The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with DNA containing the genetic code in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a copy of the genetic code from DNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes use the mRNA code to link amino acids together to form proteins according to the sequence specified by the DNA.

1. Name : salman
Class no : 10
Department : biotechnology
Presentation topic :protein synthesis

2. Protein Synthesis

3. DNA contains the code of life…
Proteins are essential
parts of all living things.
The sequence of DNA codes
for proteins.
Hormones, antibodies, enzymes, and
body parts like muscles, ligament,
cartilage and more are all made from
proteins that our DNA codes for.

4. Remember that…
• Proteins are made at the ribosome's, which are located in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
So how does the genetic code
get from DNA in the nucleus to
the ribosome's way out in the
cytoplasm?!

5. CENTRAL DOGMA
• DNA is the genetic material, located in the nucleus.
• mRNA carries a faithful copy of a gene into the cytoplasm
for protein synthesis.
• Proteins are enzymatic and structural elements, made in
the cytoplasm

6. RNA!!! (RiboNucleic Acid)
• Three Basic Parts of RNA:
• 1. Ribose Sugar
• 2. Phosphate group
• 3. Nitrogenous bases
RNA is single-stranded.
RNA contains the nitrogenous base
uracil instead of thymine.

7. Types of RNA
There are 3 main types of RNA.
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA

8. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• mRNA is a copy of the genetic code that can travel out into the
cytoplasm to the ribosomes which are sites for protein
synthesis.

9. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• tRNA carries amino acids to
the ribosomes where they are
linked together to form a
protein
• Each tRNA has a specific
anticodon that is
complementary to a codon on
mRNA.
• The anticodons match up
with the codons to ensure that
the correct amino acid is
added to the polypeptide
chain.

10. Ribosomal RNA
• The rRNA is synthesized in
the nucleolus.
• In the cytoplasm, ribosomal
RNA and protein combine
together to form a
nucleoprotein called a
ribosomes.
• The ribosomes and mRNA
bind to carry out protein
synthesis.

11. How is RNA made?
• RNA Polymerase unzips
the DNA molecule.
• RNA Polymerase then
adds nucleotides to one
side of the DNA making
an RNA molecule.
• The RNA molecule
detaches from the DNA
strand and makes its way
out of the nucleus to
perform its different jobs

12. Before the mRNA can go to the cytoplasm, it
must be edited…
• The nascent RNA, also known as primary transcript, needs to
be modified to become functional tRNAs, rRNAs, and
mRNAs.
• The modification is critical to eukaryotic systems.

13. Post-transcriptional Modifications Regulate Gene
Expression
–5’ Capping
• Capping (A 5' 7-methylguanylate cap (m7Gppp) is added)
– Stability 5' cap prevents degradation until translation
– Translation efficienc
Polyadenylation
• Nearly all mRNAs have a signal after the stop codon
containing the sequence AAUAAA
– This is the polyadenylation signal
• An enzymatic system recognizes this signal, and adds ~200 A's
to the transcript.

14. splicing.
There are some parts of the DNA sequence that aren’t involved in
coding for proteins. These parts are called introns, and the introns
must be removed from mRNA.

15. Translation
• Translation is the synthesis
• of protein from RNA.
• • Site: Ribosomes
• Requirements:
• – Amino acids
• – mRNA
• – tRNA
• – ATP

16. • Begins at AUG.
• Ends at UAG, UAA, UGA.
Translation cont…

17. Amino acid + ATP
Activated amino acid + AMP
tRNA
Amino acid tRNA complex
Binds to mRNA
Peptide bonds formed between
successive amino acids
Process stops at chain termination codon
Release of polypeptide

18. INFORMATION IN THE mRNA
• Codon: sequence of 3
nucleotides on m-
RNA that codes for
one amino acid.
• The GENETIC CODE
states which codon for
which amino acid.
• 1 amino acid
• 1 amino acid

20. Thank you