Neurotransmitters
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This document summarizes key aspects of neurotransmission. It defines neurotransmitters as chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons to control bodily functions. Neurons communicate at synapses by releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. Neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory, with excitatory neurotransmitters triggering signals and inhibitory neurotransmitters blocking signals. Specific neurotransmitters discussed include serotonin, GABA, glutamate, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, and endorphins. Their roles and impacts on mood, behavior, learning, and other functions are described.
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow communication between neurons by being released at the synapse, the space between neurons. Some key excitatory neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, which triggers muscle contraction and hormone release and is involved in wakefulness, and glutamate, which is associated with learning and memory. Important inhibitory neurotransmitters are GABA, which contributes to motor control and regulates anxiety, and dopamine, which controls movement and modulates mood. Serotonin and norepinephrine also play roles in various functions like mood, sleep, and appetite.
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1. The central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which connects the CNS to the senses and body.
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow communication between neurons by being released at the synapse, the space between neurons. Some key excitatory neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, which triggers muscle contraction and hormone release and is involved in wakefulness, and glutamate, which is associated with learning and memory. Important inhibitory neurotransmitters are GABA, which contributes to motor control and regulates anxiety, and dopamine, which controls movement and modulates mood. Serotonin and norepinephrine also play roles in various functions like mood, sleep, and appetite.
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- The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body and activates the rest and digest response through cranial and sacral nerves, lowering heart rate and stimulating digestion.
Functions of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
There are over 100 known neurotransmitters that can be divided into small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Small-molecule neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and biogenic amines like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin act quickly by opening or closing ion channels, while neuropeptides like substance P, enkephalins, and endorphins act more slowly through second messenger systems to influence cell chemistry. Neurotransmitters can have excitatory or inhibitory effects on postsynaptic neurons and help regulate processes in the brain and body.
Depression and neurobiology.docx
Disclaimer: this essay is about 1000 words more than expected. You can pass on “Gaze, senses, motor activities, emotion states during depression” if you want to, but please don’t!
And don’t forget to be gentle with the grading process, thanks!
Lecture 2 neuro biological basis of psychology
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Depression and neurobiology.docx
Disclaimer: I know the maximum was 1500 words but I'm a perfectionist and tried to include almost everything I learned in the course. this essay is about 1000-2000 words more than expected. You can pass on “What is depression and Gaze, senses, motor activities, emotion states during depression” if you want to, but please don’t!
And don’t forget to be gentle with the grading process, this is my first time doing such things in English thanks!
So let's be more comfortable. This idea came to my mind when I saw one student from our uni joined this course and he was kinda smartish so I didn’t want to fall apart and I applied too but as far, as I go I find more reasons to apply …. I'm a college student in education(consultation ) and I plan to read a psychology-related major and be a future therapist! In that field besides all the theories and that stuff, the body biology especially the brain and nervous system is important and needed. because the way our body affects our mental state is pretty incredible.so I decided to join this course to know better about this stuff and also have a thing or two to say in related discussions. another reason is to experience sth new, some new form of education. Also, the degree and experience of an Ivy League university education have a little part too. I wish you all the best, especially Dr. Mason
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Neurotransmitters
- 1. Prepared by: Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd Psychology Instructor
- 2. A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons, or nerve cells. The brain uses neurotransmitters to tell your heart to beat, your lungs to breathe, and your stomach to digest.
- 3. The transmission of nerve impulses between neurons or between a neuron and a muscle fiber or other structure. Neurons communicate with their target tissues at synapses into which they release chemical substances called neurotransmitters. As this communication is mediated with chemical substances, the process is called chemical neurotransmission and happens within chemical synapses.
- 4. Presynaptic membrane – membrane of the terminal button (axon ending) of the presynaptic nerve fiber Postsynaptic membrane – membrane of the target cell Synaptic cleft – a gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
- 6. (not to fire) neurotransmitter which blocks the signal from continuing, preventing the message from being carried on.
- 7. (to fire) neurotransmitters which bind to receptors and cause an electrical signal to be transmitted to the other cell.
- 9. Adequate amounts of serotonin are necessary for a stable mood and to balance any excessive excitatory (stimulating) neurotransmitter firing in the brain. It participates in the regulation of body temperature, perception of pain, emotions, and sleep cycle. Decreased level leads to emotional disorders like depression, anger control problems, OCD and even suicidal tendencies.
- 10. Often referred to as “nature’s Valium-like substance”. Closely related to mood and emotions. It acts as a brake to excitatory neurotransmitters, thus when it is abnormally low, can lead to anxiety. It is widely distributed in the brain and plays a principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
- 12. Dopamine is responsible for our drive or desire to get things done – or motivation. Stimulants such as medications for ADHD and caffeine cause dopamine to be pushed into the synapse so that focus is improved. Deficiency leads to Parkinson’s disease. Increased amount contributes to psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. Drug and alcohol abuse can temporarily increase dopamine levels in the blood, leading to confusion and inability to focus.
- 13. It is the most powerful excitatory neurotransmitter which effects as GABA. Most common in the CNS. It takes part in the regulation excitability of the CNS, learning process, and memory. Deficiency leads to epilepsy and cognitive and affective disorders.
- 14. A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in alertness is involved in the body's fight or flight response. Its role is to increase the level of alertness and wakefulness. It also help mobilize the body and brain to take action in times of danger or stress. Levels of this neurotransmitter are typically lowest during sleep and highest during times of stress.
- 15. Considered both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Generally, epinephrine (adrenaline) is a stress hormone that is released by the adrenal system. When a person is highly stimulated, (fear or anger), extra amounts of epinephrine are released in to the bloodstream. It also increases heart rate, blood pressure and glucose production in the liver which prapares our body for for danger and extreme situations by increasing nutrient supply to key tissues.
- 16. Acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. It regulates the immune response to foreign bodies. When allergens are introduced into the bloodstream, histamine assists in the fight against these microorganisms causing itching of the skin, irritations of the throat, nose and/or lungs.
- 17. Helps relieve pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria.
- 18. Stimulates muscle contraction; being blocked by poisons causing paralysis. Inhibitory in the vagus nerve of the heart. Affects movement, learning, memory, REM sleep.
- 19. Thank you for paying attention.