The document provides an introduction to networking concepts and Cisco technologies. It defines networking and network topology, discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP, and describes common network devices like switches, routers, and firewalls. It also covers IP addressing, routing protocols, and basic router and switch configuration.

1. CCNA
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
Neelotpal Dey
JK-EN-VNS-0394

2. Welcome

3. Introduction to
Networking

4. Working with
Cisco Devices

5. Switching
Concepts

6. Routing
Concepts

7. IP Services

8. INTRODUCTION
TO
NETWORKING

9. What is Network ?
A Network is a collection of devices and end
systems connected to each other via a
medium for the purpose of sharing
resources.

10. What is Networking ?
Networking is the practice of communicating
group of computing devices with each other.

11. Types Of Computer Networks
Configurational
Network
Peer to Peer
Network
Server to Client
Geographical
Network
LAN
(Local Area
Network)
PAN(Personal
Area Network)
CAN (Campus
Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan
Area Network)
WAN
(Wide Area
Network)

12. What is Network Topology ?
Network Topology is the Architecture which
defines the arrangement of devices in a
Network.

13. TypesofTopology
Physical Topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
Logical Topology

14. Mode of Transmission
Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex

15. What is OSI Model?
Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference
Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an
abstract description for layered communications
and computer network protocol design.
It was developed by ISO(International
Organization for Standardization).
It divides network architecture into seven layers
which, from top to bottom, are the Application,
Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-
Link, and Physical Layers.

16. What is TCP/IP ?
 The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known
as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar
networks.
 It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
 the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
 the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard

17. Application Layer
 Application Layer, contains those protocols which provides
services to users.
 Web browsing, e-mail, encryption, session establishment
all these things happen in application Layer which uses
protocols such as,
 HTTP, SMTP, DNS, TELNET, FTP, NFS, DFS, IMAP4, POP3,
NNTP, SSH, SSL, GOPHER.
 Application Layer, defines network application services like
file transfer, network management.
 Identification of services is done using port numbers.
 Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer of OSI
model.
 Responsible for converting data into standard format.
 Encoding-decoding, encryption-decryption and
compression.

18. Transport Layer
 Transport layer, deals with actual manipulation of data and
prepares it for delivery through network.
 Two important protocols are used in Transport layer are
TCP and UDP.
 If data is too large for the single frame, then it breaks it into
smaller pieces and assigns sequence number.
 It ensures that all the data is received in the right order
than it was sent.
 It is responsible for ensuring data is sent and received
successfully and verifying delivery of packets.
 Identification services, sequencing, flow control, error
correction, segmentation, reassembling is done here

19. Internet Layer
 Internet layer deals with, finding the way to the
destination.
 Internet layer defines, IP addressing, routing, switching.
 It determines where the data should go on the physical
network.
 It is responsible for routing each packet to its destination.
 Defines network address.
 Protocols that are used in this layer are routing protocol-
OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP Routed protocols-IP, IPX, Appletalk.
And DDP (datagram delivery protocol), ICMP, IPSec.
 This layer is also known as network layer in OSI model.
 IL provides best path to the data to reach destination.
 Device working in this layer is Router.

20. Network Access Layer
 It is responsible for putting frames (packets) on the wire.
 Responsible for setting bits & bytes, electrical signals and
impulses back and forth across the wire (coaxial or twisted
pair).
 “Doors between worlds” connecting physical aspect of
network (cables & Digital pulses).
 Describes specifications for topology.
 Devices used here are- HUB, Switch, Repeater, Bridges, and
NIC.
 Wan protocols like PPP, HDLC, and frame relay are used.
 Responsible for error detection.

21. Network Devices

22. NIC
 Network Interface Card connects computer to
network.
 It works on Physical Layer of OSI Model

23. HUB
 It is a central memory-
less networking device
with multiple ports used
for connecting
Segments of LAN.
 It works on Physical
Layer of OSI Model.
 Type of Hub-
 Passive Hub
 Active Hub
 Intelligent Hub

24. SWITCH
 It is a central networking
device that connects
devices together in a
network by using packet
switching techniques.
 It has memory and it
works on Data Link Layer
of OSI Model.

25. ROUTER
 It is a networking device
that connects two or
more networks together.
 It works on Network
Layer of OSI Model
 Types of Router
 Wired
 Wireless

26. Networking Devices & OSI Layer
Association

27. What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a family of computer networking
technologies and architectures for local area
networks (LANs) and metropolitan area
networks (MANs).
It was standardized as IEEE 802.

28. ETHERNET EVOLUTION
STANDARD
ETHERNET
10Mbps
FAST
ETHERNET
100Mbps
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
1Gbps
10 GIGABIT
ETHERNET
10Gbps

29. STANDARD ETHERNET
COMMON
IMPLEMENTATION
10 Base5
Bus,
thick coaxial
10Base2
Bus,
thin coaxial
10Base-T
Star,
UTP
10Base-F
Star,
fiber

30. COMMON
FAST ETHERNET
IMPLEMENTATION
100Base-TX
Two wires
Cat 5UTP
100Base-FX
Two wires
fiber
10Base-T4
Four wires
category 3UTP

31. GIGABIT ETHERNET
IMPLEMENTATION
1000
Base-SX
Two wire
Shortwave
fiber
1000
Base-LX
Two-wire
Long –wave
fiber
1000
Base-CX
Two-wire
Copper(STP)
1000
Base-T
Four-wire
UTP

32. IP Addresses
 An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a
device on an IP network.
 The IPV4 address is made up of 32 binary.
 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits)
 Dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100)
 The IPV6 address is made up of 128 binary bits which can
be divisible into a network portion and host portion with
the help of a subnet mask.
 128 binary bits are broken into six octets (1 octet = 8 bits)
 Colon Hexadecimal format (for example,
1A2:16:2C:B1:00:2A)

33. IPV4 Address Classes

34. IP Address Classes
Class A: The first octet is the network
portion. Octets 2, 3, and 4 are for
subnets/hosts
Class B: The first two octets are the network
portion. Octets 3 and 4 are for subnets/hosts
Class C: The first three octets are the network
portion. Octet 4 is for subnets/hosts

35. Types Of Special IP Address
Loop Back IP: This IP range is used to check
the NIC card. 127.0.0.1 - 127.255.255.255
Link Local IP: This IP range is provided when
Services are not provided by Router.
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.255
Private IP: This IP range are used in private
network.
Address Class Reserved Address Space
Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

36. Network Subnet Masks
Distinguishes which portion of the
address identifies the network and which
portion of the address identifies the
node.
Default masks:
Class A: 255.0.0.0
Class B: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 255.255.255.0

37. Subnetting
 Creates multiple logical networks that exist
within a single Class A, B, or C network.
 Reduced network traffic
 Optimized network performance
 Simplified management
 Facilitated spanning of large geographical
distances

38. VLSM
 Variable Length Subnet Mask is a better way
of subnetting a network with lesser wastage
of IP Address.

39. WORKING
WITH
CISCO DEVICES

40. 3 Level Hierarchy Cisco Router
1. Core Layer
 Routers that are used by the Global ISPs and are also known as
backbone routers.
 Core layer routers are best routers than all and are costly
routers
2. Distribution Layer
 Routers which are used by ISP’s and are also known as ISP layer
routers.
 Distribution layer routers are batter in speed, processing and
RAM than access layer routers.
 These routers are costly than access layer routers.
3. Access Layer
 Routers which are used by the small organizations and are also
known as Desktop routers or company layer routers.
 Access layer routers are of low speed, low processing power,
low RAM and lower no of ports and are also low price

41. Cisco Router
Router is a device which makes connection
possible between two or more different
networks present at same or different
geographical locations.
It works on 3rd layer of OSI Model (i.e. on
network layer)
It does two basic things:
Select the best path from the routing table.
Forward the packet on that path.
Routers are classified in two classes:
Manageable
Unmanageable

42. Internal Components Of Router
ROM
POST
IOS (Internetwork Operating System)
RAM
Flash Memory
NVRAM

43. Ports on Router
LAN Ports(RJ-45)
Ethernet ports
Fast Ethernet ports
Giga Ethernet ports
10gbpsEthernet ports
Console Port(RJ-45)
Auxiliary Port(RJ-45)
Serial Ports

44. NETWORK SWITCH
A network switch is a device used to connect
network segments or network devices.
Network switch receive messages and send
them to the targeted audience.
It is a telecommunication device that uses
the packet switching to receive, process and
forward data to the destination address.

45. Contd..
Network switch forwards data to one or
multiple devices that need to receive it.
Switches are the multiport network bridges
that process and forward data at the data link
layer(layer 2 of OSI model).
The switches that process data at the
network layer or above it, known as layer 3
switches or multi-layer switches.

46. 1. Setup Mode
– Continue with configuration dialog?[Yes/No]
2. User Mode
– No
– Router>
3. Privileged Mode
– Router>enable
– Router#
4. Global Configuration Mode
– Router#configure terminal
– Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
– Router(config)#
5. Interface Mode
– Router(config)#interface [port name] [port number]
– Router(config-if)#
Eg.Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Modes Of The Router and Switches

47. Basic Configuration of Router and
Switch
Changing Hostname:
Syntax: Router(config)#hostname xyz
Status:
Syntax: Router #show running-config
Saving Data To NVRAM:
Syntax: Router #copy running-config startup-config

48. Applying Password

49. 1. User Mode Password
(Used in both Router and Switch)
Syntax:
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#password 1234
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#exit

50. 2. Privilege Mode Password
(Used in both Router and Switch)
Syntax:
Router(config)#enable password 123
Router(config)#exit

51. 3. Secret Password
(Used in both Router and Switch)
Syntax:
Router(config)#enable secret 123456
Router(config)#exit

52. 4. Telnet Password
(Used in both Router and Switch)
Syntax:
Router(config)#line vty 0
Router(config-line)#password 0000
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#exit

53. 5. Auxiliary Password
(Used in Router)
Syntax:
Router(config)#line aux 0
Router(config-line)#password 8520
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#exit

54. Password Recovery

55. SWITCHING
CONCEPTS

56. VLAN and Assigning Port

57. Router on Stick

58. Multilayer Switch

59. STP(Spanning Tree Protocol)
To avoid the loop back this by-default
protocol is used by switches.
A root bridge is selected which controls the
whole circuit.
Process:
Selecting root-bridge(on the basis of MAC
address)
Selecting root port
Select designated port and non-designated ports

60. PVRST(Per VLAN Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol)
It a upgraded version of STP
It has faster port status
When any port stops working it changes the
Blocked Port to a Forwarding Port

61. ROUTING
CONCEPTS

62. is the process that a
router uses to forward packets
toward the destination network.
Routing
Types Of Routing
1. Static routing
2. Default routing
3. Dynamic routing

63. Static Routing
In static routing,
The Administrator must configure all possible
routes to each and every router to ensure full
connectivity.

64. Default Routing
In default routing,
It is used when No specific rote can be
determined for a given IP destination address.

65. Dynamic Routing
It allows routing tables to automatically
propagate routing information using different
protocols.
3. Dynamic Routing
Distance Vector
Routing Protocol
RIP, RIP 2, IGRP
Link State
Routing Protocol
OSPF, IS-IS
Hybrid or
Advanced
Routing Protocol
EIGRP

66. Distance Vector Protocol
 It works with Bellman Ford Algorithm.
 Performs periodic updates
 Uses class-full routing protocol
 Full routing tables are exchanged
 Updates are through Broadcast.
Also known as “ Routing by Rumor”
Example: RIP, RIP2, IGRP

67. RIP V1 & V2
Update Timer: 30 sec
Invalid/Hold Timer: 180 sec
Route Flush Timer: 240 sec

68. IGRP
Update Timer: 90 sec
Invalid/Hold Timer: 270 sec
Route Flush Timer: 630 sec
Hold Down Timer: 280 sec

69. Link State Protocol
It works with Dijkstra Algorithm
Performs link state updates
Uses classless routing protocol
Missing routes are exchanged
Updates are through multicast
Also known as “Routing by Intelligence”
Example: OSPF, IS-IS

70. OSPF
It broadcasts out its entire routing table every
30 sec regardless of whether outer wants to
heart it or not.
Hello Packet Timer: 10 sec
Multicast IP: 224.0.0.5

71. Hybrid Protocol or Advanced
Distance Vector
It uses Dual Algorithm
Performs classless routing protocol
Missing routes are exchanged
Updates are through multicast
Also known as “Routing by Intelligence”
Example: EIGRP

72. EIGRP
Hello Packet Timer: 5 sec
Multicast IP address: 224.0.0.10
Update- Send- Update

73. SSH and Telnet
This Protocols provides a direct control to
Router from a connected PC.
Secure Shell is more secured then Telnet.

74. Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet-switching high
performance protocol telecommunication
service designed for cost-efficient
transmission for traffic between LAN and
between end points in WAN

75. IP
SERVICES

76. IP Services provides client support
services in the areas of Anti-Piracy, Fraud
Prevention, Legal Compliance and
Program Management.
Important Feature Sets are:
 NAT(Network Address Translation)
 PAT(Port Address Translation)
 DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol)
 HSRP(Hot Standby Router Protocol)

77. Access Control List(ACL)
It is collection of permit and deny conditions.
It provide security by blocking unauthorized
users and allowing authorized users.
It filters unknown packets
Types of ACLs:
Standard ACL
Extended ACL
Named ACL

78. ACL Standard
Filter based on source
Permits or denies the entire TCP/IP protocol
suite
The Normal Range: 1 to 99
The Expanded Range: 1300 to 1999

79. ACL Extended
Filter based on source and destination
Permits or denies the specific IP protocol and
port number
The Normal Range: 100 to 199
The Expanded Range: 2000 to 2699

80. Network Address Translation(NAT) is
used to translate a private IP address
to a Public IP address.
Whenever private IP users need
internet access, NAT is used to map it
to a corresponding Public IP

81. Static NAT

82. Dynamic NAT

83. PAT(Port Address Translation)
It is an extension to NAT that permits
multiple devices on a LAN to be mapped to a
single public IP address.

84. DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a
standardized network protocol used by IP
networks.
It is controlled by a DHCP Server that
dynamically distributes IP address to the
computer connected in range.

85. HDLC
High-Level Data Link Control is a group of
protocols or rules for transmitting data
between network points

86. PPP
The Point-To-Point Protocol provides a
standard method for transporting multi-
protocol datagrams over point-to-point links.

87. PAP
Password Authentication Protocol is a
password based authentication protocol used
by Point-To-Point(PPP) to validate users.

88. • Introduction to Networking1
• Working with Cisco Devices2
•Switching Concepts3
•Routing Concepts4
• IP Services5
Today’s Overview