This document discusses different network topologies, including physical and logical topologies. It describes point-to-point, bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. Each topology is defined along with its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the star topology connects all computers to a central hub, making it easy to set up and modify but if the hub fails the whole network fails. The mesh topology connects each device directly to every other device, providing redundancy but requiring many cables. A hybrid topology combines two or more standard topologies to achieve flexibility and scalability but with increased complexity.

1. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Nafizul Islam
nafizulislam2@gmail.com
Abstract
This is about different typers network topologies with network
topologies figure advantages nad disadvantage

2. Topology
What is Topology?
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the
components are interconnected to each other.
Types of Networking Topologies
Two main types of networking topologies are
 Physical topology.
 Logical topology.
 Physical : The physical network topology refers to the actual
connections (wires, cables, etc.) of how the network is arranged.
Setup, maintenance, and provisioning tasks require insight into the
physical network.
 Logical : The logical network topology is a higher-level idea of how
the network is set up, including which nodes connect to each other
and in which ways, as well as how data is transmitted through the
network.
Different types of Physical
Topologies are:
 Point to Point Topology.
 Bus Topology.
 Ring Topology.
 Star Topology.
 Tree Topology.
 Mesh Topology.
 Hybrid Topology.

3. Point to point topology: Point to point topology is the easiest of all
the network topologies. In this method, the network consists of a
direct link between two computers.
 Advantages:
 This is faster and highly reliable than other types of connections
since there is a direct connection.
 No need for a network operating system
 Does not need an expensive server as individual workstations are
used to access the files
 Disadvantages:
 The biggest drawback is that it only be used for small areas where
computers are in close proximity.
 You can't back up files and folders centrally
 There is no security besides the permissions. Users often do not
require to log onto their workstations.
Bus Topology: In case of Bus topology, all devices share single
communication line or cable. In bus topology there is a main cable
and all the devices are connected to this main cable through drop
lines. Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable.

4. Advantages
 Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with
backbone cable.
 Less cables required than Mesh and star topology.
Disadvantages
 Difficultly in fault detection.
 there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone
cable.
 May have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same
time
Ring Topology: In a ring network, every device has exactly two
neighboring devices for communication purpose. It is called a ring topology
as its formation is like a ring. In this topology, every computer is connected
to another computer. Here, the last node is combined with a first one.
Advantages

5.  Easy to install.
 Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the
topology only two links are required to be changed.
Disadvantages
 A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will
not travel forward due to failure.
 Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
Star Topology: In the star topology, all the computers
connect with the help of a hub. This cable is called a central node,
and all other nodes are connected using this central node. It is most
popular on LAN networks as they are inexpensive and easy to
install.
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6. Advantages:
 Easy to set up, and modify.
 Only those nodes are affected, that has failed. Other nodes still
work.
 Fast performance with few nodes and very low network traffic.
 In Star topology, addition, deletion, and moving of the devices
are easy.
Disadvantages:
 If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are disabled.
 Cost of installation of star topology is costly.
 Heavy network traffic can sometimes slow the bus
considerably.
 Performance depends on the hub's capacity
 A damaged cable or lack of proper termination may bring the
network down.
Tree Topology: Tree topologies have a root node, and all
other nodes are connected which form a hierarchy. So it is also
known as hierarchical topology. This topology integrates various
star topologies together in a single bus, so it is known as a Star Bus
topology. Tree topology is a very common network which is similar
to a bus and star topology.

7. Advantages:
 Failure of one node never affects the rest of the
network.
 Node expansion is fast and easy.
 Detection of error is an easy process
 It is easy to manage and maintain
Disadvantages:
 It is heavily cabled topology
 If more nodes are added, then its maintenance is
difficult
 If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are also
disabled.
Mesh Topology: The mesh topology has a unique network
design in which each computer on the network connects to every
other. It is develops a P2P (point-to-point) connection between all
the devices of the network. It offers a high level of redundancy, so
even if one network cable fails, still data has an alternative path to
reach its destination.

8. Advantages
 No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between
two devices which means the link is only available for
those two devices.
 Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link
doesn’t affect other links and the communication between
other devices on the network.
 Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point
link thus unauthorized access is not possible.
 Fault detection is easy.
Disadvantages
 Amount of wires required to connected each system is
tedious and headache.
 Since each device needs to be connected with other
devices, number of I/O ports required must be huge.
 Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected
with large number of devices with a dedicated point to
point link.
Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more topology is known
as hybrid topology. For example: a combination of star and mesh
topology is known as hybrid topology.

9. Advantages:
 The easiest method for error detecting and
troubleshooting
 Highly effective and flexible networking topology
 It is scalable so you can increase your network size
HUB

10. Disadvantages:
 The design of hybrid topology is complex
 It is one of the costliest processes