as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Cultivating the Future: Exploring the Potential and Impact of a Green Revolut...Eric Firnhaber
Despite possessing large tracts of rich, uncultivated land, Africa is a net importer of food and suffers from high levels of undernutrition. Many have argued that a "Green Revolution," defined by increasing crop yields and land under cultivation, could bring about a more sustainable future for the continent. In this policy brief we explore not only the scope and impacts of policy choices that would increase yields and land under cultivation in Africa, but also interventions to facilitate the consumption of the increased food supplies by those in need within Africa.
Taps and Toilets: How Greater Access Can Radically Improve Africa’s FutureEric Firnhaber
The International Futures modeling system is used to explore the impact of sanitation and clean water on development in Africa through improvements in access to them. The paper explores a Base Case and alternate scenarios that reflect, respectively, enhanced rates of access and stagnating rates of access. Impacts on development are measured through infant mortality, communicable diseases, GDP, and state fragility. The analysis includes a preliminary cost-benefit analysis.
UNFSS 2021: Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nut...Francois Stepman
28 July 2021. Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nutrition in Malawi, Ethiopia and Nigeria
• UNFSS 2021 Pre-Summit Affiliated Session
• This session explained how we can influence consumption patterns through policy interventions that will lead to better environmental and nutritional outcomes in three countries—Malawi, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.
• Included as speaker: Willem Olthof, Deputy Head of Unit, DEVCO C1 - Rural Development, Food Security, Nutrition, European Commission
Shining a brighter light: Data-driven evidence on adoption and diffusion of a...Francois Stepman
Karen Macours, Chaired Paris School of Economics Professor, Research Director INRAE; Chair, SPIA (Standing Panel on Impact Assessment). WEBINAR: 21 January 2021. Shining a Brighter Light: Comprehensive Evidence on Adoption and Diffusion of CGIAR-Related Innovations in Ethiopia
Cultivating the Future: Exploring the Potential and Impact of a Green Revolut...Eric Firnhaber
Despite possessing large tracts of rich, uncultivated land, Africa is a net importer of food and suffers from high levels of undernutrition. Many have argued that a "Green Revolution," defined by increasing crop yields and land under cultivation, could bring about a more sustainable future for the continent. In this policy brief we explore not only the scope and impacts of policy choices that would increase yields and land under cultivation in Africa, but also interventions to facilitate the consumption of the increased food supplies by those in need within Africa.
Taps and Toilets: How Greater Access Can Radically Improve Africa’s FutureEric Firnhaber
The International Futures modeling system is used to explore the impact of sanitation and clean water on development in Africa through improvements in access to them. The paper explores a Base Case and alternate scenarios that reflect, respectively, enhanced rates of access and stagnating rates of access. Impacts on development are measured through infant mortality, communicable diseases, GDP, and state fragility. The analysis includes a preliminary cost-benefit analysis.
UNFSS 2021: Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nut...Francois Stepman
28 July 2021. Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nutrition in Malawi, Ethiopia and Nigeria
• UNFSS 2021 Pre-Summit Affiliated Session
• This session explained how we can influence consumption patterns through policy interventions that will lead to better environmental and nutritional outcomes in three countries—Malawi, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.
• Included as speaker: Willem Olthof, Deputy Head of Unit, DEVCO C1 - Rural Development, Food Security, Nutrition, European Commission
Shining a brighter light: Data-driven evidence on adoption and diffusion of a...Francois Stepman
Karen Macours, Chaired Paris School of Economics Professor, Research Director INRAE; Chair, SPIA (Standing Panel on Impact Assessment). WEBINAR: 21 January 2021. Shining a Brighter Light: Comprehensive Evidence on Adoption and Diffusion of CGIAR-Related Innovations in Ethiopia
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Lecture in the Module "Global Food Policies" on the Master Food, Law and Finance (IUC Torino, 20 March 2017). In a world that is largerly poor, although improving, the industrial food system is the main driver of planetary havoc, exceeding already several planetary boundaries that preserve our societies and a stable Nature. The paradoxes of the industrial food system (food kills people, food is not for people, food producers stay hungry, food is wasted) illustrate a disfunctional system that is unsustainable, inequitious and inefficient. The industrial food system wouldn't be able to exist without public subsidies and enabling regulations. This lecture explores those elements that sustain a technological way of producing and consuming food, the narrative behind, the lock-in mechanisms and the main flaws, proposing alternative ways to produce and consume.
The Emerging “Quiet Revolution” in African Agrifood Systems: Challenges for Mozambique - David Tschirley, Michael Dolislager, Jason Snyder, Thomas Reardon
Presentation at MSU/IFPRI conference on “Agricultural Public Investments, Policies, and Markets for Mozambique’s Food Security and Economic Transformation”, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 November 2014
Economic assessment of Soil erosion in MalawiExternalEvents
Mr. Giacomo Pallante, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
Lecture delivered in the Module "Global Food Policies" of the Master Food, Law & Finance at International University College, Torino, Italy (22 Feb 2017). The Global North, that used to be dubbed "Developed Countries" or "First World", is experiencing a growing pandemic of malnutrition (growing obesity and stagnant undernutrition) due to its complete reliance in the industrial food system and its driving ethos: profit maximisation out of food production. This low-cost food system is killing us and destroying Nature. Specific food policies found in the Global North will be analysed, including the huge Farm Bill (US) and CAP (EU). Amongst the topics addressed, one can mention: Can we afford a healthy diet?, the productivist paradigm, Corporate Ethos VS Public Policies,
GMO Labelling in US and Civic Collective Actions for Food. At the end, a set of alternative Policy Options for the North will be presented and discussed, based on a different valuation of food: not as a commodity but a commons.
"IFPRI at 40: Looking Back, Looking Forward" Special Event held on November 18, 2015. Presentation by Mark Rosegrant, Director of Environment and Production Technologies Division (EPTD) at IFPRI.
Biofortified Sweetpotato as a Key Contributor to Sustainable Agri-Food System...Francois Stepman
Presentation by Jan Low Principal Scientist, International Potato Center (CIP) Nairobi, Kenya.
14-18 June 2021. AERAP Science organised the Africa-Europe Science and Innovation Summit, which aimed to enhance science and innovation cooperation between Africa and Europe.
As part of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with the National Nutrition Committee (ASRT affiliated): "100 million healthy lives: Scientific evidence on the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt"
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Lecture in the Module "Global Food Policies" on the Master Food, Law and Finance (IUC Torino, 20 March 2017). In a world that is largerly poor, although improving, the industrial food system is the main driver of planetary havoc, exceeding already several planetary boundaries that preserve our societies and a stable Nature. The paradoxes of the industrial food system (food kills people, food is not for people, food producers stay hungry, food is wasted) illustrate a disfunctional system that is unsustainable, inequitious and inefficient. The industrial food system wouldn't be able to exist without public subsidies and enabling regulations. This lecture explores those elements that sustain a technological way of producing and consuming food, the narrative behind, the lock-in mechanisms and the main flaws, proposing alternative ways to produce and consume.
The Emerging “Quiet Revolution” in African Agrifood Systems: Challenges for Mozambique - David Tschirley, Michael Dolislager, Jason Snyder, Thomas Reardon
Presentation at MSU/IFPRI conference on “Agricultural Public Investments, Policies, and Markets for Mozambique’s Food Security and Economic Transformation”, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 November 2014
Economic assessment of Soil erosion in MalawiExternalEvents
Mr. Giacomo Pallante, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
Lecture delivered in the Module "Global Food Policies" of the Master Food, Law & Finance at International University College, Torino, Italy (22 Feb 2017). The Global North, that used to be dubbed "Developed Countries" or "First World", is experiencing a growing pandemic of malnutrition (growing obesity and stagnant undernutrition) due to its complete reliance in the industrial food system and its driving ethos: profit maximisation out of food production. This low-cost food system is killing us and destroying Nature. Specific food policies found in the Global North will be analysed, including the huge Farm Bill (US) and CAP (EU). Amongst the topics addressed, one can mention: Can we afford a healthy diet?, the productivist paradigm, Corporate Ethos VS Public Policies,
GMO Labelling in US and Civic Collective Actions for Food. At the end, a set of alternative Policy Options for the North will be presented and discussed, based on a different valuation of food: not as a commodity but a commons.
"IFPRI at 40: Looking Back, Looking Forward" Special Event held on November 18, 2015. Presentation by Mark Rosegrant, Director of Environment and Production Technologies Division (EPTD) at IFPRI.
Biofortified Sweetpotato as a Key Contributor to Sustainable Agri-Food System...Francois Stepman
Presentation by Jan Low Principal Scientist, International Potato Center (CIP) Nairobi, Kenya.
14-18 June 2021. AERAP Science organised the Africa-Europe Science and Innovation Summit, which aimed to enhance science and innovation cooperation between Africa and Europe.
As part of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with the National Nutrition Committee (ASRT affiliated): "100 million healthy lives: Scientific evidence on the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt"
Presentación realizada en la VIII Reunión del Grupo de Trabajo 2025 de la Iniciativa América Latina y Caribe sin Hambre, que tuvo lugar entre el 30 y 31 de julio en México.
http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/iniciativa/seguimiento/gt2025/viii-reunion-del-gt2025/
G. cairo and suistanable development tamer elbakry 14-mar17Tamer El Bakry
This presentation is made for educational purposes only and dedicated to IE Business School. This video doesn't constitute in magnitude or extent a political opinion or other that could be taken effectively into consideration as a sign of actual demands and it is only restricted for personal use.
Sisay Sinamo Boltena
SPECIAL EVENT
Funding Food System Transformation in Developing Countries: An example from Ethiopia
UNFSS Side Event -- Co-organized by IFPRI, The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, CGIAR
SEP 24, 2021 - 08:00 AM TO 09:30 AM EDT
Martien van Nieuwkoop
Policy Seminar
Discussion on the Key Findings of FAO’s 2018 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World Report
Oct 10, 2018 - 12:15 pm to 01:45 pm EDT
Putting Children First: Session 2.1.A Adrian Gauci & Kalkidan Assefa - Nutrit...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
Derek Headey, Robel Alemu, Will Martin, David Stifel, and
Sofia Vielma
POLICY SEMINAR
Food Markets and Nutrition in the Developing World: Results from ARENA II
MAR 18, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Presentation by Alan de Brauw of IFPRI, Livia Bizikova of IISD, and Francine Picard and Carin Smaller of Shamba Centre for Food and Climate during the policy seminar on How USD 10 billion can transform food systems in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria: Report launch on March 16, 2023.
These set of slides were presented at the BEP Seminar "Targeting in Development Projects: Approaches, challenges, and lessons learned" held last Oct. 2, 2023 in Cairo, Egypt
Caitlin Welsh
POLICY SEMINAR
Food System Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine War
2023 Borlaug Dialogue Breakout session
Co-organized by IFPRI and CGIAR
OCT 26, 2023 - 1:10 TO 2:10PM EDT
Joseph Glauber
POLICY SEMINAR
Food System Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine War
2023 Borlaug Dialogue Breakout session
Co-organized by IFPRI and CGIAR
OCT 26, 2023 - 1:10 TO 2:10PM EDT
Antonina Broyaka
POLICY SEMINAR
Food System Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine War
2023 Borlaug Dialogue Breakout session
Co-organized by IFPRI and CGIAR
OCT 26, 2023 - 1:10 TO 2:10PM EDT
Bofana, Jose. 2023. Mapping cropland extent over a complex landscape: An assessment of the best approaches across the Zambezi River basin. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Mananze, Sosdito. 2023. Examples of remote sensing application in agriculture monitoring. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Seoul National University (SNU). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 4. Crop analytics for forecasting yields. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Kickoff Meeting (virtual), January 12, 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 1. Stakeholder engagement for impacts. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Centro de Estudos de Políticas e Programas Agroalimentares (CEPPAG). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 3. Digital collection of groundtruthing data. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
ITC/University of Twente. 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 2. Enhanced area sampling frames. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Christina Justice
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Fousseini Traoré
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Abdullah Mamun and Joseph Glauber
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Shirley Mustafa
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Joseph Glauber
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Lead authors Jonathan Mockshell and Danielle Resnick presented these slides at the Virtual Book Launch of the Political Economy and Policy Analysis (PEPA) Sourcebook on October 10, 2023.
An output of the Myanmar Strategy Support Program, with USAID and Michigan State University. Presented by Paul Dorosh, Director, Development Strategy and Governance Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute and Nilar Aung, Research Specialist, Michigan State University.
Bedru Balana, Research Fellow, IFPRI, presented these slides at the AAAE2023 Conference, Durban, South Africa, 18-21 September 2023. The authors acknowledged the contributions of CGIAR Initiative on National Policies and Strategies, Google, the International Rescue Committee, IFPRI, and USAID.
Sara McHattie
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
Facilitating Anticipatory Action with Improved Early Warning Guidance
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
SEP 26, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
More from International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (20)
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
3. Introduction
CAPMAS is the main and the official source for data in Egypt.
Always seeks to Cooperate with ministres and several
international organizations like UNICEF , FAO , UN , and many
other important agencies .
This is in order to help policy and decision makers to assign
the right and suitable plans.
CAPMAS conduct several survey which include a huge
variety of data , which can be used to have important
indicators that will reflect the situation of the population
and society from different aspects.
4. Household Income, Expenditure &
Consumption Survey
Methodology
• Sampling
• Reference Period
Data
Collection
• Using Questionnaire
• Using Laptop
5. Household Income, Expenditure &
Consumption Survey
Sample design :
Stratified 2 stage cluster sample , with cluster size 20
HH .where 45% of it represents the percentage of
households in urban regions, while 55% represents the
percentage of households in rural regions.
survey Sample size
HIECS 2013 24900HH
HIECS 2015 25000 HH
HIECS 2017 26000 HH
8. Household Income, Expenditure &
Consumption Survey
CAPMAS always seeks to improve its surveys and update the
questionniares.
The consumption and Expenditure form was improved to monitor the real
life of the household, not only in terms of economic aspects but the social
aspects also.
CAPMAS changed the consumption questionnaire, for example there were
around 300 (food & Drink) item but now it became 1000 (food & Drink)
item
Now , The focus will be on Income & consumption forms because There
data allow extracting the following:
Indicators for measuring food diversity
Measure the amount of food
Measuring the nutritional status of children (stunting, thinness and
underweight)
Strategies to overcome food shortages
10. • The energy gap increases notably in Upper Egypt .
• 65% of the population suffering calorie deficiency are found in Upper Egypt
Urban Govs
Lower Urban
Lower Rural
Upper Urban
Upper Rural
Frontier Urban
Frontier Rural
Fig 2: Distribution of Population Suffering Calorie
Dificiency
Average Calorie Intake
12. Dietary Diversity
• Nationally 18.8% of the population are estimated to have poor dietary diversity,
the majority (56.2%) in Upper Egypt, followed by Urban Governorates (19.5%)
Upper Rural
Lower Rural
Urban Govs
Distribution of Population with Poor
Dietary Diversity
13. Dietary Diversity
• Nearly 50% of the population in Sohag and Assuit have poor food diets
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Cairo
Alexandria
PortSaid
Suez
Damietta
Dakahlia
Sharkia
Qualiobia
Kafrel…
Garbeyya
Menoufia
Beheira
Ismailia
Giza
BaniSuef
Fayoum
Menia
Assiut
Sohag
Qena
Aswan
luxor
Frontiers
AllEgypt
%ofHouseholds
Fig 5: Household Dietary Diversity, 2015
Poor Moderate High
17. Prevalence of Poor Access to Food
• 15.9% of all households are estimated to have “poor access to food”,
• this rate increases to 31.7% in Upper Egypt compared to 15.9% in Frontier
governorates, 8% in Urban governorates and 6.3% in Lower Egypt
• poor access to food tends to be higher in rural areas, compared to their urban
counterparts. The prevalence of poor access to food increases to 38.7% in rural
Upper Egypt, compared to 16.3% in Urban Upper Egypt,
18. Contribution of National Food Subsidy
Program to Household Calorie Consumption
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cairo
Alexandria
PortSaid
Suez
Damietta
Dakahlia
Sharkia
Qualiobia
Kafrel…
Garbeyya
Menoufia
Beheira
Ismailia
Giza
BaniSuef
Fayoum
Menia
Assiut
Sohag
Qena
Aswan
luxor
Frontiers
AllEgypt
%oftotalcalorieintake
Fig 5.12: Contribution of Food Subsidy Programme to
Total Calorie Intake, 2015
% calorie intake from ration cards
% of calorie intake from subsidized bread
• Table 5: Impact of Food Subsidy
Reforms on Income Poverty
Region
2015
Poverty
Rates
SC1: 100%
removal of
Subsidy
SC2:
Removal of
Richest 50%
Urban Govs 15.11 18.25 15.93
Urban
Lower
9.67 12.74 9.90
Rural Lower 19.71 25.27 20.13
Urban
Upper
27.40 31.77 27.58
Rural Upper 56.70 61.87 57.30
Urban
Frontier
19.27 22.04 19.95
Rural
Frontier
28.95 37.64 30.66
Total 27.76 32.33 28.26
19. Household perceptions on sufficiency of food
consumption
63.7%
83.8%
86.4%
63.3%
55.7%
85.2%
28.2%
13.8%
11.8%
32.1%
37.2%
12.8%
8.1%
2.5%
1.8%
4.6%
7.1%
2.1%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Urban Govs
Urban Lower
Rural Lower
Urban Upper
Rural Upper
Frontier Govs
Percent of Population
Sufficient Food Cons Borderline Insufficient food cons.
• 23.4% percent of households reported that they could barely meet their basic food
needs, and 4.7 percent reported insufficient access to food.
• Urban governorates and Rural Upper Egypt have the highest prevalence of
households reporting insufficient food consumption in 2015 (8.1% and 7.1%
respectively).
Overall, the percent of poor population reporting insufficient or borderline food
consumption increased during 2013-2015, from 34.6% to 45.6%, indicating the growing
gap between what poor households actually consume and what they perceive as
minimum level of food consumption