The document provides an overview of the New Seven Quality Control tools. It describes the seven tools - Affinity Diagrams, Relations Diagrams, Tree Diagrams, Matrix Diagrams, Arrow Diagrams, Process Decision Program Charts, and Matrix Data Analysis. It explains the history and development of the tools, their purposes and advantages. Examples are given of how to construct Affinity Diagrams, Relations Diagrams, Tree Diagrams, and Matrix Diagrams. The tools are intended to organize verbal data, generate ideas, improve planning, and increase the effectiveness of total quality management.

1. The New Seven
Q.C. Tools
A Training Presentation on the N7
By Christopher Diaz

2. What are the
New Seven Q.C. Tools
‚ Affinity Diagrams
ƒ Relations Diagrams
„ Tree Diagrams
… Matrix Diagrams
† Arrow Diagrams
‡ Process Decision Program Charts
ˆ Matrix Data Analysis

3. History of the
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Slide 1 0f 2
· Committee of J.U.S.E. - 1972
· Aim was to develop more QC
techniques with design approach
· Work in conjunction with original Basic
Seven Tools
· New set of methods (N7) - 1977

4. History of the
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Slide 2 0f 2
· Developed to organize verbal data
diagrammatically.
· Basic 7 tools effective for data analysis,
process control, and quality
improvement (numerical data)
· Used together increases TQM
effectiveness

5. What are the
Basic Seven Q.C. Tools?
‚ Flow Charts
ƒ Run Charts
„ Histograms
… Pareto Diagrams
† Cause and Effect Diagrams
‡ Scatter Diagrams
ˆ Control Charts

6. Relation Between New Seven
Q.C. Tools and Basic Seven
Tools
FACTS
Data
Numerical Data Verbal Data
Define problem after Define problem before
collecting numerical data collecting numerical data
The Basic Seven Tools The Seven New Tools
•Analytical approach •Generate Ideas
Organize •Formulate plans
Information
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

7. Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Slide 1 0f 4
Enhanced Capabilities
‚ Organize verbal data
ƒ Generate ideas
„ Improve planning
… Eliminate errors and omissions
† Explain problems intelligibly
‡ Secure full cooperation
ˆ Persuade powerfully

8. Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Enhanced Keys to Organizational Reform
‚ Assess situations from various angles
ƒ Clarify the desired situation
„ Prioritize tasks effectively
… Proceed systematically
† Anticipate future events
‡ Change proactively
ˆ Get things right the first time

9. Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Slide 3 0f 4
Five Objectives of Organizational Reform
which will establish a Culture that:
‚ Identifies problems
ƒ Gives importance to planning
„ Stresses the importance of the process
… Prioritizes tasks
† Encourages everyone to think
systematically

10. Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Slide 4 0f 4
Unstructured Problem [must be put into solvable form]
The Seven New Tools
Problem is mapped
Problem becomes Thoughts are Plans are Problem becomes
obvious to all easily organized easily laid obvious to all
People understand Problem can be Nothing is Nub of problem
problem clearly articulated omitted is identified
Cooperation is Countermeasures
Things go well
obtained are on target
Problem is in solvable form
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

11. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 1 0f 7
For Pinpointing the Problem in a Chaotic
Situation and Generating Solution Strategies
· Gathers large amounts of intertwined
verbal data (ideas, opinions, issues)
· Organizes the data into groups based
on natural relationship
· Makes it feasible for further analysis
and to find a solution to the problem.

12. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 2 0f 7
Advantages of Affinity Diagrams
· Facilitates breakthrough thinking and
stimulate fresh ideas
· Permits the problem to be pinned down
accurately
· Ensures everyone clearly recognizes the
problem
· Incorporates opinions of entire group

13. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 3 0f 7
Advantages of Affinity Diagrams (cont.)
· Fosters team spirit
· Raises everyone’s level of awareness
· Spurs to the group into action
Topic
Affinity Statement Affinity Statement Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card

14. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 4 0f 7
Constructing an Affinity Diagram
Group Method Approach
‚ Select a topic
ƒ Collect verbal data by brainstorming
„ Discuss info collected until everyone
understands it thoroughly
… Write each item on separate data card
† Spread out all cards on table

15. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 5 0f 7
Constructing an Affinity Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
‡ Move data cards into groups of similar
themes (natural affinity for each other)
ˆ Combine statements on data cards to
new Affinity statement
‰ Make new card with Affinity statement
Š Continue to combine until less than 5
groups

16. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 6 0f 7
Constructing an Affinity Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
‹Lay the groups outs, keeping the affinity
clusters together
Next, complete the diagram

17. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Slide 7 0f 7
Completing an Affinity Diagram
Topic
Affinity Statement Affinity Statement Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

18. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 1 0f 7
For Finding Solutions Strategies by Clarifying
Relationships with Complex Interrelated Causes
· Resolves tangled issues by unraveling
the logical connection
· Allows for “Multi-directional” thinking
rather than linear
· Also known as Interrelationship
diagrams

19. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 2 0f 7
Advantages of Relations Diagrams
· Useful at planning stage for obtaining
perspective on overall situation
· Facilitates consensus among team
· Assists to develop and change people’s
thinking
· Enables priorities to be identified
accurately

20. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 3 0f 7
Advantages of Relations Diagrams (cont.)
· Makes the problem recognizable by
clarifying the relationships among causes
Tertiary Tertiary
Cause Secondary Cause
Primary Cause Cause
Primary Cause Tertiary
Secondary Cause
Why doesn’t
Cause Secondary
X happen?
Cause
Primary Cause Primary Cause
Secondary 6th level
Cause
Tertiary Cause
Secondary Tertiary
Cause
Cause
4th level Cause 4th level 5th level
Cause Cause Cause

21. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 4 0f 7
Constructing a Relations Diagram
Group Method Approach
‚ Express the problem in form of “Why
isn’t something happening?”
ƒ Each member lists 5 causes affecting
problem
„ Write each item on a card
… Discuss info collected until everyone
understands it thoroughly

22. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 5 0f 7
Constructing a Relations Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
† Move cards into similar groups
‡ Asking why, explore the cause-effect
relationships, and divide the cards into
primary, secondary and tertiary causes
ˆ Connect all cards by these relationships
‰ Further discuss until all possible causes
have been identified

23. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 6 0f 7
Constructing a Relations Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
Š Review whole diagram looking for
relationships among causes
‹ Connect all related groups
Next, complete the diagram

24. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Slide 7 0f 7
Completing a Relations Diagram
Tertiary Tertiary
Cause Secondary Cause
Primary Cause Cause
Primary Cause Tertiary
Secondary Cause
Cause Why doesn’t
X happen? Secondary
Cause
Primary Cause Primary Cause
6th level
Secondary
Cause
Tertiary Cause
Cause Tertiary
Secondary
Cause
Cause 4th level
4th level 5th level
Cause Cause Cause
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

25. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Slide 1 0f 5
For Systematically Pursuing the Best Strategies
for Attaining an Objective
· Develops a succession of strategies for
achieving objectives
· Reveals methods to achieve the results.
· Also known as Systematic diagrams or
Dendrograms

26. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Slide 2 0f 5
Advantages of Tree Diagrams
· Systematic and logical approach is less
likely that items are omitted
· Facilitates agreement among team
· Are extremely convincing with strategies
4th means
Secondary means 3rd means 4th means
3rd means 4th means
Primary means 3rd means 4th means
4th means
To Secondary means 3rd means
4th means
Accomplish 4th means
Constraints

27. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Slide 3 0f 5
Constructing a Tree Diagram
Group Method Approach
‚ Write Relations Diagram topic (Objective
card)
ƒ Identify constraints on how objective
can be achieved
„ Discuss means of achieving objective
(primary means, first level strategy)
… Take each primary mean, write ob-
jective for achieving it (secondary means)

28. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Slide 4 0f 5
Constructing an Tree Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
† Continue to expand to the fourth level
‡ Review each system of means in both
directions (from objective to means and means to
objective)
ˆ Add more cards if needed
‰ Connect all levels
Next, complete the diagram

29. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Slide 5 0f 5
Completing a Tree Diagram 4th means
3rd means 4th means
Secondary means
3rd means 4th means
Primary means 4th means
3rd means
4th means
3rd means
Secondary means
To 4th means
Accomplish 4th means
3rd means 4th means
Secondary means 3rd means 4th means
4th means
Primary means
3rd means 4th means
Constraints
Secondary means 3rd means 4th means
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

30. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 1 0f 7
For Clarifying Problems by “Thinking
Multidimensionally”
· Consists of a two-dimensional array to
determine location and nature of
problem
· Discovers key ideas by relationships
represented by the cells in matrix.

31. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 2 0f 7
Advantages of Matrix Diagrams
· Enable data on ideas based on extensive
experience
· Clarifies relationships among different
elements
· Makes overall structure of problem
immediately obvious
· Combined from two to four types of
diagrams, location of problem is clearer.

32. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 3 0f 7
Advantages of Matrix Diagrams (cont.)
· 5 types: L-shaped, T-shaped, Y-shaped,
X-shaped, and C-shaped
O O =1 O =4 Principa l
QC circle supporter
O =2 O X =5 O Subsidia ry
=3 X =6
Site QC circle
Section/Plant
Section/Plant
Practicability
Eva lua tion Re sponsibilitie s
Manager
Member
Efficacy
Re ma rks
Leader
Rank
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O Hold 4 times/month
4th level means
from Tree diagram O 3 O At every meeting
4th level means
from Tree diagram O 2 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O X 5 O At least 3 times/year/person
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O O
4th level means
from Tree diagram 4 O

33. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 4 0f 7
Constructing a Matrix Diagram
‚ Write final-level means from Tree
diagram forming vertical axis
ƒ Write in Evaluation categories (efficacy,
practicability, and rank) on horizontal axis.
„ Examine final-level means to identify
whom will implement them
… Write names along horizontal axis

34. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 5 0f 7
Constructing a Matrix Diagram (cont.)
† Label group of columns as “Responsibilities”
‡ Label right-hand end of horizontal axis
as “Remarks”
ˆ Examine each cell and insert the
appropriate symbol:
Efficacy: O=good, E=satisfactory, X=none
Practicability: O=good,P=satisfactory, X=none

35. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 6 0f 7
Constructing a Matrix Diagram (cont.)
‰ Determine score for each combination
of symbols, record in rank column
Š Examine cells under Responsibility
Columns, insert double-circle for
Principal and single-circle for Subsidiary
‹ Fill out remarks column and record
meanings of symbol
Next, complete the diagram

36. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Slide 7 0f 7
Completing a Matrix Diagram
O O =1 O =4 Principa l
O =2 O X =5 O Subsidiary
QC circle supporter
=3 X =6
Site QC circle
Eva luation Re sponsibilitie s
Section/Plant
Section/Plant
Practicability
Manager
Member
Efficacy
Re ma rks
Leader
Rank
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O Hold 4 times/month
4th level means
from Tree diagram O 3 O At every meeting
4th level means
from Tree diagram O 2 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O X 5 O At least 3 times/year/person
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O O
4th level means
from Tree diagram 4 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O 2 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram O O 1 O
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

37. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 1 0f 7
For Working Out Optimal Schedules and
Controlling Them Effectively
· Shows relationships among tasks
needed to implement a plan
· Network technique using nodes for
events and arrows for activities
· Used in PERT (Program Evaluation and Review
Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method)

38. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 2 0f 7
Advantages of Arrow Diagrams
· Allows overall task to viewed and potential
snags to be identified before work starts
· Leads to discovery of possible
improvements
· Makes it easy to monitor progress of work
· Deals promptly with changes to plan
· Improves communication among team

39. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 3 0f 7
Advantages of Arrow Diagrams (cont.)
· Promotes understanding and agreement
among group
Strategy Constraints
4 12
1 2 3 5 9 10 13
Activity
6 8 11
7

40. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 4 0f 7
Constructing an Arrow Diagram
‚ From strategies on Tree diagram, select
one (Objective of Arrow Diagram)
ƒ Identify constraints to Objective
„ List all activities necessary to achieving
Objective
… Write all essential activities on separate
cards

41. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 5 0f 7
Constructing an Arrow Diagram (cont.)
† Organize cards in sequential order of
activities
‡ Remove any duplicate activities
ˆ Review order of activities, find
sequence with greatest amount of
activities
‰ Arrange parallel activities

42. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 6 0f 7
Constructing an Arrow Diagram (cont.)
Š Examine path, number nodes in
sequence from left to right
‹ Record names and other necessary
information
Next, complete the diagram

43. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Slide 7 0f 7
Completing an Arrow Diagram
Strategy Constraints
4 12
1 2 3 5 9 10 13
Activity
6 8 11
7
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 984)

44. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 1 0f 7
For Producing the Desired Result from Many
Possible Outcomes
· Used to plan various contingencies
· Used for getting activities back on track
· Steers events in required direction if
unanticipated problems occur
· Finds feasible counter measures to
overcome problems

45. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 2 0f 7
Advantages of Process Decisions Program
Charts (PDPC’s)
· Facilitates forecasting
· Uses past to anticipate contingencies
· Enables problems to pinpointed
· Illustrates how events will be directed to
successful conclusion
· Enables those involved to understand
decision-makers intentions

46. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 3 0f 7
Advantages of PDPC’s (cont.)
· Fosters cooperation and communication in
group
· Easily modified and easily understood
Start
NO
NO NO
NO
YES YES NO NO
YES
NO
GOAL

47. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 4 0f 7
Constructing a PDPC
‚ Select a highly effective, but difficult
strategy from the Tree diagram
ƒ Decide on a goal (most desirable outcome)
„ Identify existing situation (Starting point)
… Identify constraints of objective
† List activities to reach goal and potential
problems with each activity

48. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 5 0f 7
Constructing an PDPC (cont.)
‡ Review list. Add extra activities or
problems not thought of previously
ˆ Prepare contingency plan for each step
and review what action is needed if
step is not achieved
‰ Examine carefully to check for
inconsistencies and all important factors
are included

49. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 6 0f 7
Constructing an PDPC (cont.)
Š Examine to make sure all contingency
plans are adequate
Next, complete the diagram

50. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Slide 7 0f 7
Completing a PDPC Start
NO
NO NO
NO
YES YES NO NO
YES
NO
GOAL
S o u rc e : N ayatan i , Y., T h e S e ve n N e w Q C T o o ls (T o k yo , Jap an , 3A C o rp o rati o n , 1 9 84)

51. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Slide 1 0f 6
Principal Component Analysis
· Technique quantifies and arranges data
presented in Matrix
· Based solely on numerical data
· Finds indicators that differentiate and
attempt to clarify large amount of
information

52. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Slide 2 0f 6
Advantages of Principal Component Analysis
· Can be used in various fields (market surveys,
new product planning, process analysis)
· Can be when used when Matrix diagram
does not give sufficient information
· Useful as Prioritization Grid

53. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Slide 3 0f 6
Constructing a Prioritization Grid
S o u rc e : F o s te r, S ., M an ag i n g Q u ali ty (U p p e r S ad d le R i ve r, N J: P re n ti c e H all, 2 001 )
‚ Determine your goal, your alternatives,
and criteria for decision
ƒ Place selection in order of importance
„ Apply percentage weight to each option
(all weights should add up to 1)
… Sum individual ratings to establish
overall ranking (Divide by number of options
for average ranking)

54. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Slide 4 0f 6
Constructing a Prioritization Grid (cont.)
† Rank order each option with respect to
criterion (Average the rankings and apply a
completed ranking)
‡Multiply weight by associated rank in
Matrix (in example, 4 is best, 1 is worst)
ˆ Result is Importance Score
‰ Add up Importance Scores for each
option

55. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Slide 5 0f 6
Constructing a Prioritization Grid (cont.)
Š Rank order the alternatives according to
importance
See completed the diagram

56. New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Slide 6 0f 6
Completing a Prioritization Grid
Criteria Customer Acceptance Strength Importance Option
(most important) Cost Reliability (least important) Sum Score Ranking
Options
Design A
Percentage weight .40 .30 .20 .10
Rank 4 3 3 1
Importance score 1.6 .90 .60 .10 3.2 1 (tie)
Design B
Percentage weight .30 .40 .10 .20
Rank 3 4 1 2
Importance score .90 1.6 .10 .40 3.0 2
Design C
Percentage weight .25 .25 .25 .25
Rank 1 2 4 3
Importance score .25 .50 1 .75 2.5 3
Design D
Percentage weight 0.3 .10 .20 .40
Rank 3 1 3 4
Importance score .90 .10 .60 1.6 3.2 1 (tie)
Sum of weights 1.25 1.05 .75 .95
Average weight .31 .26 .19 .24
Criterion Ranking 1 2 4 3
S o u rc e : F o s te r, S ., M an ag i n g Q u ali ty (U p p e r S ad d le R i ve r, N J: P re n ti c e H all, 2 001 )