A keynote presentation that I gave at the The 4th African Digital Scholarship and Curation Conference (see: http://www.nedicc.ac.za/test/Programme.aspx) on 16 May 2011.
Includes the definition of Digital Library, it's history, advantages and disadvantages, major issues and challenges, example of digital libraries and digital library software.
An Introduction to digital preservation at the Library of Congresslljohnston
Introduction to digital preservation initiatives at the Library of Congress and the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
The present society is considered an information society. A society where the creation, distribution, use, integration, and manipulation of digital information have become the most significant activity in all aspects. Information is producing from every sector of any society, which has resulted in an information explosion. Modern technologies are also having a huge impact. So managing this voluminous information is really a tough job. Again WWW has opened the door to connect anyone or anything within a fraction of a second. This study discussed the Semantic Web and linked data technologies and their effect and application to libraries for the handling of various types of resources.
This presentation was provided by Corey Davis of the University of Victoria during the NISO Virtual Conference, Convergence: The Web and Publishing Onto The Web, held on May 17, 2017
Includes the definition of Digital Library, it's history, advantages and disadvantages, major issues and challenges, example of digital libraries and digital library software.
An Introduction to digital preservation at the Library of Congresslljohnston
Introduction to digital preservation initiatives at the Library of Congress and the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
The present society is considered an information society. A society where the creation, distribution, use, integration, and manipulation of digital information have become the most significant activity in all aspects. Information is producing from every sector of any society, which has resulted in an information explosion. Modern technologies are also having a huge impact. So managing this voluminous information is really a tough job. Again WWW has opened the door to connect anyone or anything within a fraction of a second. This study discussed the Semantic Web and linked data technologies and their effect and application to libraries for the handling of various types of resources.
This presentation was provided by Corey Davis of the University of Victoria during the NISO Virtual Conference, Convergence: The Web and Publishing Onto The Web, held on May 17, 2017
Sirris innovate2011 - Smart Products with smart data - introduction, Dr. Elen...Sirris
This lecture highlights current trends, challenges and opportunities related to the emergence of large amounts of data. It also presents Sirris’s recent research activities in this domain.
The open semantic enterprise enterprise data meets web dataGeorg Guentner
Presentation in workshop at the 2nd B2B Software Days (11.04.2013, Vienna), together with Herbert Beilschmidt (Oracle Austria):
The Open Semantic Enterprise.Enterprise Data meets Web Data.
The technologies of the “Web od Data” have reached a degree of maturity and acceptance allowing the productive use in enterprises for the support of their business processes. Though the focus is currently on the adoption and use of Open (Linked) Data, the underlying principles can also be applied to the closed data sources and proprietary data structures usually available in enterprises.
The workshop outlines the conceptual and architectural approaches to open enterprise data sources and interweave them with the Web of Data. It shows concrete application scenarios of an open source “semantic toolset” that can be integrated with enterprise information and content management systems to open data silos, establish a layer of adaptive integrated views of the enterprise information and support decision processes thus paving the way to an “open semantic enterprise”.
The topical semantic toolset for enterprise content integration includes Apache Stanbol (knowledge extraction), Apache Marmotta (Linked Data Platform), the Linked Media Framework (networked knowledge) und VIE (interactive knowledge).
State-of-the-art big data platforms need to process massive quantities of data in batch and in parallel - filtering, transforming and sorting it before loading it into an enterprise data warehouse. In order to realize an Open Semantic Enterprise, a big data platform has to be optimized for acquiring, organizing, and loading unstructured data. Technological approaches such as NoSQL databases and connectors for Apache Hadoop complement big data solutions for the open world of a semantic enterprise.
Presentation about opportunities and challenges concerning Linked Data at the Open Science Data Cloud NSF PIRE Workshop [1] on 18 July 2012 in Edinburgh, UK.
[1] http://www.opensciencedatacloud.org/osdc-edinburgh-workshop-71612-71712/
Stronger together: community initiatives in journal managementJisc
There has been a recent growth of initiatives to address common problems regarding current and long-term access to e-journal content. Jisc is at the forefront of many of these with the close participation and active input of educational institutions.
This session aims to summarise the current state of key themes with pointers to future directions of areas such as sustainability, the move towards e-only environments, and shared consortia approaches. It will provide an overview and panel discussion on developing the supporting infrastructure to meet the needs of users. The discussion will focus on how institutions, community bodies and service providers can best work together to ensure sustainable, long-term initiatives by seeking to introduce uniformity, standardisation and collaboration to an even greater extent.
The session will introduce two new Jisc-supported projects in this area, the Keepers Registry Extra and SafeNet initiatives, and discuss how these fit alongside existing Jisc services such as Knowledge Base+, UK LOCKSS Alliance, Journal Archives and JUSP (Journal Usage Statistics Portal). The panel will address how this catalogue of services contributes towards a coherent strategy in the management of e-journal content.
Presentation slide for this:
Kei Kurakawa, Toward universal information access on the digital object cloud, In book of abstracts of International Workshop on Data Science - Present & Future of Open Data & Open Science -, p.57-59, November 12-15, 2018, Mishima Citizens Cultural Hall & Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
Open Research Problems in Linked Data - WWW2010Juan Sequeda
These are the Open Research Problems of Linked Data slides that we presented at the Consuming Linked Data tutorial at WWW2010 in Raleigh, NC on April 26, 2010
Css Founder is Website Designing Company working with the mission of Website For Everyone Website Start From 999/-* More Packages are available. we are best company in website designing company in Delhi,
A distributed network of digital heritage information - Unesco/NDL IndiaEnno Meijers
These slides were presented at the Knowledge Engeneering for Digital Library Design Workshop in New-Delhi on 25 October 2017. The Workshop was organised by Unesco and the National Digital Library of India.
This presentation is made during the 4th CERN-UNESCO School on Digital libraries 2016. African libraries are invited to focus more in content, especially the local one, rather than software issues when they build digital libraries.
Institutional knowledge and information ecology in a Free Software ecosystemDerek Keats
Institutional knowledge and information ecology in a Free Software ecosystem: The early days of KIM was presented at the International conference on knowledge economy 2009. It documents some of the things we are thinking and doing at Wits only 9 months into the establishment of the Knowledge and Information Management Portfolio.
The two map slides are from http://www.worldmapper.org/
I believe used under fair use, but will gladly remove them if this is not the case.
Sirris innovate2011 - Smart Products with smart data - introduction, Dr. Elen...Sirris
This lecture highlights current trends, challenges and opportunities related to the emergence of large amounts of data. It also presents Sirris’s recent research activities in this domain.
The open semantic enterprise enterprise data meets web dataGeorg Guentner
Presentation in workshop at the 2nd B2B Software Days (11.04.2013, Vienna), together with Herbert Beilschmidt (Oracle Austria):
The Open Semantic Enterprise.Enterprise Data meets Web Data.
The technologies of the “Web od Data” have reached a degree of maturity and acceptance allowing the productive use in enterprises for the support of their business processes. Though the focus is currently on the adoption and use of Open (Linked) Data, the underlying principles can also be applied to the closed data sources and proprietary data structures usually available in enterprises.
The workshop outlines the conceptual and architectural approaches to open enterprise data sources and interweave them with the Web of Data. It shows concrete application scenarios of an open source “semantic toolset” that can be integrated with enterprise information and content management systems to open data silos, establish a layer of adaptive integrated views of the enterprise information and support decision processes thus paving the way to an “open semantic enterprise”.
The topical semantic toolset for enterprise content integration includes Apache Stanbol (knowledge extraction), Apache Marmotta (Linked Data Platform), the Linked Media Framework (networked knowledge) und VIE (interactive knowledge).
State-of-the-art big data platforms need to process massive quantities of data in batch and in parallel - filtering, transforming and sorting it before loading it into an enterprise data warehouse. In order to realize an Open Semantic Enterprise, a big data platform has to be optimized for acquiring, organizing, and loading unstructured data. Technological approaches such as NoSQL databases and connectors for Apache Hadoop complement big data solutions for the open world of a semantic enterprise.
Presentation about opportunities and challenges concerning Linked Data at the Open Science Data Cloud NSF PIRE Workshop [1] on 18 July 2012 in Edinburgh, UK.
[1] http://www.opensciencedatacloud.org/osdc-edinburgh-workshop-71612-71712/
Stronger together: community initiatives in journal managementJisc
There has been a recent growth of initiatives to address common problems regarding current and long-term access to e-journal content. Jisc is at the forefront of many of these with the close participation and active input of educational institutions.
This session aims to summarise the current state of key themes with pointers to future directions of areas such as sustainability, the move towards e-only environments, and shared consortia approaches. It will provide an overview and panel discussion on developing the supporting infrastructure to meet the needs of users. The discussion will focus on how institutions, community bodies and service providers can best work together to ensure sustainable, long-term initiatives by seeking to introduce uniformity, standardisation and collaboration to an even greater extent.
The session will introduce two new Jisc-supported projects in this area, the Keepers Registry Extra and SafeNet initiatives, and discuss how these fit alongside existing Jisc services such as Knowledge Base+, UK LOCKSS Alliance, Journal Archives and JUSP (Journal Usage Statistics Portal). The panel will address how this catalogue of services contributes towards a coherent strategy in the management of e-journal content.
Presentation slide for this:
Kei Kurakawa, Toward universal information access on the digital object cloud, In book of abstracts of International Workshop on Data Science - Present & Future of Open Data & Open Science -, p.57-59, November 12-15, 2018, Mishima Citizens Cultural Hall & Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
Open Research Problems in Linked Data - WWW2010Juan Sequeda
These are the Open Research Problems of Linked Data slides that we presented at the Consuming Linked Data tutorial at WWW2010 in Raleigh, NC on April 26, 2010
Css Founder is Website Designing Company working with the mission of Website For Everyone Website Start From 999/-* More Packages are available. we are best company in website designing company in Delhi,
A distributed network of digital heritage information - Unesco/NDL IndiaEnno Meijers
These slides were presented at the Knowledge Engeneering for Digital Library Design Workshop in New-Delhi on 25 October 2017. The Workshop was organised by Unesco and the National Digital Library of India.
This presentation is made during the 4th CERN-UNESCO School on Digital libraries 2016. African libraries are invited to focus more in content, especially the local one, rather than software issues when they build digital libraries.
Institutional knowledge and information ecology in a Free Software ecosystemDerek Keats
Institutional knowledge and information ecology in a Free Software ecosystem: The early days of KIM was presented at the International conference on knowledge economy 2009. It documents some of the things we are thinking and doing at Wits only 9 months into the establishment of the Knowledge and Information Management Portfolio.
The two map slides are from http://www.worldmapper.org/
I believe used under fair use, but will gladly remove them if this is not the case.
Technologie Proche: Imagining the Archival Systems of Tomorrow With the Tools...Artefactual Systems - AtoM
These slides accompanied a June 4th, 2016 presentation made by Dan Gillean of Artefactual Systems at the Association of Canadian Archivists' 2016 Conference in Montreal, QC, Canada.
This presentation aims to examine several existing or emerging computing paradigms, with specific examples, to imagine how they might inform next-generation archival systems to support digital preservation, description, and access. Topics covered include:
- Distributed Version Control and git
- P2P architectures and the BitTorrent protocol
- Linked Open Data and RDF
- Blockchain technology
The session is part of an attempt by the ACA to create interactive "working sessions" at its conferences. Accompanying notes can be found at: http://bit.ly/tech-Proche
Participants were also asked to use the Twitter hashtag of #techProche for online interaction during the session.
Towards Lightweight Cyber-Physical Energy Systems using Linked Data, the Web ...Edward Curry
Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPES) exploit the potential of information technology to boost energy efficiency while minimising environmental impacts. CPES can help manage energy more efficiently by providing a functional view of the entire energy system so that energy activities can be understood, changed, and reinvented to better support sustainable practices. CPES can be applied at different scales from Smart Grids and Smart Cities to Smart Enterprises and Smart Buildings. Significant technical challenges exist in terms of information management, leveraging real-time sensor data, coordination of the various stakeholders to optimize energy usage.
In this talk I describe an approach to overcome these challenges by re-using the Web standards to quickly connect the required systems within a CPES. The resulting lightweight architecture leverages Web technologies including Linked Data, the Web of Things, and Social Media. The paper describes the fundamentals of the approach and demonstrates it within an Enterprise Energy Management scenario smart building.
Talk at the World Science Festival at Columbia, June 2, 2017: session on Big Data and Physics: http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/programs/big-data-future-physics/
MAKING SENSE OF IOT DATA W/ BIG DATA + DATA SCIENCE - CHARLES CAIBig Data Week
Charles Cai has more than two decades of experience and track records of global transformational programme deliveries – from vision, evangelism to end-to-end execution in global investment banks, and energy trading companies, where he excels at designing and building innovative, large scale, Big Data systems in high volume low latency trading, global Energy Trading & Risk Management, and advanced temporal and geospatial predictive analytics, as Chief Front Office Technical Architect and Head of Data Science. He’s also a frequent speaker at Google Campus, Big Data Innovation Summit, Cloud World Forum, Data Science London, QCon London and MoD CIO Symposium etc, to promote knowledge and best practice sharing, with audience ranging from developers, data scientists, to CXO level senior executives from both IT and business background. He has in-depth knowledge and experience Scala, Python, C# / F#, C++, Node.js, Java, R, Haskell programming languages in Mobile, Desktop, Hadoop/Spark, Cloud IoT/MCU and BlockChain etc, and TOGAF9, EMC-DS, AWS CNE4 etc. certifications.
Linked Data Love: research representation, discovery, and assessment
#ALAAC15
The explosion of linked data platforms and data stores over the last five years has been profound – both in terms of quantity of data as well as its potential impact. Research information systems such as VIVO (www.vivoweb.org) play a significant role in enabling this work. VIVO is an open source, Semantic Web-based application that provides an integrated, searchable view of the scholarly activities of an organization. The uniform semantic structure of VIVO-ISF data enables a new class of tools to advance science. This presentation will provide a brief introduction and update to VIVO and present ways that this semantically-rich data can enable visualizations, reporting and assessment, next-generation collaboration and team building, and enhanced multi-site search. Libraries are uniquely positioned to facilitate the open representation of research information and its subsequent use to spur collaboration, discovery, and assessment. The talk will conclude with a description of ways librarians are engaged in this work – including visioning, metadata and ontology creation, policy creation, data curation and management, technical, and engagement activities.
Kristi Holmes, PhD
Director, Galter Health Sciences Library
Director of Evaluation, NUCATS
Associate Professor, Preventive Medicine-Health and Biomedical Informatics
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Walking Our Way to the Web - Fabien Gandon
The Web: Scientific Creativity, Technological Innovation and Society
XXVIII Conference on Contemporary Philosophy and Methodology of Science
9 and 10 March 2023
University of A Coruña
The prospect of Walking our Way to the Web may sound strange to contemporary readers of this article for whom the Web is omnipresent. However, the slogan of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has been, for years, and remains today, to lead “the Web to its full potential” meaning we haven’t reached that potential yet, whatever it is. The first architect of the Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee, said in an interview in 2009: “The Web as I envisaged it, we have not seen it yet. The future is still so much bigger than the past”. And he is still very active, together with the W3C members and Web experts world-wide, in proposing evolutions of the Web architecture to improve its growing usages and applications. In this article we will review the path that led us to the actual Web, the shape it is taking now and the possible evolutions, good and bad, we can identify today. This will lead us to consider the distance that we witness between the initial vision and the reality of the Web today, and to reflect on the possible divergence between the potential we see in the Web and the directions it could take. Our goal in this article is to reflect on how we could walk the delicate path to the full potential of the Web, finding the missing links and avoiding the one too many links.
Presentation at EMTACL10, http://www.ntnu.no/ub/emtacl/
Guus van den Brekel
Central medical library, UMCG
Virtual Research Networks: towards Research 2.0
In the next few years, the further development of social, educational and research networks – with its extensive collaborative possibilities – will be dictating how users will search for, manage and exchange information. The network – evolved by technology – is changing the user's behaviour and that will affect the future of information services. Many envision a possible leading role for libraries in collaboration and community building services.
Users are not only heavily using new tools, but are also creating and shaping their own preferred tools.
Today's students are incorporating Web 2.0 skills in daily life, in their social and learning environments.
Tomorrow's research staff will expect to be able to use their preferred tools and resources within their work environment.
Today's ánd tomorrow's libraries should support students and staff in the learning and research process by integrating library services and resources into their environments.
The presentation looks at some of the key capabilities that are required, whether at a campus-wide, regional or national level to make sure that digitisation happens effectively, as rapidly as possible and offers value for money in the medium and long term.
Information technology and resources are an integral and indispensable part of the contemporary academic enterprise. In particular, technological advances have nurtured a new paradigm of data-intensive research. However, far too much of this activity still takes place in silos, to the detriment of open scholarly inquiry, integrity, and advancement. To counteract this tendency, the University of California Curation Center (UC3) has been developing and deploying a comprehensive suite of curation services that facilitate widespread data management, preservation, publication, sharing, and reuse. Through these services UC3 is engaging with new communities of use: in addition to its traditional stakeholders in cultural heritage memory organizations, e.g., libraries, museums, and archives, the UC3 service suite is now attracting significant adoption by research projects, laboratories, and individual faculty researchers. This webinar will present an introduction to five specific services – DMPTool, DataUp, EZID, Merritt, Web Archiving Service (WAS) – applicable to data curation throughout the scholarly lifecycle, two recent initiatives in collaboration with UC campuses, UC Berkeley Research Hub and UC San Francisco DataShare, and the ways in which they encourage and promote new communities of practice and greater transparency in scholarly research.
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This is a video that was made from a webinar I did for Living in a connected world: Who owns my data, and why should I care? that was held by Nedbank, JCSE and EE Business Intelligence. My focus was on what ownership means.
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The Department of Basic Education Circular requiring proprietary office & programming technologies: An excellent example of how not to do IT in education in South African schools. This presentation was given at the a stakeholder meeting at the Department of Basic Education, December 6th 2013
Creating Free and Open Source Software ecosystems to facilitate FOSS implemen...Derek Keats
Creating Free and Open Source Software ecosystems to facilitate FOSS implementation in organizations: a fresh look at FOSS policy failure in the SA government is a talk I gave at the CONSEGI 2013 government FOSS conference in Brasilia, Brazil, August, 2013
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Telecoms World Africa Conference, May 22, 2012, Sandton Convention Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
The topic that I was given when my colleague was unable to make the conference was: "How to develop localised applications to target and profit from the African market." This seemed straight-forward until I started thinking about some of the concepts contained within that simple phrase. Firstly, assuming localised applications refer to applications targeted at local markets, it is important to realise that the current device landscape in this very large continent of Africa is quite heterogeneous. Secondly, most African countries have a scarcity of developers, more so of good developers. In a recent trip to Nigeria, for example, it was reveled that there are about 2000 independent developers in the country, compared to several hundred thousand in the USA. Many thousands are unemployed, and have very limited experience. Thirdly, while there are purely exploitative opportunities to develop apps and sell into the African market, such opportunities do not lead to the generation of local idea capital - the raw material of the knowledge economy. The real opportunity is therefore to use the growing potential of the software applications market place - both open source and (shudder shudder) proprietary - to create capacity-building initiatives, and by doing so to grow idea capital, and thence to grow the size and variety of the market. I use my 8 years experience in the African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources capacity-building initiative to discuss how this could be achieved while still creating business opportunities and growing local economies.
Introduction to 'dKeats Innovation' and the approach to looking at human-created systems from an ecological perspective. Derek Keats is a natural ecologist, who has moved into information technology, and spent a decade in senior management of two large universities in South Africa. He brings his ecological and management experience to bear on organizations and organizational design.
Emerging & Future Trends in ICT: How can South Africa play a stronger role in creating them - delivered as opening Keynote at the SAFIPA conference in Pretoria, Oct 19, 2011.
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Opportunities to foster innovation based on Free and Open Source Software (FOSS): There is more to innovation than secret science and patents! This talk was presented at the LLiSA conference on November 24th, 2009 in Pretoria, South Africa.
Private Cloud Architecture: Moving Wits beyond the cutting edge. This is a talk on our private cloud architecture that we are implementing at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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New challenges for digital scholarship and curation in the era of ubiquitous computing
1. New challenges for digital scholarship and digital curation in the era of ubiquitous computing Prof Derek W. Keats Deputy Vice Chancellor (Knowledge & Information Management) The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg http://kim.wits.ac.za/dvcblog [email_address]
4. digital scholarship digital curation ubiquitous computing New challenges
5. digital scholarship digital curation ubiquitous computing New challenges Academic work
6. General Communication The process of research Quasi-academic & grey literature Formal research output Derived research output digital scholarship digital curation
7. Data General Communication The process of research Quasi-academic & grey literature Formal research output Derived research output digital scholarship digital curation
14. Cory Doctorow bits are never going to get harder to copy Preserve as much as we can of today's objects Be highly selective
15. Key challenge More and more people producing more and more content on more and more devices The role of community Increasing array of breakable linkages The specter of smart content
18. New challenges for digital scholarship and digital curation in the era of ubiquitous computing
19. In the ancient world of the 20 th Century Computers were big! People went to computers People used computers for really dumb tasks such as... Browsing the web Word processing Reading email
20.
21.
22. a " web of data " that enables machines to understand the meaning of information on the World Wide Web
23. Rate of production much greater than capacity to store conserve curate Digital assets
25. Digital Asset Management Records management Document management Contract management Film production Historical papers Image collections Audio/video recordings Research / other data Research papers Theses / dissertations Convergence
28. Wits perspective Institutional repository Cloud initiative Digital Asset Management System (DAMS) Historical Papers Electronic Thesis & Dissertation Free & Open Educational Resources
29. Wits perspective Institutional repository Cloud initiative Digital Asset Management System (DAMS) Historical Papers Electronic Thesis & Dissertation Free & Open Educational Resources
30. A set of architectures Institutional process architecture Information architecture Application architecture Technical architecture People Costs & benefits Success Criteria Challenge Vision
31. Process architecture Workflow Rights Search Retrieval Publication Version Deletion Digitization Digital asset management Digital form Born analogue Source artefact Digital conversion Docs Audio Video etc Born digital Ingest
32. Capture Create Classify Share Archive Destroy Protect Retain Find & use Preserve Route Social and semantic elements Build for data
33. Technical (hardware) architecture The Wits private cloud Storage cloud Second tier storage: spinning disk Compute cloud X86 First tier storage: flash Third tier storage: tape Virtual machine-1 Virtual machine-2 Virtual machine-n Applications
34. Enterprise document management An approach using private cloud Workflow (WEWE layer) Folder server WEWE Web layer Private cloud infrastructure or Higher Education Grid Site Ingest Born digital Shared folder Network WEWE Network Site Site Site Shared folder WWW WEWE
35. An agile approach People & projects Create infrastructure Design comprehensive architecture Project 1 Micro- services Workflow Project 2 Project N Behaviours Workflow Micro- services Workflow Recognition of need and opportunity (business case) Talent Knowledge Capability
36. One digital asset management project for Wits Agile approach that builds on our talent within the University Content through process (part of normal workflow)
58. Social curation of digital objects to support research is still in its infancy Research libraries should plan for supporting the social aspects of digital scholarship Expect it to expand Think open, think linked....
61. Linked data Using the Web to connect related data Extends http and URIs Data can be read automatically by computers Data fm different sources can be connected & queried
62. Linked open data Semantic web: a " web of data " that enables machines to understand the of information on the World Wide Web New insights for researchers by analysing linked open data All researchers an be Hans Roslings
64. SELECT description FROM http://WIKISPECIES_DATA WHERE species='Gadus morhua' JOIN species FROM http://DISTRIBITION_DATA JOIN species FROM http://CATCH_DATA INFER population_size FROM http://HISTORICAL_DESCRIPTION_DATA FOR 1600 TO 2011 PLOT RELATIONSHIP catch_data X fishing_rate ANIMATE bubble_size = fleet_size OVERLAY description
65. The big challenge: secret science The output of scientific research that is only published in ways that are only accessible to some people, or that is locked up in the newly altered form of patents that are designed to withhold disclosure and lengthen monopoly privileges.
66. The big challenge: secret science A widespread belief in benefits of secrecy, and entrenched processes to foster it, the potential of digital scholarship and digital curation will not be realised. Free & Open Educational Resources Open Access Licenses Free & Open Source Software
67. Scarcity Abundance The big challenge: scarcity mentality Proprietary access Open access The scarcity is entirely artificially maintained
68. Community not technology will solve this challenge: technology must make communities more efficient