The Sanitation Technology Platform (STeP) project tests sanitation technologies in India, South Africa, and Senegal funded by the Gates Foundation. The primary technology connects toilets to a machine that processes human waste into recycled flush water. Salts in urine are oxidized to make chlorine for disinfection, solid waste is consumed, and fecal sludge is eliminated. Treated waste is sent back to apartments for flushing. The presenter conducted research and analyzed survey data from testing sites in Coimbatore, India. Major donors for sanitation projects in Senegal include the World Bank, African Development Bank, and various international development agencies focused on expanding infrastructure and promoting latrine usage.
The document discusses hygiene and sanitation improvement efforts in the Amhara region of Ethiopia using community-led total sanitation approaches. A mix of community-led and household innovations were applied to improve WASH practices and reduce diarrheal disease while strengthening health systems. The program was embedded in Ethiopia's national hygiene and sanitation strategy and health extension program and emphasized community participation, behavior change techniques like shame walks, and capacity building of local cadres. Evaluation found improvements in sanitation access and handwashing knowledge from baseline to endline surveys.
This document discusses self-supply acceleration programs in Ethiopia that aim to improve water access through user investment at the household level. It explains that self-supply involves households developing their own water sources using rope pumps or motorized pumps to climb the "self-supply ladder" beyond unprotected sources. Effective self-supply acceleration requires financing options, creating demand, ensuring supply chains, and an enabling policy environment. Data shows that self-supply programs leverage much more private funding per dollar of public funding than traditional community water programs. However, such decentralized approaches also require addressing challenges like competition over water sources and long-term sustainability.
Hoy en día realmente el trabajo sirve para que la sociedad avance (o eso nos creemos), pero desde el punto de vista individual es para sobrevivir (igual que en la antigüedad), lo que sucede es que en la actualidad nuestras necesidades han cambiado mucho y no nos basta con alimentarnos sino que queremos una TV de plasma, una videoconsola y demás cacharros que sirven de entretenimiento o de hacernos la vida más fácil (como la lavadora) y no para sobrevivir.
Intership Program of German Business for Ukraine 2016Tanyuwka
The document summarizes an internship program for Ukrainian students and recent graduates to gain work experience at German companies in Germany. The program is a joint initiative between German and Ukrainian organizations and will provide up to 25 interns with monthly scholarships, travel costs, and housing support for internships lasting 3-5 months starting in February 2016. Eligible candidates must be studying or have graduated in relevant fields like business, engineering, or IT and have strong English or German language skills. The application process runs from April to May 2015 online, with interviews in Ukrainian cities in June/July and final placements from September to November 2015. More information is available on listed websites and contacts.
Infasta is a leading web design and development company that has been in business since 2007. They have a global presence and offer services including web design, mobile app development, digital marketing, and more. They have a team of 85 designers and developers and have experienced 200% yearly growth. Their values include having a customer focus, providing simplified solutions, recognizing employee contributions, and delivering cutting-edge technology solutions.
The document discusses hygiene and sanitation improvement efforts in the Amhara region of Ethiopia using community-led total sanitation approaches. A mix of community-led and household innovations were applied to improve WASH practices and reduce diarrheal disease while strengthening health systems. The program was embedded in Ethiopia's national hygiene and sanitation strategy and health extension program and emphasized community participation, behavior change techniques like shame walks, and capacity building of local cadres. Evaluation found improvements in sanitation access and handwashing knowledge from baseline to endline surveys.
This document discusses self-supply acceleration programs in Ethiopia that aim to improve water access through user investment at the household level. It explains that self-supply involves households developing their own water sources using rope pumps or motorized pumps to climb the "self-supply ladder" beyond unprotected sources. Effective self-supply acceleration requires financing options, creating demand, ensuring supply chains, and an enabling policy environment. Data shows that self-supply programs leverage much more private funding per dollar of public funding than traditional community water programs. However, such decentralized approaches also require addressing challenges like competition over water sources and long-term sustainability.
Hoy en día realmente el trabajo sirve para que la sociedad avance (o eso nos creemos), pero desde el punto de vista individual es para sobrevivir (igual que en la antigüedad), lo que sucede es que en la actualidad nuestras necesidades han cambiado mucho y no nos basta con alimentarnos sino que queremos una TV de plasma, una videoconsola y demás cacharros que sirven de entretenimiento o de hacernos la vida más fácil (como la lavadora) y no para sobrevivir.
Intership Program of German Business for Ukraine 2016Tanyuwka
The document summarizes an internship program for Ukrainian students and recent graduates to gain work experience at German companies in Germany. The program is a joint initiative between German and Ukrainian organizations and will provide up to 25 interns with monthly scholarships, travel costs, and housing support for internships lasting 3-5 months starting in February 2016. Eligible candidates must be studying or have graduated in relevant fields like business, engineering, or IT and have strong English or German language skills. The application process runs from April to May 2015 online, with interviews in Ukrainian cities in June/July and final placements from September to November 2015. More information is available on listed websites and contacts.
Infasta is a leading web design and development company that has been in business since 2007. They have a global presence and offer services including web design, mobile app development, digital marketing, and more. They have a team of 85 designers and developers and have experienced 200% yearly growth. Their values include having a customer focus, providing simplified solutions, recognizing employee contributions, and delivering cutting-edge technology solutions.
This study assessed the prevalence of trachoma and associated risk factors among children aged 1-9 years in villages in Ethiopia that had and had not implemented Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH). A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 644 children, with 322 from CLTSH villages and 322 from non-CLTSH villages. The overall prevalence of active trachoma was 27.8%, with no significant difference between the two village types. Variables associated with lower trachoma prevalence included living in an open defecation free village, lack of animal dung or rubbish nearby, and frequent hand and face washing. The study found no evidence that CLTSH implementation reduced trachoma
This systematic review analyzed 12 studies on open defecation-free slippage in Ethiopia. The estimated pooled rate of slippage, where households engaged in open defecation after being certified open defecation-free, was 15.9%. Main contributing factors for slippage included lack of technical support, financial constraints, low-quality building materials, improper program implementation, and lack of sanitation marketing. The increasing rate of slippage puts Ethiopia at risk of not achieving its goal of ensuring sanitation for all by 2030.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of sanitation issues around the world and in India specifically. Some key points:
- Globally, 61% of people had access to basic sanitation in 2008, while 40% lacked access to improved sanitation facilities. Inadequate sanitation increases disease incidence.
- In rural India, open defecation is common and poses health risks. Diarrhea is a major killer of children under 5. Lack of sanitation also impacts education and economic productivity.
- Urban India faces challenges of sanitation access in slums and safe disposal of human waste. Programs like Nirmal Shahar Puraskar aim to recognize best practices in urban sanitation.
KAP survey on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in 10 VDCs of Da...Deepak TIMSINA
This document summarizes the findings of a baseline KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey conducted in 15 communities in Dailekh and Surkhet districts of Nepal as part of a water and sanitation project. The survey assessed respondents' demographics, water and food handling practices, sanitation knowledge and habits, and diarrhea management. Key findings include: most respondents get drinking water from unprotected springs; many clean water containers but use unhygienic materials like ash or mud; latrine coverage is high but quality varies; and handwashing knowledge and practice needs improvement. The survey aims to identify health education needs and track project impact.
High Five program: final report (2011-2014)abby ati
The final report of High Five program, a sanitation and hygiene practices improvement program, implemented in three cities in Indonesia: Medan, Surabaya and Makassar.
How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses strategies for reducing open defecation in rural India. It notes that open defecation is a major public health issue, killing many children through diarrhea. Though toilet construction has increased access from 22% to 31% over 10 years, 69% of rural Indians still lack access. Key barriers include lack of toilets, poor quality construction, and social norms. Strategies proposed include improving delivery of subsidies for construction, ensuring quality construction with water supply and drainage, changing social norms among men, and monitoring usage not just construction. Addressing these issues could enable rural Indians to stop open defecation and improve health.
The document summarizes environmental health goals and initiatives under the MDGs, including reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution, improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and reducing the disease burden from these environmental factors. It provides case studies on handwashing promotion in Senegal and total sanitation programs in India and Indonesia, outlining challenges addressed and strategies used, such as behavior change communication campaigns, private sector partnerships, and community-led approaches.
The document discusses the large problem of access to clean drinking water and sanitation in India, noting statistics on water-borne diseases and the hundreds of millions of people without access. It then provides details on various technologies and approaches that could help address this issue, such as rainwater harvesting techniques, water filters, and monitoring water quality. A group of 5 people aims to help solve this problem through their discussion on the topic.
India, a country with one of the oldest civilisations of the world had the concept of sanitation from Indus valley days. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjadaro sites show evidence that even in ancient India, the practice of using toilets was prevalent and even community toilets and proper drainage systems were present. Yet so many centuries later, it is a paradoxical reality that the country is grappling with the problems of open defecation and access to sanitation facilities. Sanitation, in today’s parlance, is a comprehensive concept which includes waste disposal, environmental, domestic, personal and food hygiene. It is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Good sanitary measures and proper utilisation of the facilities is an important component of healthy living including reduction of morbidity and mortality and prevention of water and soil pollution. Lack of clean drinking water, improper disposal of waste and human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene - all of this has direct adverse impact on health, quality of life and economic and social well being. A number of innovative and successful approaches have increased access to sanitation. However, much more needs to be done to scale-up and sustain these efforts.
This systematic review examines pathways to recover from open defecation (OD) in communities that have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status through community-led total sanitation and hygiene (CLTSH) interventions. The review assesses outcomes and impacts of ODF status on disease reduction, identifies challenges that can lead to ODF reversion, and explores options for maintaining ODF status over the long term. A comprehensive search of published and unpublished literature from 2007 to 2018 in multiple languages and databases was conducted. Key findings related to CLTSH implementation characteristics, obstacles to maintaining ODF status, and recommendations for effective long-term ODF are discussed.
Availability of Sanitation Facilities in Informal Settlements of Enugu Munici...ijtsrd
This study aimed to determine the availability of sanitation facilities in informal settlements in Enugu Municipality, Nigeria. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire with 200 residents of informal settlements. The findings showed that pit latrine with slab was the most available sanitation facility, with 86.5% of respondents reporting its availability. Other facilities like pit latrine without slab and bucket/hanging latrines were found to be largely unavailable. The study concluded that while some sanitation facilities exist, the overall availability is insufficient to meet the needs of residents in the informal settlements. It was recommended that the government should provide more facilities to address gaps and improve sanitation conditions.
Access to Sanitation Facilities in a Predominantly Rural District in Ghana: S...Premier Publishers
Access to sanitation services is generally poor in developing countries including Ghana. Whereas works on the effect of sanitation on health have been interrogated, those on the relationship of socio-economic and demographic factors and access to sanitation services are limited. Besides, the issue of equity in access to sanitation services is least explored. The main objectives of this research were to explore the relationship between background characteristics of respondents and access to sanitation services and to examine whether there is equity in access to sanitation facilities in the Pru district of the Brong Ahafo region (Now Bono East Region) of Ghana. The integrated behavioural theory underpinned the study whilst the mixed methods approach was used as a research approach. A combination of simple random, systematic and accidental sample techniques was used to derive a sample of 380 based on the statistical table designed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Results show that, first and foremost, education and income levels had a positive effect on access to sanitation services. Secondly, women had better access to sanitation services than men largely due to the cultural factor of the recognition of the sacredness of the nude of women. Secondly, there is no equity in access to sanitation services since urban areas have better access than rural areas and the rich access safe sanitation services more. The propositions that there is inequity in access to sanitation services in the study area, and that the rich and affluent have better access to such services have been vindicated. Besides, the integrated behavioural theory has been justified.
Access and Behavioral Outcome Indicators for Water, Sanitation, and HygieneAED
The document summarizes a webinar presentation about a manual on access and behavioral outcome indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene programs. The manual was developed through an evidence-based process involving major organizations in the WASH field. It includes essential indicators for measuring access to water and sanitation facilities and behaviors related to handwashing, water treatment and safe excreta disposal. The presentation discusses how the manual can be used to select appropriate indicators for programs, set targets, and modify interventions based on whether targets are met. Limitations and plans for further development are also addressed.
The document summarizes the launch of Water Operators' Partnerships (WOPs) projects in Angola. The objectives are to analyze the WASH context in Angola, discuss UNICEF's 2015-2019 country program action plan with the government, and outline the selection process and expectations for the first WOPs projects in Angola. The first projects will partner operators in Cunene province with mentors and operators in Cabinda province with a mentor to improve performance through activities like needs assessments, action planning, and knowledge sharing.
Sanitation Coverage And Impact Of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zone With Specia...IJERA Editor
The basic needs of people such as safe drinking water, improved hygiene and sanitation must be fulfilled for a dignified life of human being. Sanitation is one of the major components which directly impact the living standard of people. However, people in many parts of the world have not got the sanitized condition and have been living in a non-hygienic situation. About 35% (2.5 billion) populations in the world are still lacking to access improved sanitation. There are many indicators of sanitized society but toilet is considered as one of the important ones. In Nepal, around 62% households have got the facility of toilet. This indicates that 38 % of households have no access to toilets and defecate openly. As a result people have got poor hygiene and sanitation environment. In turn, the country has got the loss of NRs. 10 billion annually. The objective of this paper is to explore the knowledge on open defecation (OD). OD is being eradicated from many parts of the world. Many western countries have already been free from OD. But this problem still exists in most of the developing and under-developed countries like Nepal. Though the adverse impact of OD is very high; people are not aware. Construction of toilets by providing outside support for the ultra poor people is not the rational way of eradication of OD. Technical and financial support for toilet construction could be effective if people are aware.
This study assessed the prevalence of trachoma and associated risk factors among children aged 1-9 years in villages in Ethiopia that had and had not implemented Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH). A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 644 children, with 322 from CLTSH villages and 322 from non-CLTSH villages. The overall prevalence of active trachoma was 27.8%, with no significant difference between the two village types. Variables associated with lower trachoma prevalence included living in an open defecation free village, lack of animal dung or rubbish nearby, and frequent hand and face washing. The study found no evidence that CLTSH implementation reduced trachoma
This systematic review analyzed 12 studies on open defecation-free slippage in Ethiopia. The estimated pooled rate of slippage, where households engaged in open defecation after being certified open defecation-free, was 15.9%. Main contributing factors for slippage included lack of technical support, financial constraints, low-quality building materials, improper program implementation, and lack of sanitation marketing. The increasing rate of slippage puts Ethiopia at risk of not achieving its goal of ensuring sanitation for all by 2030.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of sanitation issues around the world and in India specifically. Some key points:
- Globally, 61% of people had access to basic sanitation in 2008, while 40% lacked access to improved sanitation facilities. Inadequate sanitation increases disease incidence.
- In rural India, open defecation is common and poses health risks. Diarrhea is a major killer of children under 5. Lack of sanitation also impacts education and economic productivity.
- Urban India faces challenges of sanitation access in slums and safe disposal of human waste. Programs like Nirmal Shahar Puraskar aim to recognize best practices in urban sanitation.
KAP survey on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in 10 VDCs of Da...Deepak TIMSINA
This document summarizes the findings of a baseline KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey conducted in 15 communities in Dailekh and Surkhet districts of Nepal as part of a water and sanitation project. The survey assessed respondents' demographics, water and food handling practices, sanitation knowledge and habits, and diarrhea management. Key findings include: most respondents get drinking water from unprotected springs; many clean water containers but use unhygienic materials like ash or mud; latrine coverage is high but quality varies; and handwashing knowledge and practice needs improvement. The survey aims to identify health education needs and track project impact.
High Five program: final report (2011-2014)abby ati
The final report of High Five program, a sanitation and hygiene practices improvement program, implemented in three cities in Indonesia: Medan, Surabaya and Makassar.
How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses strategies for reducing open defecation in rural India. It notes that open defecation is a major public health issue, killing many children through diarrhea. Though toilet construction has increased access from 22% to 31% over 10 years, 69% of rural Indians still lack access. Key barriers include lack of toilets, poor quality construction, and social norms. Strategies proposed include improving delivery of subsidies for construction, ensuring quality construction with water supply and drainage, changing social norms among men, and monitoring usage not just construction. Addressing these issues could enable rural Indians to stop open defecation and improve health.
The document summarizes environmental health goals and initiatives under the MDGs, including reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution, improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and reducing the disease burden from these environmental factors. It provides case studies on handwashing promotion in Senegal and total sanitation programs in India and Indonesia, outlining challenges addressed and strategies used, such as behavior change communication campaigns, private sector partnerships, and community-led approaches.
The document discusses the large problem of access to clean drinking water and sanitation in India, noting statistics on water-borne diseases and the hundreds of millions of people without access. It then provides details on various technologies and approaches that could help address this issue, such as rainwater harvesting techniques, water filters, and monitoring water quality. A group of 5 people aims to help solve this problem through their discussion on the topic.
India, a country with one of the oldest civilisations of the world had the concept of sanitation from Indus valley days. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjadaro sites show evidence that even in ancient India, the practice of using toilets was prevalent and even community toilets and proper drainage systems were present. Yet so many centuries later, it is a paradoxical reality that the country is grappling with the problems of open defecation and access to sanitation facilities. Sanitation, in today’s parlance, is a comprehensive concept which includes waste disposal, environmental, domestic, personal and food hygiene. It is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Good sanitary measures and proper utilisation of the facilities is an important component of healthy living including reduction of morbidity and mortality and prevention of water and soil pollution. Lack of clean drinking water, improper disposal of waste and human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene - all of this has direct adverse impact on health, quality of life and economic and social well being. A number of innovative and successful approaches have increased access to sanitation. However, much more needs to be done to scale-up and sustain these efforts.
This systematic review examines pathways to recover from open defecation (OD) in communities that have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status through community-led total sanitation and hygiene (CLTSH) interventions. The review assesses outcomes and impacts of ODF status on disease reduction, identifies challenges that can lead to ODF reversion, and explores options for maintaining ODF status over the long term. A comprehensive search of published and unpublished literature from 2007 to 2018 in multiple languages and databases was conducted. Key findings related to CLTSH implementation characteristics, obstacles to maintaining ODF status, and recommendations for effective long-term ODF are discussed.
Availability of Sanitation Facilities in Informal Settlements of Enugu Munici...ijtsrd
This study aimed to determine the availability of sanitation facilities in informal settlements in Enugu Municipality, Nigeria. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire with 200 residents of informal settlements. The findings showed that pit latrine with slab was the most available sanitation facility, with 86.5% of respondents reporting its availability. Other facilities like pit latrine without slab and bucket/hanging latrines were found to be largely unavailable. The study concluded that while some sanitation facilities exist, the overall availability is insufficient to meet the needs of residents in the informal settlements. It was recommended that the government should provide more facilities to address gaps and improve sanitation conditions.
Access to Sanitation Facilities in a Predominantly Rural District in Ghana: S...Premier Publishers
Access to sanitation services is generally poor in developing countries including Ghana. Whereas works on the effect of sanitation on health have been interrogated, those on the relationship of socio-economic and demographic factors and access to sanitation services are limited. Besides, the issue of equity in access to sanitation services is least explored. The main objectives of this research were to explore the relationship between background characteristics of respondents and access to sanitation services and to examine whether there is equity in access to sanitation facilities in the Pru district of the Brong Ahafo region (Now Bono East Region) of Ghana. The integrated behavioural theory underpinned the study whilst the mixed methods approach was used as a research approach. A combination of simple random, systematic and accidental sample techniques was used to derive a sample of 380 based on the statistical table designed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Results show that, first and foremost, education and income levels had a positive effect on access to sanitation services. Secondly, women had better access to sanitation services than men largely due to the cultural factor of the recognition of the sacredness of the nude of women. Secondly, there is no equity in access to sanitation services since urban areas have better access than rural areas and the rich access safe sanitation services more. The propositions that there is inequity in access to sanitation services in the study area, and that the rich and affluent have better access to such services have been vindicated. Besides, the integrated behavioural theory has been justified.
Access and Behavioral Outcome Indicators for Water, Sanitation, and HygieneAED
The document summarizes a webinar presentation about a manual on access and behavioral outcome indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene programs. The manual was developed through an evidence-based process involving major organizations in the WASH field. It includes essential indicators for measuring access to water and sanitation facilities and behaviors related to handwashing, water treatment and safe excreta disposal. The presentation discusses how the manual can be used to select appropriate indicators for programs, set targets, and modify interventions based on whether targets are met. Limitations and plans for further development are also addressed.
The document summarizes the launch of Water Operators' Partnerships (WOPs) projects in Angola. The objectives are to analyze the WASH context in Angola, discuss UNICEF's 2015-2019 country program action plan with the government, and outline the selection process and expectations for the first WOPs projects in Angola. The first projects will partner operators in Cunene province with mentors and operators in Cabinda province with a mentor to improve performance through activities like needs assessments, action planning, and knowledge sharing.
Sanitation Coverage And Impact Of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zone With Specia...IJERA Editor
The basic needs of people such as safe drinking water, improved hygiene and sanitation must be fulfilled for a dignified life of human being. Sanitation is one of the major components which directly impact the living standard of people. However, people in many parts of the world have not got the sanitized condition and have been living in a non-hygienic situation. About 35% (2.5 billion) populations in the world are still lacking to access improved sanitation. There are many indicators of sanitized society but toilet is considered as one of the important ones. In Nepal, around 62% households have got the facility of toilet. This indicates that 38 % of households have no access to toilets and defecate openly. As a result people have got poor hygiene and sanitation environment. In turn, the country has got the loss of NRs. 10 billion annually. The objective of this paper is to explore the knowledge on open defecation (OD). OD is being eradicated from many parts of the world. Many western countries have already been free from OD. But this problem still exists in most of the developing and under-developed countries like Nepal. Though the adverse impact of OD is very high; people are not aware. Construction of toilets by providing outside support for the ultra poor people is not the rational way of eradication of OD. Technical and financial support for toilet construction could be effective if people are aware.
Sanitation Coverage And Impact Of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zone With Specia...
STeP Showcase ppt_Ameya Benegal
1. www.rti.orgRTI International is a registered trademark and a trade name of Research Triangle Institute.
Sanitation Technology Platform (STeP)
RTI Intern Showcase, August 6th, 2015
Ameya Benegal
1
2. Overview of STeP
Sanitation-Technology Platform (STeP) is a project that RTI is
implementing in 3 locations:
– Coimbatore, India
– Durban, South Africa
– Dakar, Senegal
Funded by the Gates Foundation to support testing of technologies
under the Foundation’s Reinvent the Toilet challenge
The primary technology we are testing connects toilets in an
apartment to a machine that processes human waste and reuses it
as recycled flush water
Salts in Human urine are oxidized to make chlorine for water disinfection
Solid human waste will be consumed within the processing system, and fecal
sludge is eliminated in the process
Treated waste is moved up to the apartment building, and the next time someone
flushes their toilets, it will be filled with clean, treated water
2
3. My Duties
Conduct research on global sanitation issues worldwide, along with
the countries and cities of focus
Analyze survey data from numerous apartment testing sites in
Coimbatore
Research various sanitation projects in Senegal, and looking at RTI’s
potential role in future
3
5. Global Sanitation Issues Overview
A 2012 WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report showed the countries that
account for almost three-quarters of people who practice open defecation:
1. India (626 million)
2. Indonesia (63 million)
3. Pakistan (40 million)
4. Ethiopia (38 million)
5. Nigeria (34 million)
6. Sudan (19 million)
7. Nepal (15 million)
8. China (14 million)
9. Niger (12 million)
10. Burkina Faso (9.7 million)
11. Mozambique (9.5 million)
12. Cambodia (8.6 million)
Between Demographic Health Survey (DHS) studies
from 2010-2013 on Diarrheal Prevalence Issues:
• Niger, Burkina Faso, Mozambique, and Ethiopia
have among the worst access to adequate
sanitation (% of populations)
• Indonesia and Pakistan have the best records for
private, improved sanitation to civilians
• But Pakistan has highest overall diarrheal
prevalence rate for Children Under 5 Years
• Diarrheal prevalence rates were lower among
populations with access to private-improved
facilities than non-improved/shared
5
7. Sanitation in India
Overview:
– From 2008 UNICEF Facts Sheet:
31% of India’s population use improved sanitation
In rural India, 21% use improved sanitation facilities
11 % of rural families dispose child stools safely
80 % children’s stools are left in the open or thrown into the garbage
– From 2012 WHO-UNICEF JMP:
An estimated 626 million people were reported to practice open defecation
Accounts for roughly 59% of the world who practice open defecation
More than twice the number of the next 18 countries combined
This is over 50% of India’s population
Impacts:
– In 2006, poor sanitation cost India roughly $54 billion (6.4% of the
country’s GDP)
– In 2010:
Estimated 25,589,400 years of life were lost due to premature mortality, and
594,159 deaths were reported to have been attributed to diarrheal diseases
Death rate attributed to diarrheal diseases was 48.5 in 100,000
China’s is 0.33; Pakistan 41.69; Nepal 33.34; Sri Lanka 8.08; Bangladesh
12.08
7
8. Sanitation in South Africa
Overview:
– From a WHO/UNICEF Report looking at 1990-2012
Access to Improved Facilities has increased from 58% to 74%
Access to shared facilities increased from 10% to 13%
Open defecation decreased from 14% to 5%
– From survey by Health Systems Trust (HST) from 2009-2010 to 2013-
2014:
Diarrheal dehydration incidence rate for children under 5 years decreased from
21.1 to 14.1 (per 1,000 children)
Diarrheal fatality rate for children under 5 years decreased from 7.1% to 3.9%
• Diarrheal dehydration incidence rate for children under 5 years decreased
from 21.1 to 14.1 (per 1,000 children)
• Diarrheal fatality rate for children under 5 years decreased from 7.1% to 3.9%
Impacts:
– In 2010:
17,614 deaths were reported to have been attributed to diarrheal disease
death rate attributed to diarrheal diseases was 35.06 deaths in 100,000 people
Botswana’s is 16.11; Mozambique 54.6; Zimbabwe 60.1; Lesotho 98.62;
Swaziland 77.8; Namibia 43.98
8
9. Sanitation in Senegal
Overview:
– In a 2010-2011 Demographic Health Survey:
66% of urban population had access to improved, private sanitation facilities
30% of rural population had access to improved, private sanitation facilities
20.6% of urban population had access improved, shared facilities
8% of rural population had access to shared facilities
13.2% of urban population used non-improved sanitation facilities
62% of rural population accessed non-improved facilities
– In 2012:
52% of the population had access to improved sanitation facilities
In 2011 it was 51%, and 50% in 2010
Impacts:
– In 2010:
7,854 deaths were reported to have been attributed to diarrheal diseases
Death rate attributed to diarrheal diseases was 63.01 deaths in 100,000
people
Guinea-Bissau’s is 84.32; Guinea 46.47; Mauritania 48.1; Gambia 30.41; Mali
62.04
9
11. Survey Analysis of Sites in Coimbatore
I analyzed 27 sites in Coimbatore that met certain criteria such as
number of floors, availability of site space, utilities
– In addition to tables below, I provided descriptive statistics for costs of
sewage and electricity connection, along with rent
These analyses were needed as the STeP team needed to identify which sites
would be ideal for testing, and then being able to speak to the apartments’
respective landlords
11
Table 1. Socio-Economic Status Projections
Status Frequency Distribution
Low Income 4 14.8%
Lower Middle-Income 15 55.6%
Refuse/No Answer 8 29.6%
Total 27 100.0%
Table 2. Most Common Type of Toilet in Household
Toilet Type Frequency Distribution
Squat Plate (Indian) 20 74.1%
Pedestal (Western) 3 11.1%
Both 4 14.8%
Total 27 100.0%
Based on the sample, the majority of apartments appear to be lower middle-income, and most use the Indian Squat
Plate toilet.
13. Overview of Sanitation-Related Projects in Senegal
Major donors for Senegal:
– World Bank
Water Sanitation Program (WSP) Trust Fund
– African Development Bank
– International Development Agencies from: Belgium, France, US, Japan, and
Luxembourg
Major Senegalese agencies focusing on sanitation:
– National Sanitation Office of Senegal (ONAS)
Has also received 3 grants from Gates Foundation
– Ministry for Water and Sanitation
– Ministry of Health / National Hygiene Service
Major regions of focus in Senegal:
– For typically urban-focused projects: Dakar and Ziguinchor
– For more rural-focused projects: Matam, Louga, Kaffrine, and Kaolack
Projects typically consist of:
– Expanding networks to houses
– Providing and promoting use of latrines
– Improving delivery frameworks
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