are also broadcast to Europe in DRM (Digital Radio
Mondiale) on 9950 kHz between 1745–2230 UTC.
These external transmissions are broadcast by high-power transmitters located at
Aligarh, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Mumbai and Panaji on
shortwave and from Jalandhar, Kolkata, Nagpur, Rajkot and Tuticorin on medium
wave.
Soon All India Radio Amritsar will also start a booster service on the FM band. Some
of these transmitters are 1000 kW (1 MW) or 500 kW.
Programs are beamed to different parts of the world except for the Americas and the
reception quality is very good in the target areas

Direct-To-Home
Direct-to-home (DTH) service is a satellite broadcast service in which a large
number of radio channels are digitally beamed down over a territory from a
high-power satellite.
AIR broadcasts various national and regional stations available to listen
on DD Free Dish.
The DTH signals can be received directly at homes using a small-sized dish
receiver unit containing a dish antenna installed on a building’s rooftop or on
a wall facing clear south and one indoors.
DTH service is offered on twenty one channels via Insat.

Other services
Digital Radio Mondiale
News-on-phone
All India Radio launched news-on-phone service on 25 February 1998 in New Delhi; it now has
service in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna and Bangalore. The service is accessible
through Subscriber trunk dialing (STD), International Direct Dialing (ISD) and local calls.
Documentaries
There is a long tradition of broadcasting documentary features on AIR. There is great interest in
radio documentaries, particularly in countries like India, Iran, South Korea and Malaysia.
The most prominent broadcaster of English Features was Melville de Mellow, and of Hindi
Features, Shiv Sagar Mishra. This format has been revived by AIR producers across India because
of its flexibility, its relative low cost to produce, its messaging potential and its creative potential.

Central Drama Unit
AIR's Central Drama Unit (CDU) is responsible for the national broadcast of plays. Plays
produced by the CDU are translated and produced by regional stations.
Since its inception in the 1960s, the unit has produced more than 1,500 plays, and the
CDU houses a repository of old scripts and productions.
The National Programme of Plays is broadcast by the CDU on the fourth Thursday of
each month at 9.30 pm. Each play included in the National Programme of Plays is
produced in 22 Indian languages and broadcast at the same time by all regional and
national network stations.
The CDU also produces Chain Plays, half-hour dramas broadcast in succession by a chain
of stations.
Social Media Cell
The News Service Division's Social Media Cell was established on 20 May 2013 and is
responsible for providing AIR news on new media platforms such as websites, Twitter,
Facebook, and SMS.

Milestones of AIR
The phenomenal growth achieved by All India Radio through decades has made it one
of the largest media organizations in the world.
Today AIR reaches out to 99.18% of the population spread over about 91.85% of the
area through 262 broadcasting Centres.
The inception can be traced back to the enforcement of the Telegraph Act on October1,
1885.
Major landmarks of broadcasting are as below:
1920s
June, 1923 : Broadcast of programmes by the Radio Club of Bombay.
November, 1923 : Calcutta Radio Club put out programmmes.
July 31,1924 : Broadcasting Service initiated by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.
July 23,1927 : Indian Broadcast Company (IBC), Bombay Station inaugurated by Lord
Irwin, the Viceroy of India.
August 26,1927 : Calcutta Station of IBC inaugurated.

1930s
March 1, 1930 : IBC went into liquidation.
April 1,1930 : Indian State Broadcasting Service under Department of Industries
and Labour commenced on experimental basis.
March,1935 : Post of "Controller of Broadcast" innstituted.
August 30,1935 : Lionel Fielden appointed the first controller of Broadcasting in
India.
September 10,1935 : Akashvani Mysore, a private radio station, set up.
January 19,1936 : First news bulletin broadcast from AIR.
June 8, 1936 : Indian State Broadcasting Service became All India Radio.
August 1,1937 : Central News Organisation came into existence.
November,1937 : AIR came under Department of Communication.
October 1,1939 : External Service started with Pushtu broadcast.

1940s
October 24,1941 : AIR came under the Department of I&B.
January 1,1942 : Akashvani Mysore was taken over by Maharaja of Mysore.
February 23,1946 : AIR came under the Department of Information & Arts.
September 10,1946 : Department of Information and Arts changed to Department of
Information and Broadcasting.
1947 (at the time of partition): Six Radio Stations in India
(Delhi,Bombay,Calcutta,Madras, Tiruchirapalli and Lucknow) and three Radio
Stations in Pakistan (Peshawar, Lahore and Dacca).
September, 1948 : Central News Organisation (CNO) was split up into two Divisions,
News Service Division and External Service Division (ESD).
1950s
July 20,1952 : First National Programme of Music broadcast from AIR.
July 29,1953 : National Programme of Talks (English) commenced from AIR.
1954 : First Radio Sangeet Sammelan held.
August 15,1956 : National Programme of Play commenced.
October 3,1957 : Vividh Bharati Services started.
November 1, 1959 : First TV Station in Delhi started as part of AIR.

1960s
November 1,1967 : Commercials on Vividh Bharati introduced.
July 21, 1969 : Yuv-Vani service started from Delhi.
August 15, 1969 : 1000 KW Superpower Medium Wave Transmitter commissioned at Calcutta
(Mogra).
1970s
January 8,1971 : 1000 KW Superpower Medium Wave Transmitter commissioned at Rajkot.
1974 : Akashvani Annual Awards instituted.
April 1, 1976 : Doordarshan separated from AIR.
1977 : Introduction of political party broadcasts.
July 23, 1977 : First ever FM Service was inaugurated from Madras.
1980s
May,1983 : AIR Baroda became a CBS station.
September 14,1984 : Two High Power 250 KW shortwave transmitters inaugurated at Aligarh.
October 30,1984 : First Local Station at Nagarcoil started.
January 26,1985 : Commercials on Primary Channel introduced.
August 15,1985 : Introduction of hourly news bulletins.
1985 : All AIR Stations were provided with 5 channel satellite receiver terminals.
May 18,1988 : Introduction of National Channel.
April 8,1989 : Commissioning of Integrated North East Service.

1990s
March 2, 1990 : The 100th Station of AIR commissioned at Warangal (A.P.).
March 10,1990 : Two 500 KW Superpower short wave transmitters Inaugurated at
Bangalore.
1990 : AIR introduced Lassa Kaul Award for the best production on the theme of
National Integration.
1990 : AIR introduced Award for the best News Correspondent of the year.
October 2,1991 : Vividh Bharti Panaji became a CBS Channel.
October 2, 1992 : Commissioning of FM Channel at Jalandhar.
January 10,1993 : Introduction of Phone-in-programme at AIR Delhi.
January 28,1993 : Commissioning of VB Channel at Varanasi.
April 1, 1993 : The150th Station of AIR inaugurated at Berhampur (Orissa).
August 15,1993 : Introduction of selling of Time Slots on FM Channel to private
parties at Delhi - Mumbai.
September 1,1993 : Time Slots on FM Channel to private parties at Chennai.
April 1, 1994 : Sky Radio became operational.
July 25,1994 : Time Slots on FM Channel to private parties at Kolkata.
September 10,1994 : Multi Track Recording Studio commissioned at Mumbai.
September 28,1994 : Four 500 KW Superpower shortwave transmitters at
Bangalore,inaugurated making Bangalore one of the biggest transmitting centres in
the world.
November 13,1994 : Time Slot s on FM Channel to private parties at Panaji.

January 15,1995 : Radio paging service inaugurated.
August 5,1995 : Multi-track recording studios inaugurated at Chennai.
1995 : AIR introduced Akashvani Awards for best Audience Research Survey Report.
February 1,1996 : Foundation stone laid for new Broadcasting House in Delhi.
May 2,1996 : Launching of AIR on-line Information Service on Internet.
January 13,1997 : Audio in real time on Internet Service started.
November 23,1997 : Prasar Bharati Corporation came into existence.
January 26,1998 : Radio on Demand’ Service on 2nd FM Channel.
February 25,1998 : AIR news on telephone, live on internet.
April,1998 : Sale of Time Slots on FM stopped.
August 29,1998 : Prasar Bharati Bill was passed by Lok Sabha on 31.7.1998 made
operational through an ordinance.
June,1999 : Shri R.R.Shah, IAS, named officiating Member Executive. Private FM
Channels announced by GOI.
August 15,1999 : Radio Station commissioned at Kokrajhar in Bodo Land Autonomous
Council Areas.
August 15,1999 : Second FM Channels commissioned at Delhi and Calcutta.
November, 1999 : AIR launched a daily Malayalam Service for the Gulf Region. It
consists of a 10 mts. News Bulletins at 2315 hrs. followed by a 5 mts. Commentary on a
topical issue.

2000-2007
February 11, 2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR Jabalpur.
March 13, 2000 : Radio Station commissioned at Dhubri in Bodo Land Autonomous
Council Area.
March 24, 2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR, Jammu.
June, 2000 : Community Radio Stations commissioned at Nongstoin & William Nagar
in (Meghalaya), Saiha (Mizoram), Tuensang and Mon in Nagaland.
July 17,2000 : Regional Staff Training Institute (Tech.) started functioning at
Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)
August 15,2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR, Coimbatore.
September 3, 2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR,Jamshedpur.
February 7,2001 : Radio Station commissioned at Gopeshwar (Chamoli) in the newly
created State of Uttaranchal.
September 1, 2001 : AIR launched Infotainment channels, FM-II, at the four
metro’s.,Chennai,Delhi.,Kolkata Mumbai.
November 12, 2001 : This day declared as The Public Service Broadcasting day to
commemorate Gandhji’s visit to AIR. Museum of Radio and Doordarshan
inaugurated.

February 27, 2002 : AIR launched its first ever digital satellite home service to
cater to the Indian sub-continent and South East Asia.
July 2002 : 75 years of Broadcasting celebrated.
April 2003 : Marketing Division of Prasar Bharati inaugurated.
January 26th, 2004 : Bhasha Bharati channel of AIR launched at Delhi.
January 26th, 2004 : Classical Music channel launched at Bangalore.
February 19, 2004 : Shri Brijeshwar Singh, IAS took over as DG:AIR.
March 29th, 2004 : National Artists Awards ceremony held at Hyderabad.
April 1st, 2004 : Launch of Kisan Vani Programme from 12 stations.
May 25, 2004 : 20KW MW transmission at Kupwara Commissioned to
strengthen Radio coverage in the border area of J&K.
September 6, 2004 : Min. of Information & Broadcasting laid foundation stone
for 10 KW FM transmitter at Vijayawada.
December 16,2004 : Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh inaugurated DTH
Service of AIR & Doordarshan.
:12 AIR channels in different regional languages from various
state capitals made available countrywide through the KU Band on DTH
platform of Prasar Bharati.

15th June,2005 : FM transmitter commionsioned at Port Blair, Himmatnager,
Saraipalli, Mandla, Rajgarh, Agartala and Imphal.
9th July,2005 : 1 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Shimla.
15th Aug, 2005 : FM transmitter commisioned at Udaipur, Rohtak, Gulbarga,
Aurangabad and Madurai.
23rd Aug, 2005 : New Broadcasting House equipped with digital studio setup for
News Service Division, External Service and Home Service inaugurated by
Hon’ble Minister of I&B and Culture.
2nd Sept, 2005 : 1 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Gorakhpur.
23rd Decmeber,2005 : 1 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Deogarh in Orissa.
25th December,2005 : 5 kW FM transmitter commissioned at both Hyderabad in
Andhra Pradesh and Kurseong in West Bengal.
27th December,2005 : 10 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Shillong in
Meghalaya and 1kW transmitter commissioned at Darjeeling in West Bengal.
15th & 16th Feb-06 : Commonwealth Broadcasting Association conference held at
Delhi.
17th June, 2006 : 1 KW FM transmitter commissioned at Vijayawada (AP).
30th June, 2006 : Uplinking of DTH channel increased from 12 to 20.
11th July, 2006 : 1KW FM transmitter commissioned at Kanpur (UP).
1st Sept, 2006 : 200 KW MW transmitter commissioned at Kargil (J&K).1KW
MW transmitters commissioned at Drass & Tiesuru (J&K).
2nd October, 2006 : 20 KW MW transmitter commissioned at Kota (Raj.)

Jan-2007 to Dec-2007
New Stations with FM Transmitters commisioned at
Tamilnadu),Dharampur(Macherla(AndhraPradesh) and Aurangabad (Bihar).
FM Transmitters commissioned at existing stations at Itanagar (ArunachalPradesh),
Aizawl (Mizoram), Kohima (Nagaland), Baripada (Orissa), Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
and Puducherry.
Existing FM Transmitters at Chennai i.e. 5 KW FM Tr. of FM Gold and 10 KW FM Tr.
of FM Rainbow replaced by 20 KW FM Transmitters.
Existing 5 KW FM Tr. of FM Gold service at Kolkata replaced by 20 KW FM
Transmitter.
New station with 1 KW MW Transmitter commissioned at Soro (Orissa).
Existing 100 KW MW Transmitters at Delhi & Raipur (Chhatisgarh) replaced with new
state-of-the art technology transmitters.
As part of J&K special package for boosting border coverage, new Stations with 1 KW
MW Transmitters at Nyoma & Diskit in Leh region commissioned.

FM Transmitter at Leh (J&K) commissioned.
A 200 KW MW Transmitter commissioned replacing 100 KW MW Transmitter.at
Najibabad.
As part of J&K speacial package for boosting border coverage, a new station with
1KW MW Transmitter commissioned. at Padum in Kargil. With this all the 12 projects
included in J&K special package Phase-1 commissioned.
Digital Captive Earth Stations at Leh, Varanasi, Rohtak and Aurangabad
commissioned. New uplink stations at Dehradun and Silchar under implementation.
A new DTH Channel, Radio Kashmir, Srinagar added in the Direct to Home Service of
AIR. There are now 21 radio channel available countrywide through the KU Band
DTH Platform of Prasar Bharati (DD +), benefitting the listeners all over India.

New station with 5 KW FM Transmitter commissioned at Oras
(Sindhudurganagry) in Maharashtra.
Computerization of AIR stations and offices in progress to facilitate online
exchange of information and improvement of efficiency.
Permanent studio facilities equipped with Digital equipment and computerized
Hard Disc Work Stations for recording, dubbing, editing & playback provided at
Jaipur (Raj) & Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh).

An exclusive dedicated FM channel "AIR FM DILLI" with one KW transmitter
installed at AIR Broadcasting House Delhi. This channel was available on 100.1
MHZ in National Capital Region.
The following new transmitters were installed:
Churachandpur (Manipur)-6 KW FM Tr., Studio & S/Qrs.
Bharmour (Himachal Pradesh)- 100 W FM Tr.,
Keylong (Himachal Pradesh)- 100 W FM Tr.,
Ooty (Tamilnadu)- 100 W FM Tr.,
Thanjavur (Tamilnadu)- 100 W FM Tr.
AIR ‘News on Phone’ Service made available at 14 places i.e. Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai, Patna, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Bangalore, Thiuvananthapuram,
Imphal, Lucknow , Raipur, Guwahati, and Shimla.
Coverage of World Cup Cricket.
FM Gold started 24 Hours Service from 2nd October, 2011.
2012
Bangladesh recognizes Akashvani for its contribution in Bangladesh Liberation War
on 27th March, 2012 at Dhaka. Sh. L. D. Mandloi, DG, AIR received the award at a
special ceremony in Dhaka.

A two-way radio is an audio transceiver, a receiver and transmitter in the same device,
used for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication with other users with
similar radios.
An older term for this mode of communication is radiotelephony.
The radio link may be half-duplex, as in a walkie-talkie, using a single radio channel in
which only one radio can transmit at a time, so different users take turns talking,
pressing a "push to talk" button on their radio which switches off the receiver and
switches on the transmitter.
Or the radio link may be full duplex, a bidirectional link using two radio channels so
both people can talk at the same time, as in a cell phone.
Examples of Two way Voice Communication system are: CellPhones, Satellite Phones,
Cord-less Phone or a Land –Line telephone, Land mobile radio system, Walkie-talkie ,
Airband, Marine radio, Amateur radio.
Two way voice communication

One way, unidirectional radio transmission is called simplex.
Baby monitor – this is a cribside appliance for parents of infants that transmits the
baby's sounds to a receiver carried by the parent, so they can monitor the baby
while they are in other parts of the house.
Wireless microphone – a battery powered microphone with a short-range
transmitter which is handheld or worn on a person's body which transmits its
sound by radio to a nearby receiver unit connected to a sound system.
Wireless microphones are used by public speakers, performers, and television
personalities so they can move freely without trailing a microphone cord.
One way voice communication

Data communications
Data transmission (also data communication or digital communications) is the transfer
of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.
The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical
voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal.
Analog or analogue transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice, data,
image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude,
phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable.
The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line
code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying waveforms
(passband transmission), using a digital modulation method.
The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is
carried out by modem equipment.
Examples: Wireless networking, Wireless LAN, Wireless WAN, Bluetooth, Packet radio,
Text messaging, Microwave relay, Telemetry, Radio Frequency Identification, Submarine
communication

Space communication
This is radio communication between a spacecraft and an Earth-based ground station, or
another spacecraft.
Communication with spacecraft involves the longest transmission distances of any radio
links, up to billions of kilometers for interplanetary spacecraft.
In order to receive the weak signals from distant spacecraft, satellite ground stations use
large parabolic "dish" antennas up to 25 metres (82 ft) in diameter and extremely
sensitive receivers.
High frequencies in the microwave band are used, since microwaves pass through
the ionosphere without refraction, and at microwave frequencies the high gain
antennas needed to focus the radio energy into a narrow beam pointed at the receiver are
small and take up a minimum of space in a satellite.
A radio link which transmits data from the Earth's surface to a spacecraft is called
an uplink, while a link which transmits data from the spacecraft to the ground is called
a downlink.

Radar is a radiolocation method used to locate and track aircraft,
spacecraft, missiles, ships, vehicles, and also to map weather patterns
and terrain.
A radar set consists of a transmitter and receiver.
The transmitter emits a narrow beam of radio waves which is swept
around the surrounding space.
When the beam strikes a target object, radio waves are reflected back
to the receiver. The direction of the beam reveals the object's location.
Since radio waves travel at a constant speed close to the speed of
light, by measuring the brief time delay between the outgoing pulse
and the received "echo", the range to the target can be calculated.
The targets are often displayed graphically on a map display called
radar screen.
Radar

Remote sensing – in radio, remote sensing is the reception of electromagnetic waves
radiated by natural objects or the atmosphere for scientific research.
All warm objects emit microwaves and the spectrum emitted can be used to
determine temperature.
Microwave radiometers are used in meteorology and earth sciences to determine
temperature of the atmosphere and earth surface, as well as chemical reactions in
the atmosphere.
Remote sensing

Radio astronomy is the scientific study of radio waves emitted by astronomical
objects.
Radio astronomers use radio telescopes, large radio antennas and receivers, to
receive and study the radio waves from astronomical radio sources.
Since astronomical radio sources are so far away, the radio waves from them are
extremely weak, requiring extremely sensitive receivers, and radio telescopes are
the most sensitive radio receivers in existence.
Scientific Research

Important tool in mass media
During the 1930s, radio was considered an intimate and credible medium.
The public used it as a news source and expected it to provide factual information.
Radio was the first truly mass medium of communication, reaching millions of people
instantly and altering social attitudes, family relationships, and how people related to their
environment.
Radio is an attractive medium among the various mass communication media because of
its special characteristics.
It continues to be as relevant and potent as it was in the early years despite the emergence
of more glamorous media.

It is a truism that in the first phase of broadcasting spanning three decades from the early
twenties, radio reigned alone or was the dominant player.
However, despite the presence of a plethora of media, there is room and scope for each
medium.
Experience has revealed that ‘new technologies add things on but they don’t replace’.
One medium is not displaced by another – each medium reinvents itself in the context of
changes in the communication environment.
In the changed media scenario, radio is reorienting itself with more innovative
programmes and formats.

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