This document discusses nanoemulsions and their use as drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction that defines nanoemulsions as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water and surfactant with droplet sizes between 50-500nm. It then covers the classification, advantages, limitations and methods of preparing nanoemulsions. The document discusses characterizing techniques and various applications of nanoemulsions for drug delivery, including parenteral, intranasal, ocular, tumor targeting, pulmonary and oral routes. In conclusion, nanoemulsions can increase drug solubility, bioavailability and targeting potential for various therapeutic applications.

1. Nanoemulsions In Allopathic
Drug
Presented by
Priya Gupta

2. LIST OF CONTENTS
2
 Introduction
 Classification
 Advantage
 Limitation
 Method of preparation
 Characterization
 Application
 Conclusion
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Nanoemulsion may be defined as the novel drug
delivery system which is thermodynamically
stable, isotropic in nature where two immiscible
liquid i.e. a water system & an oil system are
mixed together to form a single phase by means of
an appropriate surfactant.
 In nanoemulsion the oil droplets containing the
hydrophobic drug that has to be delivered to a
targeted organ and the mean droplet diameter
ranging 50-500 nm.

4. Basic structural view of Nanoemulsion system

5. Nanoemulsion - Classification
 Depending on the composition :
 O/W : Oil droplets are dispersed in continuous aqueous phase.
 W/O : Water droplets are dispersed in continuous oil phase.
 Bi-continuous : Microdomains of oil and water are dispersed within the
system .

6. Advantages of Nanoemulsion
 Nanoemulsions increase the rate of drug absorption.
 The very small droplet size causes a large reduction in the gravity force
and the Brownian motion is sufficient for overcoming gravity .This mean
that no creaming or sedimentation occurs on storage.
 It helps to solubilize lipophilic drugs.
 It is thermodynamically stable.
 Various routes like topical, oral, I.V. etc. can be used to deliver the product.
 It improves the bioavailability of drugs.
 It can be formulated in variety of formulation such as foam, liquid, spray
& cream.
 It may be used as a substitute for liposome.
 Possibilities of controlled drug release & drug targeting.
 Rapid and efficient penetration of the drug moiety Provides
protection from hydrolysis and oxidation as drug in oil
phase.

7. Limitations of Nanoemulsion
The formulation of nanoemulsion is an
expensive process due to size reduction of
droplets is very difficult as it required special
kind of instruments & process methods .For
example homogenizer arrangement is an
expensive process.
Oswald ripening could damage the
nanoemulsion.
Changing of pH may cause stability
problems.

8. Difference between Emulsions &
Nanoemulsions
Emulsions Nanoemulsions
1. Anisotropic
2. Appearance is cloudy
3. Thermodynamically
unstable.
4. Wet gum method, Dry gum
method are used for
preparation.
5. Higher surfactant
concentration(20-25%)
6. Creaming, sedimentation &
phase inversion stability
problems may occur.
1. Isotropic
2. Appearance is transparent.
3. Thermodynamically stable
4. Microfludization,
ultrasound generators etc.
technique are used for
preparation.
5. Lower surfactant
concentration(5-10%)
6. Ostwald ripening may
occur

9. Formulation of Nanoemulsions
 Oil phase -. Castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil,cottonseed
oil, o fish oil, jojoba oil, lard oil,linseed oil, mineral oil,
oliveoil, peanut oil etc.
 Water- Purified water.
 Surfactants- polysorbates, tween, span, castor
oilderivatives, stearlyamine, cetyl alcohol, stearyl
alcohol, fatty alcohols etc.
 Co-surfactants - Ethanol, propanol, propylene glycol etc.
 Antioxidants - Ascorbic acid, tocopherol etc.
 Tonicity modifiers - Dextrose, Nacl etc.
 pH adjusting agents – NaOH HCL.
 Preservatives - Methyl paraben, Propyl paraben etc.

10. Preparation of nanoemulsion
• High-pressure homogenization
• Microfluidization
• Ultrasound EnergyHigh Energy
• Solvent Displacement Method
• Phase Inversion Temperature Technique
Low Energy

11. High-pressure Homogenization
 In a high-pressure homogenizer, the dispersion of two
liquids (oily phase and aqueous phase) is achieved by
forcing their mixture through a small inlet orifice at very
high pressure (500 to 5000 psi), which subjects the
product to intense turbulence and hydraulic shear
resulting in extremely fine particles of emulsion.

12.  This technique makes use of high-pressure
homogenizer/ piston homogenizer to produce
nanoemulsion of extremely low particle size (up to 1
nm).
 Hydraulic shear, intense turbulence and cavitation,
act together to yield nanoemulsion with extremely
small droplet size.
 The resultant product can be re-subjected to high-
pressure homogenization until nanoemulsion with
desired droplet size is obtained.
 Disadvantage: High energy consumption and
increase in temperature of emulsion during
processing.

13. Microfluidization
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 It is patented mixing technology which uses the microfluidizer.
 The device uses a high pressure positive displacement pump which forces
the product through interaction channel which contains ‘microchannels’.
 The product flows through a microchannels on to an impingement area
resulting in a very fine particle/droplet size formation.
 The aqueous and oily phase are processed in an in line homoginizer to yield
a coarse emulsion.
 Then it is further proceed to microfluidizer to obtain a nanoemulsion.
 The coarse emulsion is passed through the interaction channel repeatedly to
yield a desired size nanoemulsion.
 This method can be used at laboratory and industrial scale.

15. Ultrasound emulsification
 In this method, a probe emits ultrasonic waves (20 kHz)
to disintegrate the macroemulsion by means of
cavitation forces. By varying the ultrasonic energy input
and time, the nanoemulsion with desired properties can
be obtained.
 Undesirable for thermolabile drugs and macromolecules
(retinoid, protein, enzyme and nucleic acid)

16. Solvent displacement method
 Oily phase is dissolved in water-miscible organic
solvents, such as acetone, ethanol and ethyl methyl
ketone.
 The organic phase is poured into an aqueous phase
containing surfactant to yield spontaneous nanoemulsion
by rapid diffusion of organic solvent.
 The organic solvent is removed from the nanoemulsion
by a suitable mean, such as vacuum evaporation.
 This method can yield nanoemulsion at room
temperature and require simple stirring for the
fabrication.
 This method is used for parenteral preparation.

17. Phase Inversion Technique
 In this method the fine dispersions are produced
as the phase inversion occurs which is caused by
varying the composition and keeping the
temperature constant or vice versa.
 phase inversion is widely used in fabrication of
cosmetic products, pharmaceutical products
(e.g., vesicles for drug delivery), foodstuff and
detergents.

18. charaterization
 Average Globule Size And Size Distribution:-
a)TEM & SEM - 3 diamensional image
b)Light scattering – photon correlation spectroscopy.
 Viscosity determination: Brookfield viscometer.
 Refractive Index: Abbe-type Refractometer
 Zeta Potential : It is used to determine surface charge .
Zetasizer is used for determination of zeta potential.
 Area Of Interface : It can be determined by following
formula.
S = 6/d where,
S = Total area of Interface (sq.cm)
d = Diameter of Globule (cm)

19.  Interfacial Tension: Spinning-drop
apparatus can be used to measure the ultra
low interfacial tension
 Skin permeation test: Franz diffusion cell

20. Thermodynamic Studies
Prepare number of formulations
Formulations centrifuged for specific period.
select stable formulation
kept under heating and cooling cycle.
select stable formulation
subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle test
select stable formulation

22. Parenteral drug delivery
 Lipophillic drug can be given by this route. Generally
I.V route is preferred.
 The lack of flocculation, sedimentation and creaming,
combined with a large surface area and free energy, offer
obvious advantages over emulsion of larger particle size.
 Their very large interfacial area positively influences the
drug transport and their delivery, along with targeting
them to specific sites.
 Frequency of dosage of injection can be reduced
throughout the drug therapy.
 Parenteral nanoemulsion formulation of the following
drugs have been documented-
carbamazepine,diazepam,dexamethasone etc.

23. Parenteral nanoemulsions
Carbamazepine IV injection (Under trial)
 Widely used as an anticonvulsant drug, which is a
poorly soluble drug with no parenteral treatment available
for patients.
Solubility of drug increases by decreasing the particle
size upto nanometer
 Treatment available for patients i.e. CBZ nanoemulsion
given by IV route.

24. Intranasal Drug delivery
Used as a vehicle system for brain targeted
drug delivery.
Nanoemulsions loaded with drugs like
risperidone, rizatriptan etc. are very useful
in the treatment of CNS disorders like
parkinson’s, migraine, meningitis etc.
Preparation of nanoemulsions containing
risperidone for its delivery to the brain via
nose has been reported. It is inferred that this
emulsion is more effective through the nasal
rather than intravenous route.

25. Ocular drug delivery
Nanoemulsions increase the contact time
of the drug in the eye.
High ability of drug penetration into the
deeper layers of the ocular structure &
aqueous humor.
Reduce the need for frequent
administration.
Nanoemulsion of Dorzolamide Hcl.
shows high therapeutic efficacy &
prolonged effect.

26. Tumor targeted drug
delivery
 The use of nanoemulsion formulation, for controlled drug
delivery and targeting because of their submicron size,
they can easily be targeted to the tumor area.
 Act as a vehicles for targeted drug delivery of various
aqueous insoluble anti cancer drugs, photosensitizers,
diagnostic agents for cancer therapy.
 Development of magnetic nanoemulsion is an innovative
approach for cancer therapy. These can be deliver
photosensitizers like Foscan to deep tissue layers across
the skin thereby inducing hyperthermia.

27. Pulmonary drug delivery
To achieve relatively uniform
distribution of drug dose among the
alveoli.
Able to transfect pulmonary epithelial
cells.
A novel pressurized aerosol system for the
pulmonary delivery of salbutamol.

28. Oral drug delivery
 Nanoemulsions was developed to
increase oral bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs.
 GIT disturbances can be avoided.
 High concentration of paclitaxal was
observed in the systemic circulation when
it is formulated in nanoemulsion form.

29. Oral lipid nanoemulsion of primaquine
Primaquine is one of the most widely used antimalarial and
is the only available drug till date to combat relapsing form of
malaria especially in case of Plasmodium vivax and
Plasmodium ovale.
Application of PQ in higher doses is limited by severe tissue
toxicity including hematological and GI related side effects
which are needed to be minimized.
 When incorporated into oral lipid nanoemulsion having
particle size in the range of 10–200 nm showed effective
antimalarial activity against Plasmodium infection in Swiss
albino mice at a 25% lower dose level as compared to
conventional oral dose.

30. Transdermal drug delivery
Nano sized emulsions are able to easily
penetrate the pores of the skin and reach the
systemic circulation.Thus getting channelized
for effective drug delivery.
Able to controlled the locally applied drug
redistribution through cuteneousblood&lymph
vesslesystem.
w/onanoemulsionsof caffeine,indomethacin,
aceclofenacetc.havebeendevelopedfortransdermal
drugdelivery.

31. 3.Nanoemulsions As Mucosal Vaccines
(Under Trial)
 Nanoemulsions are being used to deliver either
recombinant proteins or inactivated organisms to a
mucosal surface to produce an immune response.
nanoemulsion
causes proteins
applied to the
mucosal surface
facilitates
uptake by
antigen
presenting
cells
systemic and mucosal
immune response that
involves the
production of specific
IgG and IgA antibody
as well as cellular
immunity
 The first applications, an influenza
vaccine and an HIV vaccine, can
proceed to clinical trials.

32. 32
Top 10 big pharmaceutical companies rank in terms of
number of nano-related patents.

33. Commercially Available
Nanoemulsions

34. Conclusion
 Nanoemulsions offers several advantages as
well as applications for novel drug delivery and
thus receiving increasing attention as drug carriers
for improving the delivery of active
pharmaceutical ingredients.
They can applicable for almost all routes of drug
delivery and therefore hold the promises for
different pharmaceutical field.
This new approach could be developed to
overcome the problem associated with the
treatment of AIDS, genetical disorders and its
own stability problems etc.

35. References
 Vyas S.,Khar R., 2002, Targeted And Controlled Drug
Delivery System, 1st Edition, CBS Publication, 303-329.
 Jain N.K, 2001, Controlled And Novel Drug Delivery, 1st
Edition, CBS Publication,381-399.
 P. Shah, D. Bhalodia and P. Shelat, “Nanoemulsion: A
Pharmaceutical Review,” Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy,
Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp. 24-32.
 Tenjarla, SN (1999), “Microemulsions: An overview and
pharmaceutical applications”,
 Sarker DK. Engineering of nanoemulsions fordrug delivery.
Curr Drug Deliv 2005; 2: 297-310
 R.S.R. Murthy,Vesicular and Particulate Drug Delivery
Systems, 1st Edition,Career Publication,105-140.
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