Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive BacilliSijo A
Disease: listeriosis.
L. monocytogenes causes a variety of infections in neonates, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed patients.
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, spinal cord infections.
Neonatal:
Early onset: Granulomatosis infantisepticum—in utero infection disseminated systemically that causes stillbirth.
Late onset: Bacterial meningitis.
Food poisoning, bacteremia.
Mode of transmission:
Direct contact: Human gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of contaminated food, such as meat and dairy products.
Endogenous strain: Colonized mothers may pass organism to fetus. Portal of entry is probably from gastrointestinal tract to blood and in some instances from blood to meninges.
“mykos” meaning mushroom.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
The fungi possess rigid cell walls:
Chitin and ergosterol, mannan and other polysaccharides.
Beta-glucan is most important, because it is the target of antifungal drug caspofungin.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms VS bacteria (prokaryotic).
The cell membrane of fungus contains ergosterol, unlike human cell membrane which contains cholesterol.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but none are obligate anaerobes.
The natural habitat of most fungi is environment, require a preformed organic source of carbon, association with decaying matter.
C. albicans is an exception!!!
Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive BacilliSijo A
Disease: listeriosis.
L. monocytogenes causes a variety of infections in neonates, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed patients.
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, spinal cord infections.
Neonatal:
Early onset: Granulomatosis infantisepticum—in utero infection disseminated systemically that causes stillbirth.
Late onset: Bacterial meningitis.
Food poisoning, bacteremia.
Mode of transmission:
Direct contact: Human gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of contaminated food, such as meat and dairy products.
Endogenous strain: Colonized mothers may pass organism to fetus. Portal of entry is probably from gastrointestinal tract to blood and in some instances from blood to meninges.
“mykos” meaning mushroom.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
The fungi possess rigid cell walls:
Chitin and ergosterol, mannan and other polysaccharides.
Beta-glucan is most important, because it is the target of antifungal drug caspofungin.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms VS bacteria (prokaryotic).
The cell membrane of fungus contains ergosterol, unlike human cell membrane which contains cholesterol.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but none are obligate anaerobes.
The natural habitat of most fungi is environment, require a preformed organic source of carbon, association with decaying matter.
C. albicans is an exception!!!
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. The Neisseriae are Gram negative diplococci
Pathogens are:- N.Meningitidis
N.Gonorrhoeae
3. Neisseria Meningitidis
General characteristics
• Gram-negative, bean-shaped, diplococci
• Do not possess flagella or spores
• Capsulated and possess pili.
• Strict parasites, do not survive long outside of the
host
• Aerobic
• Oxidative metabolism
• Produce catalase and oxidase
• Pathogenic species require enriched complex
media and CO2
4. Morphology
• Gram-negative, bean-shaped, diplococci
• Do not possess flagella or spores.
• Capsulated and possess pili.
• 0.8 x 0.6 µm in diameter.
Cultural characteristics
• Can grow in blood agar, Chocolate agar.
• Growth is improved by addition of blood or serum.
• Growth is also improved by incubation in the
presence of 2- 8 % CO2
• Growth temperature is 36-39⁰C and pH ranges of 6-8.
• Colonies are 1-2 mm in diameter, convex, grey and
transparent. No hemolysis in blood agar.
5. Biochemical properties
• Oxidase-positive; i.e., they possess the
enzyme cytochrome and produce
oxidase.
• N.Meningitidis is maltose fermenter.
• N.Meningitidis produces no beta
lactamases.
6. It has three important virulence factors:
1. Polysaccharride capsule. It is antiphagocytic
in nature.
2. The endotoxin of N. Meningitidis is a
lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It induces septic
shock by causing release of cytokines.
3. IgA protease. It cleaves the IgA antibodies
present in respiratory mucosa.
7. Pathogenesis
• Humans are the only natural hosts
• The organisms are transmitted by airborne
droplets
• Colonize the nasopharynx and become transient
flora of the upper respiratory tract.
• From the nasopharynx, the organism can enter the
bloodstream and spread to meninges and grow in
the cerebrospinal fluid.
8. Diseases
• N. Meningitidis is the most common cause of
meningitis in persons between the ages of 2 and
18 years.
• Outbreaks of meningitis are most common in
winter and early spring, and favored by close
contact between individuals.
1. Meningitis
2. Meningococcemia (multiplication of bacteria in
the blood stream)
9. Laboratory diagnosis
• It is frequently isolated from samples such as
blood, CSF.
• Different methods for laboratory diagnosis
are:
Gram staining
Culture
Oxidase test
Fermentation tests
Latex agglutination test
10. Gram staining
The diagnosis is suggested by the finding of
gram negative bacteria bean shaped capsular
diplococci.
11. Culture
The organism is cultured on blood agar or
chocolate agar incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2
atmosphere. Colonies are 1-2 mm in diameter,
convex, grey and transparent. No hemolysis
12. Oxidase test: Determines the presence of cytochrome
oxidase. It is Positive in N.Meningitidis.
Grow the isolate(s) to be tested for 18-24 hours
on a blood agar plate at 35-37°C with ~5% CO2. Dispense
a few drops of Kovac's oxidase reagent. Tilt the plate and
observe colonies for a color change to purple. Positive
reactions will develop within 10 seconds in the form of a
purple color.
13. Manitol fermentation: N. Meningitidis ferment
manitol.
Maltose fermentation: N. Meningitidis ferment
maltose.
Latex agglutination test, which detects capsular
polysaccharide in the spinal fluid.
14. Treatment and Prevention
• Penicillin G or sulphonamides are the drugs of
choice.
• Cholramphenicol or third generation
cephalosporin such as cefotaxime or
ceftriaxone are recommended for patients
who are allergic to penicillin.
• Meningococcal vaccine, is available which
contains the capsular polysaccharide.
15. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
• N. Gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, neonatal
conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) and
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Morphology
• Oval shaped
• Gram negative diplococci
• Size is 0.6 to 0.8 µm.
• Occurs in pair
• Non motile
• Capsulated and have pilli
16. Cultural characteristics
• Can grow in enriched media such as chocolate
agar.
• Growth is also improved by incubation in the
presence of 5- 10% CO2
• Growth temperature is 37⁰C and no growth if
the temperature is less than 25⁰C or more
than 38.5⁰C
• pH ranges of 7.2-7.6.
17. Biochemical properties
The virulence factors are.
1. Pili: Most important virulence factors.
Piliated gonococci are usually virulent, whereas
non piliated strains are avirulent.
2. Two virulence factors in the cell wall
a) Lipooligosaccharride (LOS) (a modified form of
endotoxin). Endotoxin of gonococci is weaker than
that of meningococci.
b) Outer membrane proteins(OMP) : OMP cause
attachment of bacteria to epithelial cells of the
urethra, rectum, cervix, pharynx, or conjunctiva, like
pilli.
18. 3. IgA protease
• The main host defenses against gonococci are
antibodies (IgA and IgG), complement, and
neutrophils.
• IgA protease degrades one of these antibodies.
Other biochemical properties are;
• They ferment glucose
• They are oxidase positive
19. Pathogenesis
• Humans are only reservoir, not part of normal
flora.
• Causes disease only in humans.
• Transmitted sexually both in males and
females.
• N. gonorrhea causes following infections.
1. Gonorrhea
2. Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia
neonatorum)
3. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
20. Laboratory diagnosis
• It is frequently isolated from samples such
as blood, urethral discharge in men,
cervical discharge in females.
• Different methods for laboratory diagnosis
are:
Gram staining
Culture
Oxidase test
Fermentation tests
21. Gram staining
The diagnosis is suggested by the finding of
gram negative bacteria bean shaped capsular
diplococci.
22. Culture
The organism is cultured on Thayar - Martin
Agar or Mueller-Hinton agar (chocolate Agar)
incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Colonies
are 1-2 mm in diameter, grey and transparent. N.
gonorrhea grows rapidly producing small, No
hemolysis.
23. Oxidase Test
• Test on filter paper or directly on plate
• Oxidase reagent =Dimethyl or tetramethyl
oxidase reagent
• Violet-purple color indicates a positive
result.
24. Manitol fermentation: N. Gonorrhea ferment manitol.
Maltose fermentation: N. Gonorrhea do not ferment
maltose.
25. Treatment and Prevention
Treatment
• Penicillin
• Tetracycline if beta-lactamase positive
strain. Can also use cephalosporins and
flouroquinolones.
Prevention
• The prevention of gonorrhea involves the
use of safety measures and the immediate
treatment of symptomatic patients and their
contacts.