Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that primarily affects premature infants, causing portions of the intestine to become inflamed and die. It is one of the most serious gastrointestinal diseases in neonates. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, and enteral feeding. Symptoms include abdominal distention, blood in stool, and feeding intolerance. Treatment involves stopping feedings, providing intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and potentially surgery to remove dead intestinal tissue. Complications can include intestinal perforation, stricture, or sepsis. The prognosis depends on severity but the disease has a mortality rate of around 25%.
1. Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn can be caused by several inherited and acquired conditions that impair the blood's ability to clot normally, including hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, and others.
2. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is the most common cause and occurs when newborns do not receive sufficient vitamin K, which is essential for the production of clotting factors. Symptoms can range from mild bruising to life-threatening internal bleeding.
3. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder where affected newborns are unable to form clots due to deficiencies in specific clotting factors like VIII or IX. Treatment focuses on
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN).pdfShapi. MD
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a syndrome caused by delayed absorption of fetal lung fluid, resulting in respiratory distress within hours of delivery. The diagnosis of TTN is based on physical exam findings of tachypnea, retractions, and grunting. Chest x-rays typically show prominent vascular markings and fluid in the lungs. Treatment is supportive as symptoms resolve within 3 days. TTN must be differentiated from respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, and other causes of neonatal respiratory distress.
This document discusses neonatal seizures. It begins by defining seizures and describing the different types seen in neonates. The most common type is subtle seizures. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is usually the most common cause, especially within the first 24 hours. Other common causes include intracranial hemorrhage and metabolic disorders. Phenobarbital is the first-line treatment, with phenytoin and benzodiazepines as second-line options. Seizures from subarachnoid hemorrhage or late-onset hypocalcemia typically carry a good prognosis, while those associated with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, cerebral malformations or meningitis usually have a poorer neurological outcome.
1. Dr. Arif Hossain and Dr. Chit Narayan Sah presented on neonatal anemia at a department seminar.
2. Case scenario 1 involved a 26 day old preterm infant with poor weight gain despite being clinically stable. The possible cause of poor weight gain was anemia.
3. Case scenario 2 was about a 2 hour old term infant with Rh-isoimmunization who was pale with a hemoglobin of 10.6 g/dl and positive Coombs test, indicating the problem was hemolytic anemia.
Definition of neonatal sepsis,type of neonatal sepsis ,early onset neonatal sepsis,late onset neonatal sepsis,Pathophysiology of neonatal sepsis,,sign and symptoms of neonatal sepsis, diagnosis of neonatal sepsis,management of neonatal sepsis, antibiotic used for neonatal sepsis,prevention of neonatal sepsis, prognosis of neonatal sepsis ,and A summary
This document discusses protocols for treating neonatal seizures. It defines seizures and classifies them as epileptic, non-epileptic, or EEG-only seizures. It describes different types of seizures including subtle, clonic, tonic, and myoclonic seizures. It then outlines the AIIMS, IAP, and Nelson protocols for treating neonatal seizures, which involve maintaining vital signs, checking glucose, administering anti-seizure medications like phenobarbital and phenytoin, and in refractory cases using additional medications. It provides guidance on weaning anti-seizure medications and monitoring the infant neurologically before discharge.
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that primarily affects premature infants, causing portions of the intestine to become inflamed and die. It is one of the most serious gastrointestinal diseases in neonates. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, and enteral feeding. Symptoms include abdominal distention, blood in stool, and feeding intolerance. Treatment involves stopping feedings, providing intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and potentially surgery to remove dead intestinal tissue. Complications can include intestinal perforation, stricture, or sepsis. The prognosis depends on severity but the disease has a mortality rate of around 25%.
1. Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn can be caused by several inherited and acquired conditions that impair the blood's ability to clot normally, including hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, and others.
2. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is the most common cause and occurs when newborns do not receive sufficient vitamin K, which is essential for the production of clotting factors. Symptoms can range from mild bruising to life-threatening internal bleeding.
3. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder where affected newborns are unable to form clots due to deficiencies in specific clotting factors like VIII or IX. Treatment focuses on
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN).pdfShapi. MD
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a syndrome caused by delayed absorption of fetal lung fluid, resulting in respiratory distress within hours of delivery. The diagnosis of TTN is based on physical exam findings of tachypnea, retractions, and grunting. Chest x-rays typically show prominent vascular markings and fluid in the lungs. Treatment is supportive as symptoms resolve within 3 days. TTN must be differentiated from respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, and other causes of neonatal respiratory distress.
This document discusses neonatal seizures. It begins by defining seizures and describing the different types seen in neonates. The most common type is subtle seizures. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is usually the most common cause, especially within the first 24 hours. Other common causes include intracranial hemorrhage and metabolic disorders. Phenobarbital is the first-line treatment, with phenytoin and benzodiazepines as second-line options. Seizures from subarachnoid hemorrhage or late-onset hypocalcemia typically carry a good prognosis, while those associated with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, cerebral malformations or meningitis usually have a poorer neurological outcome.
1. Dr. Arif Hossain and Dr. Chit Narayan Sah presented on neonatal anemia at a department seminar.
2. Case scenario 1 involved a 26 day old preterm infant with poor weight gain despite being clinically stable. The possible cause of poor weight gain was anemia.
3. Case scenario 2 was about a 2 hour old term infant with Rh-isoimmunization who was pale with a hemoglobin of 10.6 g/dl and positive Coombs test, indicating the problem was hemolytic anemia.
Definition of neonatal sepsis,type of neonatal sepsis ,early onset neonatal sepsis,late onset neonatal sepsis,Pathophysiology of neonatal sepsis,,sign and symptoms of neonatal sepsis, diagnosis of neonatal sepsis,management of neonatal sepsis, antibiotic used for neonatal sepsis,prevention of neonatal sepsis, prognosis of neonatal sepsis ,and A summary
This document discusses protocols for treating neonatal seizures. It defines seizures and classifies them as epileptic, non-epileptic, or EEG-only seizures. It describes different types of seizures including subtle, clonic, tonic, and myoclonic seizures. It then outlines the AIIMS, IAP, and Nelson protocols for treating neonatal seizures, which involve maintaining vital signs, checking glucose, administering anti-seizure medications like phenobarbital and phenytoin, and in refractory cases using additional medications. It provides guidance on weaning anti-seizure medications and monitoring the infant neurologically before discharge.
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when meconium, the first fecal matter of newborns, is inhaled or aspirated into the lungs around the time of birth. It affects approximately 15 million newborns annually and can lead to respiratory distress and complications. Factors that increase the risk of meconium passage before birth include fetal distress, postmaturity, and maternal health conditions. Diagnosis is based on symptoms of respiratory distress and presence of meconium below the vocal cords. Treatment focuses on supportive care of respiratory symptoms through oxygen therapy, ventilation if needed, and treatment of complications like pulmonary hypertension. Prevention efforts include monitoring high risk mothers and suctioning the mouth and throat of infants immediately
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that primarily affects premature infants. It has multifactorial causes related to prematurity including rapid feeding advances, hypoxia, and indomethacin use. Clinically, infants may experience feeding intolerance and signs of sepsis. Diagnosis is supported by abdominal x-ray findings such as pneumatosis intestinalis. Management involves stopping feeds, antibiotics, and surgery for perforated or necrotic bowel. Despite treatment, NEC carries high mortality and morbidity rates, including short bowel syndrome.
Failure to thrive is defined as sustained weight loss or failure to gain weight resulting in a child's weight falling below normal growth curves. It can be caused by inadequate nutrition intake, increased calorie needs, or issues with absorption. Evaluation involves assessing growth charts, nutrition intake, physical exam for signs of organic disease, and laboratory tests if indicated. Management goals are nutritional rehabilitation, treating any underlying medical causes, and addressing psychosocial factors. The prognosis depends on the etiology, with psychosocial causes having risks of developmental delays and organic causes having variable outcomes based on the specific condition.
1. Neonatal seizures are the most common manifestation of neurological dysfunction in newborns and can be caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, brain malformations, infections, genetic or metabolic issues.
2. Diagnosis involves a medical history, lab tests of electrolytes and metabolites, imaging like cranial ultrasound, and EEG monitoring.
3. Treatment focuses on correcting any metabolic abnormalities and administering anticonvulsants like phenobarbital while monitoring for side effects. Duration of treatment depends on the underlying cause and resolution of symptoms.
- Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory condition in infants caused by viral infections like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the smallest air passages in the lungs called bronchioles.
- Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors for severe disease include age under 6 months, prematurity, and exposure to tobacco smoke. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and signs. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and nasal suctioning. Antibiotics and bronchodilators are not recommended. Parents should monitor for worsening symptoms.
This document discusses jaundice in newborns. It defines jaundice as a yellowing of the skin caused by high bilirubin levels. Jaundice is common in newborns and usually resolves on its own, but sometimes requires treatment. The document covers physiological vs pathological jaundice, clinical assessment of jaundice, risk factors, potential complications like kernicterus, treatment options like phototherapy and exchange transfusion.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common gastrointestinal emergency in neonates, especially preterm infants. It involves necrosis of the intestinal mucosa associated with inflammation and infection. Risk factors include prematurity, enteral feeding, and intestinal ischemia. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal and systemic signs. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and radiographic findings like pneumatosis intestinalis. Treatment involves cessation of feeding, antibiotics, and possible surgery for perforation or failure to improve. Prognosis depends on gestational age and severity of disease. Prevention focuses on exclusive breastfeeding when possible.
This document discusses various types of birth injuries that can occur in newborns, including soft tissue injuries, cranial injuries, nerve injuries, fractures, and intra-abdominal injuries. It identifies risk factors for birth injuries such as prematurity, large baby size, breech presentation, and traumatic delivery methods. Each type of injury is defined and examples are provided, along with typical signs, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Nursing management focuses on close physical assessment, monitoring, consultation, and supporting feeding when appropriate.
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
This document discusses common skin conditions seen in neonates. It describes the differences in neonatal skin compared to adult skin, including thinner epidermis and increased susceptibility to irritants and infection. Some conditions covered include vernix caseosa, cutis marmorata, milia, seborrheic dermatitis, neonatal erythema, and various birthmarks. Causes, presentations, treatments and distinguishing features are provided for each condition. The document serves as an overview of normal variations and abnormalities commonly encountered in neonatal dermatology.
This document discusses prematurity and its complications. It defines prematurity as a live birth before 37 weeks gestation. The incidence in Pakistan is estimated at 11-13%. Causes of prematurity include maternal, uterine, fetal and other factors such as infections and socioeconomic status. Complications of prematurity can be immediate such as respiratory issues, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infections, or long term such as cerebral palsy and developmental delays. Management involves proper delivery room care, maintaining temperature and fluids, screening for complications, proper feeding and supplementation. Outcomes depend on gestational age and birth weight, with survival rates increasing with advances in neonatal intensive care.
This document summarizes neonatal jaundice. It notes that a bilirubin level over 5mg/dl causes clinical jaundice in newborns, typically progressing from head to toe. About 50-60% of babies are affected in the first week of life. Physiological jaundice is most common, caused by immature liver pathways and the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin. It describes the typical phases and timelines of physiological jaundice. Pathological jaundice has specific criteria for onset, rise in bilirubin levels, and total bilirubin levels. Causes, clinical assessment, treatment with phototherapy or exchange transfusions, and complications like kernicterus are also outlined
This document discusses the management of prolonged neonatal jaundice through medical management, nutritional support, and specific treatments depending on the underlying cause. It covers evaluating for treatable disorders early, using phototherapy or exchange transfusion. Nutritional management aims to prevent deficiencies and improve growth through adequate calories, medium chain triglycerides, and supplementation of vitamins and minerals. Pharmacologic therapies discussed include phenobarbital, metalloporphyrins, clofibrate, probiotics, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acquired intestinal disease seen primarily in preterm infants. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. The exact cause is unknown but involves intestinal ischemia, enteral feeding, and pathogenic bacteria. Risk factors include prematurity, enteral feeding, and abnormal gut colonization. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal signs and symptoms as well as systemic involvement. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and surgery for perforation or necrosis. Despite management, NEC carries significant mortality and morbidities like short bowel syndrome.
Neonatal jaundice is a condition in newborns marked by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin levels are often higher in neonates due to increased red blood cell breakdown, liver immaturity, and bacterial colonization. Without treatment, hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent brain damage known as kernicterus. Proper monitoring and treatment is important to prevent dangerous bilirubin levels in newborns.
Neonatal jaundice is the yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in newborns. It is common, occurring in 30-50% of term and 80% of preterm infants. Jaundice can be physiological or pathological. Physiological jaundice is mild and resolves on its own, while pathological jaundice requires treatment. Treatment may include phototherapy, phenobarbital, exchange transfusion or metalloporphyrins depending on bilirubin levels. The goal of treatment is to prevent kernicterus, a toxic brain condition caused by high bilirubin levels.
This document provides an overview on approaching and managing a child with jaundice. It begins by defining jaundice as a visible manifestation of increased bilirubin levels. It then discusses the burden of jaundice in newborns, describing how most will experience some jaundice in the first week due to immature bilirubin metabolism. The document outlines how to classify jaundice as physiological or pathological based on clinical signs and bilirubin levels. For pathological jaundice, the main treatment approaches of phototherapy and exchange transfusion are described. The document provides guidance on evaluating the potential causes of jaundice and managing cases based on whether the hyperbilirubinemia is conjugated or
Gestational diabetes can cause complications in infants due to hyperglycemia transferring through the placenta. Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) are at risk for birth defects if hyperglycemia occurs early in pregnancy during organ development. Later hyperglycemia increases risks for macrosomia, hypoglycemia, and other issues. IDMs require careful monitoring and treatment of potential complications in the neonatal period such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress, and cardiomyopathy. Long term, IDMs have increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and developmental or cognitive delays.
NEC is a devastating condition affecting premature infants. It involves necrosis of the intestinal tissue. Key factors that increase risk are prematurity, enteral feeding, and circulatory instability in the intestines. Clinically, infants may experience apnea, feeding intolerance, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing infection and inflammation as well as imaging showing abnormalities in the intestines. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery. Outcomes depend on severity but mortality can be over 40% in very premature infants and survivors face long-term complications.
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that primarily affects premature infants, causing necrosis of the bowel. It has a multifactorial pathogenesis involving intestinal ischemia, impaired host defenses, enteral feeding, and bacterial colonization in the immature gut. Clinical features include feeding intolerance and abdominal symptoms. Diagnosis is supported by imaging findings like pneumatosis intestinalis. Management involves bowel rest, antibiotics, monitoring for complications. Outcomes range from complete recovery to death depending on severity.
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when meconium, the first fecal matter of newborns, is inhaled or aspirated into the lungs around the time of birth. It affects approximately 15 million newborns annually and can lead to respiratory distress and complications. Factors that increase the risk of meconium passage before birth include fetal distress, postmaturity, and maternal health conditions. Diagnosis is based on symptoms of respiratory distress and presence of meconium below the vocal cords. Treatment focuses on supportive care of respiratory symptoms through oxygen therapy, ventilation if needed, and treatment of complications like pulmonary hypertension. Prevention efforts include monitoring high risk mothers and suctioning the mouth and throat of infants immediately
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that primarily affects premature infants. It has multifactorial causes related to prematurity including rapid feeding advances, hypoxia, and indomethacin use. Clinically, infants may experience feeding intolerance and signs of sepsis. Diagnosis is supported by abdominal x-ray findings such as pneumatosis intestinalis. Management involves stopping feeds, antibiotics, and surgery for perforated or necrotic bowel. Despite treatment, NEC carries high mortality and morbidity rates, including short bowel syndrome.
Failure to thrive is defined as sustained weight loss or failure to gain weight resulting in a child's weight falling below normal growth curves. It can be caused by inadequate nutrition intake, increased calorie needs, or issues with absorption. Evaluation involves assessing growth charts, nutrition intake, physical exam for signs of organic disease, and laboratory tests if indicated. Management goals are nutritional rehabilitation, treating any underlying medical causes, and addressing psychosocial factors. The prognosis depends on the etiology, with psychosocial causes having risks of developmental delays and organic causes having variable outcomes based on the specific condition.
1. Neonatal seizures are the most common manifestation of neurological dysfunction in newborns and can be caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, brain malformations, infections, genetic or metabolic issues.
2. Diagnosis involves a medical history, lab tests of electrolytes and metabolites, imaging like cranial ultrasound, and EEG monitoring.
3. Treatment focuses on correcting any metabolic abnormalities and administering anticonvulsants like phenobarbital while monitoring for side effects. Duration of treatment depends on the underlying cause and resolution of symptoms.
- Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory condition in infants caused by viral infections like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the smallest air passages in the lungs called bronchioles.
- Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors for severe disease include age under 6 months, prematurity, and exposure to tobacco smoke. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and signs. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and nasal suctioning. Antibiotics and bronchodilators are not recommended. Parents should monitor for worsening symptoms.
This document discusses jaundice in newborns. It defines jaundice as a yellowing of the skin caused by high bilirubin levels. Jaundice is common in newborns and usually resolves on its own, but sometimes requires treatment. The document covers physiological vs pathological jaundice, clinical assessment of jaundice, risk factors, potential complications like kernicterus, treatment options like phototherapy and exchange transfusion.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common gastrointestinal emergency in neonates, especially preterm infants. It involves necrosis of the intestinal mucosa associated with inflammation and infection. Risk factors include prematurity, enteral feeding, and intestinal ischemia. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal and systemic signs. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and radiographic findings like pneumatosis intestinalis. Treatment involves cessation of feeding, antibiotics, and possible surgery for perforation or failure to improve. Prognosis depends on gestational age and severity of disease. Prevention focuses on exclusive breastfeeding when possible.
This document discusses various types of birth injuries that can occur in newborns, including soft tissue injuries, cranial injuries, nerve injuries, fractures, and intra-abdominal injuries. It identifies risk factors for birth injuries such as prematurity, large baby size, breech presentation, and traumatic delivery methods. Each type of injury is defined and examples are provided, along with typical signs, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Nursing management focuses on close physical assessment, monitoring, consultation, and supporting feeding when appropriate.
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
This document discusses common skin conditions seen in neonates. It describes the differences in neonatal skin compared to adult skin, including thinner epidermis and increased susceptibility to irritants and infection. Some conditions covered include vernix caseosa, cutis marmorata, milia, seborrheic dermatitis, neonatal erythema, and various birthmarks. Causes, presentations, treatments and distinguishing features are provided for each condition. The document serves as an overview of normal variations and abnormalities commonly encountered in neonatal dermatology.
This document discusses prematurity and its complications. It defines prematurity as a live birth before 37 weeks gestation. The incidence in Pakistan is estimated at 11-13%. Causes of prematurity include maternal, uterine, fetal and other factors such as infections and socioeconomic status. Complications of prematurity can be immediate such as respiratory issues, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infections, or long term such as cerebral palsy and developmental delays. Management involves proper delivery room care, maintaining temperature and fluids, screening for complications, proper feeding and supplementation. Outcomes depend on gestational age and birth weight, with survival rates increasing with advances in neonatal intensive care.
This document summarizes neonatal jaundice. It notes that a bilirubin level over 5mg/dl causes clinical jaundice in newborns, typically progressing from head to toe. About 50-60% of babies are affected in the first week of life. Physiological jaundice is most common, caused by immature liver pathways and the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin. It describes the typical phases and timelines of physiological jaundice. Pathological jaundice has specific criteria for onset, rise in bilirubin levels, and total bilirubin levels. Causes, clinical assessment, treatment with phototherapy or exchange transfusions, and complications like kernicterus are also outlined
This document discusses the management of prolonged neonatal jaundice through medical management, nutritional support, and specific treatments depending on the underlying cause. It covers evaluating for treatable disorders early, using phototherapy or exchange transfusion. Nutritional management aims to prevent deficiencies and improve growth through adequate calories, medium chain triglycerides, and supplementation of vitamins and minerals. Pharmacologic therapies discussed include phenobarbital, metalloporphyrins, clofibrate, probiotics, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acquired intestinal disease seen primarily in preterm infants. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. The exact cause is unknown but involves intestinal ischemia, enteral feeding, and pathogenic bacteria. Risk factors include prematurity, enteral feeding, and abnormal gut colonization. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal signs and symptoms as well as systemic involvement. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and surgery for perforation or necrosis. Despite management, NEC carries significant mortality and morbidities like short bowel syndrome.
Neonatal jaundice is a condition in newborns marked by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin levels are often higher in neonates due to increased red blood cell breakdown, liver immaturity, and bacterial colonization. Without treatment, hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent brain damage known as kernicterus. Proper monitoring and treatment is important to prevent dangerous bilirubin levels in newborns.
Neonatal jaundice is the yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in newborns. It is common, occurring in 30-50% of term and 80% of preterm infants. Jaundice can be physiological or pathological. Physiological jaundice is mild and resolves on its own, while pathological jaundice requires treatment. Treatment may include phototherapy, phenobarbital, exchange transfusion or metalloporphyrins depending on bilirubin levels. The goal of treatment is to prevent kernicterus, a toxic brain condition caused by high bilirubin levels.
This document provides an overview on approaching and managing a child with jaundice. It begins by defining jaundice as a visible manifestation of increased bilirubin levels. It then discusses the burden of jaundice in newborns, describing how most will experience some jaundice in the first week due to immature bilirubin metabolism. The document outlines how to classify jaundice as physiological or pathological based on clinical signs and bilirubin levels. For pathological jaundice, the main treatment approaches of phototherapy and exchange transfusion are described. The document provides guidance on evaluating the potential causes of jaundice and managing cases based on whether the hyperbilirubinemia is conjugated or
Gestational diabetes can cause complications in infants due to hyperglycemia transferring through the placenta. Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) are at risk for birth defects if hyperglycemia occurs early in pregnancy during organ development. Later hyperglycemia increases risks for macrosomia, hypoglycemia, and other issues. IDMs require careful monitoring and treatment of potential complications in the neonatal period such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress, and cardiomyopathy. Long term, IDMs have increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and developmental or cognitive delays.
NEC is a devastating condition affecting premature infants. It involves necrosis of the intestinal tissue. Key factors that increase risk are prematurity, enteral feeding, and circulatory instability in the intestines. Clinically, infants may experience apnea, feeding intolerance, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing infection and inflammation as well as imaging showing abnormalities in the intestines. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery. Outcomes depend on severity but mortality can be over 40% in very premature infants and survivors face long-term complications.
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that primarily affects premature infants, causing necrosis of the bowel. It has a multifactorial pathogenesis involving intestinal ischemia, impaired host defenses, enteral feeding, and bacterial colonization in the immature gut. Clinical features include feeding intolerance and abdominal symptoms. Diagnosis is supported by imaging findings like pneumatosis intestinalis. Management involves bowel rest, antibiotics, monitoring for complications. Outcomes range from complete recovery to death depending on severity.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening emergency of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn period.
The most common gastrointestinal condition in premature neonates.
It is characterized by inflammation, ischemia, and permeability of the neonatal bowel wall to bacteria.
It is potentially life-threatening with significant associated morbidity.
The disease is characterized by various degrees of mucosal or transmural necrosis of the intestine.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease that causes death and necrosis of intestinal tissue, typically affecting premature and formula-fed infants. It has an incidence of 3 cases per 1000 live births. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, and enteral feeding. The exact cause is unknown but is likely multifactorial involving ischemia, reperfusion injury, and an exaggerated inflammatory response. Clinical presentation ranges from mild vomiting and feeding intolerance to systemic signs of shock. Management involves nil by mouth, IV fluids, antibiotics, and possible surgery for severe or perforated cases. Prognosis depends on severity but overall mortality is approximately 25%.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease that primarily affects premature infants, where portions of the intestine undergo necrosis and tissue death. It is the most common and lethal gastrointestinal disease affecting premature neonates. A 12-day old premature male infant presented with lethargy, hypothermia, feeding intolerance, bilious vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Physical exam revealed abdominal distension, loops of bowel visible in the abdomen, abdominal wall erythema and absent bowel sounds. NEC ranges from mild cases involving feeding intolerance to severe cases involving intestinal necrosis, perforation and septic shock. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, initiation of feeding and bacterial infection. Diagnosis involves clinical and
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis
NEC is the most common life-threatening emergency of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn period. The disease is characterized by various degrees of mucosal or transmural necrosis of the intestine. The cause of NEC remains unclear but is most likely multifactorial. The incidence of NEC is 1-5% of infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Both incidence and case fatality rates increase with decreasing birthweight and gestational age. Because very small, ill preterm infants are particularly susceptible to NEC, a rising incidence may reflect improved survival of this high-risk group of patients.
Clinical Manifestations
Infants with NEC have a variety of signs and symptoms and may have an insidious or sudden catastrophic onset (Table 96-1). The onset of NEC is usually in the 2nd or 3rd week of life but can be as late as 3 mo in VLBW infants. Age of onset is inversely related to gestational age. The 1st signs of impending disease may be nonspecific, including lethargy and temperature instability, or related to gastrointestinal pathology, such as abdominal distention and gastric retention. Obvious bloody stools are seen in 25% of patients. Because of nonspecific signs, sepsis may be suspected before NEC. The spectrum of illness is broad, ranging from mild disease with only guaiac-positive stools to severe illness with bowel perforation, peritonitis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, shock, and death. Progression may be rapid, but it is unusual for the disease to progress from mild to severe after 72 hr.
Diagnosis
A very high index of suspicion in treating preterm at-risk infants is crucial. Plain abdominal radiographs are essential to make a diagnosis of NEC. The finding of pneumatosis intestinalis (air in the bowel wall) confirms the clinical suspicion of NEC and is diagnostic; 50-75% of patients have pneumatosis when treatment is started (Fig. 96-4). Portal venous gas is a sign of severe disease, and pneumoperitoneum indicates a perforation (Figs. 96-4 and 96-5). Hepatic ultrasonography may detect portal venous gas despite normal abdominal roentgenograms .
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease that primarily affects premature infants in which portions of the bowel undergo necrosis. It is the second most common cause of morbidity in preterm infants. Symptoms include feeding intolerance, abdominal distension, and bloody stools. Diagnosis is based on stages of disease from suspected to advanced, as determined by clinical signs, laboratory tests, and radiological imaging showing signs like pneumatosis intestinalis. Treatment is primarily supportive care including feeding management, antibiotics, and surgery for bowel perforation. Prevention focuses on feeding preterm infants human breast milk which provides beneficial effects.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening condition that affects the intestines of premature infants. It results from necrosis of the intestinal tissue and can range from mild to severe. Risk factors include prematurity, formula feeding, and bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms may include abdominal distension, bloody stools, and temperature instability. Diagnosis involves x-rays showing pneumatosis intestinalis or portal venous gas. Treatment focuses on gut rest, broad-spectrum antibiotics, surgery for perforation or failure to improve, and careful feeding advancement after recovery. Outcomes depend on severity but may include strictures, adhesions, or short bowel syndrome.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening condition that affects the intestines of premature infants. It results from necrosis of the intestinal tissue and can range from mild to severe. Risk factors include prematurity, formula feeding, and bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms may include abdominal distension, vomiting, and bloody stools. Diagnosis is confirmed through x-ray evidence of pneumatosis intestinalis or portal venous gas. Treatment involves gut rest, antibiotics, surgery for perforation or failure to improve. Despite advances, NEC remains a major cause of death in preterm neonates.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease of the intestine affecting premature infants. It has a mortality rate of 10-50% and is the most common intestinal emergency in neonatal intensive care units. The disease results from an aberrant immune response of the immature gut to enteral feeding and bacterial colonization. Risk factors include prematurity, type of feeding, and hypoxic events. Clinical signs include abdominal distention and feeding intolerance. Diagnosis involves abdominal x-rays showing pneumatosis intestinalis or free air. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, and may require surgery for resection of necrotic intestine. Long term outcomes can include strictures, short bowel syndrome, and neurodevelopmental
1) A premature neonate presented with vomiting after feeds and abdominal distention after previously tolerating feeding. Examination found high white blood cell count, thrombocytopenia, and dilated bowels on x-ray.
2) Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease of premature infants characterized by ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa caused by immature gut and immune system, enteral nutrition, and bacterial overgrowth. Risk factors include prematurity, formula feeding, and low birth weight.
3) Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics, intravenous fluids and nutrition. Surgical intervention with resection may be needed for perforation or failure to improve. Outcomes depend on severity but include short bowel syndrome,
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( Pathogensis & Steps of Diagnosis and Management) For Resident at Gastroenterology and Hepatology department at Kafrelsheikh by Dr/ Mohammed Hussien ( Assistant Lecturer).
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of emergency surgery in neonates. It most commonly affects very low birth weight preterm infants. Classic signs on imaging include pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas, and free air indicating perforation. Treatment involves management of sepsis, circulatory support, and may require surgery for advanced cases. Long-term complications are common, affecting 50% of survivors. Early diagnosis through monitoring for feeding intolerance and abdominal distension along with radiographic findings is important for optimal management of this serious gastrointestinal emergency in neonates.
This document provides information about necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) for physicians. It covers the objectives, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of NEC. NEC is a disease that primarily affects premature infants and causes necrosis of the intestinal tissue. The main risk factors are prematurity, formula feeding and circulatory instability. Clinically, infants may present with feeding intolerance and abdominal distension. Diagnosis involves radiological evidence of pneumatosis intestinalis or portal venous gas. Treatment involves bowel rest, antibiotics and surgery for severe or perforated cases. Outcomes depend on severity but mortality can be over 50% for cases involving perforation.
Multidisciplinary case chronic myelogenous leukemia in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
Pregnancy and CML
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Spontaneous intestinal perforation vs necVarsha Shah
SIP typically presents in the first week of life with abdominal distension and discoloration, hypotension, and pneumoperitoneum. It involves an isolated perforation of the terminal ileum. In contrast, NEC usually presents after the first week with abdominal distension and erythema, crepitus, induration, and radiological findings like pneumatosis intestinalis. NEC involves ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa and is associated with various systemic signs. Both require supportive care but NEC may additionally require surgical intervention for perforation or deterioration.
This document summarizes the case of a 34-year-old woman who presented with severe abdominal pain and was diagnosed with a retained placenta after undergoing laparotomy for an abdominal pregnancy. She underwent several additional surgeries and treatments. Abdominal pregnancy is a rare and high-risk type of ectopic pregnancy. It can be difficult to diagnose and poses challenges for management and placental removal. Expectant management may be considered in some cases if fetal and maternal conditions allow.
113/01/26-高雄地區第495次小兒科聯合病例討論會(社團法人高雄市醫師公會)Ks doctor
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This document presents a case report of a 6 day old female infant referred to the hospital with vomiting since the 5th day of life. On examination, the infant was found to have bilious vomiting but no other symptoms of obstruction. Initial investigations and a barium meal were unremarkable. However, over the course of her hospital stay her symptoms persisted and she was eventually found to have a duodenal web, which was surgically corrected. This case highlights some of the challenges in diagnosing intestinal obstruction in newborns, including the need for high clinical suspicion and the potential limitations of initial radiological investigations.
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC).pdf
1. PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH
• NEONATOLOGY
• Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Dr. Chongo Timothy Shapi (BSc.HB, MBChB)
- Medical Doctor.
3/20/2022
Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ.
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2. Introduction
• NEC is the most common life-threatening
emergency of the GIT in the newborn period
• The disease is characterized by various degrees of
mucosal or transmural necrosis of the intestine
• The cause of NEC remains unclear but is most
likely multifactorial
• The incidence of NEC is 1–5% of infants in NICU
• Preterm babies and SGA are susceptible to NEC
• Rare in term babies
3/20/2022
Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ.
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3. Pathology and Pathogenesis
• Multifactorial
• There is :
1. Development of a necrotic segment of intestine
2. Gas accumulation in the submucosa of the bowel
wall (pneumatosis intestinalis)
3. Progression of the necrosis to perforation,
peritonitis, sepsis, and death
• NEC affects mostly the terminal ileum and the
proximal segment of colon
• In fatal cases, gangrene may extend from the
stomach to the rectum
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 3
4. Pathology and Pathogenesis
• Though a multifactorial disease primarily
associated with intestinal immaturity, the
concept of “risk factors” for NEC is controversial
• The following triad is classically been linked to
NEC:
1. Intestinal ischemia (injury)
2. Enteral nutrition (metabolic substrate)
3. Pathogenic micro-organisms
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 4
6. Pathology and Pathogenesis
• NEC probably results from an interaction
between:
1. Loss of mucosal integrity due to a variety of
factors (ischemia, infection, inflammation) and
2. The host's response to that injury (circulatory,
immunologic, inflammatory)
• Coagulation necrosis is the characteristic
histologic finding of intestinal specimens
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 6
7. Pathology and Pathogenesis
• Clustering of cases suggests a primary role for an infectious
agent
• Pathogenic agents include:
1. Escherichia coli
2. Klebsiella
3. Clostridium perfringens
4. Staphylococcus epidermidis
5. Rotavirus
• Nonetheless, in most situations, no pathogen is identified
• NEC rarely occurs before the initiation of enteral feeding
and is much less common in infants fed human milk
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 7
8. Clinical Manifestations
• Onset
- Usually occurs in the 1st 2 wk of life
- But can be as late as 3 mo of age in VLBW infants
• Age of onset is inversely related to gestational age
• Initial symptoms:
Mainly GIT:
- Feeding intolerance (unable to breastfeed)
- Temperature instability
- Delayed gastric emptying
- Vomiting
- Abdominal distension
- Abdominal tenderness
- Ileus/decreased bowel sounds
- Abdominal wall erythema
- Bloody stools
3/20/2022
Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ.
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8
10. Bell’s Clinical Staging
Stage I: suspecting disease
- IA: Infant with suggestive clinical signs but X-ray is
non-diagnostic
- IB: As in IA plus bloody stools
Stage II: definite disease, infant with pneumatosis
intestinalis
- IIA: Mildly ill infant
- IIB: Moderately ill
Stage III: advanced disease
- IIIA: critical with impending perforation
- IIIB: critical with proven perforation
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 10
11. • Because of nonspecific signs, sepsis may be
suspected before NEC
• NEC can progress rapidly from mild abdominal
to fullness to septic shock and necrosis of the
entire intestine
• Management requires a high index of
suspicion
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 11
12. Investigations
• FBC/DC
• Blood for MCS
• Stool MCS
• Abdominal X-ray in the left lateral decubitus
• Abdominal USS targeting the liver
• U/Es + Creatinine
• Blood gases
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 12
13. Diagnosis
• A very high index of suspicion in treating preterm at-
risk infants is crucial
• Plain abdominal X-rays are essential to make a
diagnosis of NEC
• The finding of pneumatosis intestinalis (air in the
bowel wall) confirms the clinical suspicion of NEC and
is diagnostic
• Portal venous gas is a sign of severe disease, and
pneumoperitoneum indicates a perforation
• Hepatic ultrasonography may detect portal venous gas
despite normal abdominal roentgenograms (X-rays)
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 13
15. X-ray Findings
• Grade I: thickening of the bowel wall +/- dilatation
of the gut
• Grade II: bowel wall gas (pneumatosis intestinalis)
• Grade III: gas in the liver and biliary tree
• Grade IV: gas within the peritoneum
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 15
17. Treatment
• Rapid initiation of therapy is required for
suspected as well as proven NEC cases
• There is no definitive treatment for established
NEC
• Therapy is directed at supportive care and
preventing further injury with:
- Stopping feeding
- Nasogastric decompression
- Administration of IVFs (crystalloids e.g. ¼ SD in
10% dextrose or blood products)
3/20/2022
Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ.
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18. Treatment
- Poor perfusion with HCT > 40% give ordinary plasma
at 20 ml/kg, if HCT < 40% give packed RBCs 10-15
ml/kg
- Give antibiotics as soon as the blood for
investigations has been collected
- Initially, give BSA (cefotaxime plus metronidazole)
and then change to drugs that are sensitive
according to the lab results
- Correct haematologic, metabolic and electrolyte
abnormalities
- Intubate when in respiratory failure or worsening
acidosis
- Surgery when indicated
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 18
19. Treatment
• Monitor the patient's course closely by:
- Performing frequent physical assessments
- Sequential AP and cross-table lateral or lateral
decubitus abdominal x-rays to detect intestinal
perforation
- Serial determination of hematologic, electrolyte,
and acid-base status
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 19
20. Treatment
• Indications for surgery include:
- Evidence of perforation on abdominal roentgenograms
(pneumoperitoneum)
- Positive abdominal paracentesis (stool or organism on
Gram stain from peritoneal fluid)
- Failure of medical management, a single fixed bowel
loop on roentgenograms, abdominal wall erythema, or
a palpable mass are relative indications for exploratory
laparotomy
NB: Surgery should be performed after intestinal
necrosis develops, but before perforation and peritonitis
occurs
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 20
21. Prognosis
• Medical management fails in about 20–40%
Early postoperative complications include:
- Wound infection
- Wound dehiscence
- Stomal problems (prolapse, necrosis)
Late complications include:
- Intestinal strictures
- Short-bowel syndrome (malabsorption, growth failure,
malnutrition)
- Complications related to central venous catheters (sepsis,
thrombosis), and cholestatic jaundice
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 21
22. Prevention
• Exclusive breast-feeding has a reduced risk of NEC
• Minimal enteral feeds followed by judicious
volume advancement
- Remember, early initiation of aggressive feeding
protocols increases the risk of NEC in VLBW infants
• Probiotic preparations (a probiotic is a substance
that stimulates the growth of micro-organisms
especially beneficial ones = normal flora)
3/20/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 22