1. The Everett Primary Electrical Laboratory replaced its aging air conditioning system to address increasing issues with temperature and humidity control.
2. The new 20-ton system included replacement of major components and controls to better regulate the four lab rooms' environments.
3. Initial challenges with air distribution were addressed through retrofitting ceiling tiles with holes to restore uniform airflow, and relocating sensors and equipment to minimize temperature variations.
HVAC system is very important part of a pharmaceutical company. So that we must know the basic term or procedure of a Pharmaceutical HVAC system. We are tying to give a brief description about HVAC system in our Slide. Hope all of u like it. Thank u..
As more and more jurisdictions and building owners are placing increased emphasis on sustainable and responsible building strategies, design teams are looking beyond traditional HVAC solutions to maximize energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort and safety.
In-slab radiant heating systems have enjoyed popularity both here in the United States and abroad for years. Now, with the availability of improved control systems and better understanding within the design and construction community, the same concept can be applied to radiant cooling as an energy-efficient and cost-effective solution. This program will cover the radiant cooling heat transfer fundamentals, system performance and capacity, typical construction methods, and control strategies. Attendees will gain an understanding of how in-slab radiant cooling systems can be used as part of an energy-efficient design solution to reduce overall energy consumption.
HVAC system is very important part of a pharmaceutical company. So that we must know the basic term or procedure of a Pharmaceutical HVAC system. We are tying to give a brief description about HVAC system in our Slide. Hope all of u like it. Thank u..
As more and more jurisdictions and building owners are placing increased emphasis on sustainable and responsible building strategies, design teams are looking beyond traditional HVAC solutions to maximize energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort and safety.
In-slab radiant heating systems have enjoyed popularity both here in the United States and abroad for years. Now, with the availability of improved control systems and better understanding within the design and construction community, the same concept can be applied to radiant cooling as an energy-efficient and cost-effective solution. This program will cover the radiant cooling heat transfer fundamentals, system performance and capacity, typical construction methods, and control strategies. Attendees will gain an understanding of how in-slab radiant cooling systems can be used as part of an energy-efficient design solution to reduce overall energy consumption.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
Its the detailed process of the Centralized Air conditioning system. It is the apt notes required for architecture students. It has the components and sub topics with the detailed explanation of the mechanism of how it works
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of...Motiva
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of utility
Material is primarily intended for further-education purposes for professional workers. Material can be used in teaching in classroom or self-study.
Teachers and students can use the power point material as a whole or they can pick up the most useful parts.
Including: Ventilation, indoor air and heating installations, HVAC adjustments and implementation.
Co-funded by the intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The good practices and principles required for the energy efficient building have been included in the teaching material. The writers are not responsible for their suitability to individual building projects as such. The individual building projects have to be made according to the building design of the targets in question.
Air Handling Unit Refurbishment Presentation EnvirotecEnvirotec Ltd
Envirotec\'s Air Handling Unit (AHU) refurbishment CPD presentation is designed for Engineering Building Services Consultants and Architects. Contact Steve Brown to arrange a visit to your consultancy.
Portafolio de productos pertenecientes a la marca alemana Esbit, para la temporada de camping 2012-2013. Todos los productos importados y distribuidos por Lomax S.P.A.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
Its the detailed process of the Centralized Air conditioning system. It is the apt notes required for architecture students. It has the components and sub topics with the detailed explanation of the mechanism of how it works
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of...Motiva
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of utility
Material is primarily intended for further-education purposes for professional workers. Material can be used in teaching in classroom or self-study.
Teachers and students can use the power point material as a whole or they can pick up the most useful parts.
Including: Ventilation, indoor air and heating installations, HVAC adjustments and implementation.
Co-funded by the intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The good practices and principles required for the energy efficient building have been included in the teaching material. The writers are not responsible for their suitability to individual building projects as such. The individual building projects have to be made according to the building design of the targets in question.
Air Handling Unit Refurbishment Presentation EnvirotecEnvirotec Ltd
Envirotec\'s Air Handling Unit (AHU) refurbishment CPD presentation is designed for Engineering Building Services Consultants and Architects. Contact Steve Brown to arrange a visit to your consultancy.
Portafolio de productos pertenecientes a la marca alemana Esbit, para la temporada de camping 2012-2013. Todos los productos importados y distribuidos por Lomax S.P.A.
Caso practico social media empresa base tecnologica ceeim 2011 01 20llumius
Caso práctico de la conferencia: "Social media, marketing 2.0 para empresas innovadoras y de base tecnológica. Charla impartida en CEEIM (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras de Murcia), 20 de enero de 2011
Los apóstoles piden a Jesús que les enseñe a rezar. Y él crea una maravillosa oración que nos convierte en hijos del mismo Padre, del Dios Único y verdadero. Y rezamos juntos… Padre Nuestro que estás en los cielos. Jesús nuestro Maestro en la Fe nos da en el Padrenuestro una autentica hoja de ruta que marca el camino de toda nuestra espiritualidad.
La opción más barata para vender o alquilar tu casa más rápidamente.
Rentabiliza los costes de publicación en portales inmobiliarios. Multiplica las visitas cambiando la imagen de la propiedad al mínimo coste.
This paper will compare the total power consumption of two different means of heating/cooling systems: air and water. For a single 90mm extruder, the total power consumption, output rate, and thermal control will be used to compare the two cooling means. Four different resins will be used.
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docxpicklesvalery
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
This study shows the experimental comparison
between a commercial vapor compression refrigerator and a
laboratory built thermoelectric beverage cooler. Tests were
carried out to determine the time taken for the temperature of
325 ml of water in a glass jar to be reduced from 32oC to below
6oC. The result shows that in the freezer compartment of the
commercial refrigerator, the temperature of the water decreased
linearly with increasing time. However, for the thermoelectric
refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with
increasing time. In other words, cooling rate for the refrigerator
was constant while for the thermoelectric it decreased
exponentially. The study also shows that that in the freezer
compartment of the commercial refrigerator the water took 61
min to cool to 6°C while the thermoelectric beverage cooler took
69 min. It can be seen that for the majority of the cooling time,
the thermoelectric refrigerator was cooling at a faster rate than
the commercial refrigerator.
Air conditioning participles, air conditioning systems, heat pumps and heat recovery devices, health considerations and AC related illnesses.
Intruder alarms and lightning protection units
COAL CHARACTERISTICS
As geological processes apply pressure to peat
over time, it is transformed successively
into different types of coal
As geological processes apply pressure to peat
over time, it is transformed successively
into different types of coal
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Ncsl environmental controls paper
1. 1
Temperature & Humidity Environmental Controls
in a Primary Standards Laboratory
Ivars Ikstrums – Speaker/Author
Fluke Calibration
6920 Seaway Blvd, M/S 169G
Everett, WA 98203
425-446-5212
email: ivars.ikstrums@fluke.com
ABSTRACT
ISO 17025, Section 5.3, requires the control, monitoring and recording of laboratory
environmental conditions as required by relevant specifications, methods and
procedures, or where they influence the quality of the results. But what happens when
your laboratory’s environmental control system (aka air-conditioning system) gets old,
cranky and hard to maintain? What happens when out-of-tolerance (OOT) conditions
for temperature or humidity (or sometimes both simultaneously) begin happening with
some regularity?
Fluke’s Everett Primary Electrical Laboratory (EPEL), located in Everett, WA, is the
company’s flagship electrical laboratory in the United States. It houses primary
electrical standards and performs high-end calibrations in the areas of AC/DC voltage
and current, resistance, RF, and capacitance. One key component is a Josephson
Voltage Standard. If the EPEL is not operating then all of Fluke manufacturing and
service may be shut down. Accordingly, the allowable temperature and humidity
operating limits are fairly narrow: 23 °C ± 0.6 °C and 45 %RH ± 5 %RH, respectively.
Complicating the issue is the layout of EPEL: Four non-symmetrical rooms, with
varying heat loads. This lab simply cannot afford downtime due to environmental OOT
conditions. Yet such recurrences began increasing as the lab’s air-conditioning system
aged. The solution became clear: Replace it.
This paper examines the successful selection and sizing of the replacement air-
conditioning system, selection of a monitoring system, coordinating the lab’s downtime
with customers, standards verification before and after the installation, placement of the
controls and monitoring sensors, checking temperature gradients, eliminating hot and
cold spots in the lab, and other considerations.
1 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
Environmental controls and monitoring are required in all calibration laboratories. The
EPEL is monitored for temperature, humidity, pressure, line quality and radiated RF per
2. 2
the Fluke Park Laboratory’s quality manual. This paper is concerned with the
temperature and humidity aspects of environmental controls.
The Fluke Park campus was built in
1980, which included a four-room
dedicated space, known as the
Primary Standards Lab (PSL).
Recently, owing to the addition of
temperature and pressure
manufacturing and calibration
capability in Fluke Park, the PSL
was renamed as the Everett
Primary Electrical Laboratory
(EPEL) to properly communicate its
mission of electrical calibration, and
to remove confusion with Fluke’s
three other primary laboratories.
The four EPEL rooms, however,
remain the same today; see Figure
1
In 1980, when the laboratory was
originally built, an air-conditioning
pack was installed to handle the
environmental controls. This
proved unsatisfactory, and a
purpose-built air-conditioning
system was designed and installed
in 1984. The replacement air-
conditioning system is described
here in modest detail since its
design and eventual shortcomings
drove the requirements for the
system upgrade in 2011.
At the core of this system was a recirculating air
loop that used a primary cooling coil for cooling
and dehumidifying the supply air and a single,
large fan to move the air. The cooling coil can be thought of as an oversize car radiator
that works in the reverse direction. An air heater and humidifier, located downstream of
the fan, were used to adjust the temperature and humidity of the air before its flow was
split among the four EPEL rooms. A secondary cooling coil was installed above each
Figure 1: EPEL Layout
3. 3
room, and was used to fine-tune the air temperature according to each room’s needs.
The air was then delivered into the pressurized plenums above each room’s ceiling thru
an expanded-metal diffuser. The plenums of each room were isolated from each other.
The air flowed thru perforated ceiling tiles into each room. This provided a fairly uniform
air supply into each lab room. Return air was via several wall-mounted exhaust grilles
in each room to minimize hot or cold air pockets. The inside of the wall itself, between
the studs, was used as part of the return circuit to minimize complexity due to ducting.
The walls were painted with a sealer to greatly minimize the transfer of humidity across
the outer boundaries of the lab. A schematic of the airflow system in shown in Figure 2.
Also integral to this system was a chilled water system that cooled and dehumidified the
air by use of the large primary cooling coil and four secondary cooling coils mentioned
above. The water chiller was a dual-refrigeration system that was mounted on the roof
of the building and had a total capacity of ten tons. A schematic of the chilled water
system in shown in Figure 3.
The system was supplemented with an airflow bypass damper when the full function of
the main cooling coil was not needed. In order to keep the lab at a slightly positive
pressure, a small air supply line from the building’s central system was tapped into the
lab’s supply side. This also served to keep the lab’s air from getting stale by use of the
feed-and-bleed principle.
A Staefa control system regulated the chilled water supply to the five cooling coils,
bypass damper position, and operation of the air heater and humidifier, as was
necessary. The control system included four temperature sensors, each installed in one
of the rooms, and shielded from the supply airflow. A single humidity sensor was also
used.
Manual controls were provided at the control panel to allow the lab Technicians to
adjust the bypass damper. This enabled the “trimming” of the air supply to adjust lab
temperature when the automatic controller was at its limit. A log was kept of these
adjustments so that lab personnel always knew the damper adjustment.
The controller provided a display of the temperature and humidity in each room, but did
not record the data. Therefore, two hygrothermographs were used to record the
temperature & humidity history of the lab (Figure 4).
6. 6
Figure 4: Cole-Parmer Hygrothermograph
In 1999 the hygrothermographs were replaced by one temperature sensor in each
room, and one humidity sensor in Room 4, all connected to a Fluke NetDAQ data
logger. Data recording was performed by TrendLink software.
Each monitoring sensor was co-located with each room’s control sensor, and was
protected against direct airflow from the ceiling. The temperature monitoring sensors
and the control system sensors were mounted together in a tube in an X configuration;
a fan pulled air over the sensors – ensuring the sensors received the same input.
Over the years, this overall system served its purpose. However, as the system began
to age, instances of OOT temperature and/or humidity conditions increased. High OOT
temperature was usually a seasonal occurrence, primarily during the summer. Low
OOT humidity could happen, even in the Pacific Northwest, whenever a northerly airflow
developed.
In some cases, simple countermeasures could be employed. The air intake dampers
were adjusted when a high OOT temperature condition began building. Portable
humidifiers were used when humidity went low OOT and the air conditioning was unable
to make up the difference.
7. 7
However, when temperature went OOT, either high or low, the response usually was to
stop all calibrations in the affected room(s), fix the problem, return to an in-tolerance
state, and then soak the room(s) before resuming calibrations. Figure 5 is an example
of a more extreme incident where different EPEL rooms were OOT high or low, within a
relatively short period of time.
In all, the A/C system worked reasonably well for about 25 years, within the limitations
of its design. However, its age began to show. In particular, the Staefa controller
became unserviceable due to unavailability of replacement parts. Also, the capacity of
the system did not allow for additional electronics being added to the lab spaces.
Finally, the decision was made to perform a major upgrade.
Figure 5: Example of Temperature OOT Conditions
(two hours per division)
Capital funding was obtained for several laboratory upgrades in 2011; the single largest
upgrade was to the air-conditioning system. Fluke Park Facilities organization was
contracted to design the air-conditioning upgrade and supervise its installation.
2 DESIGN
Over the years, the amount of electronic-powered equipment in the lab, and the
associated heat load, increased. Also, the heat load could vary from room to room and
by time of day. The old system had a cooling capacity of 10 tons. After taking stock of
the lab’s heat load in 2011, and projecting future growth, which included high-current
shunts and amplifiers, it was decided to increase the capacity of the upgraded air-
8. 8
conditioning system to 20 tons. This, in turn, drove the decisions as to what system
components to keep, and which to replace.
Since the old Staefa controller was no longer serviceable, it was replaced with a multi-
channel Johnson Controls system and new sensors.
The chilled water chiller, chilled water control valve, chilled water pumps, all cooling
coils, water tanks and control system were replaced. The air circulation fan, ducting,
humidifier, air heater and much of the chilled water piping was retained, but refurbished
where required. The replacement water chiller contained a variable-frequency
compressor that made fine-tuning of the chilled water temperature possible.
The cooling coils were all increased in size to handle the larger heat load, matching the
new water chiller. The chilled water pump capacity was increased slightly to provide
higher flow, and the system redesign allowed the return chilled water to run at a higher
temperature than before. Taken together, these changes allow the new air-conditioning
system to use the full capacity of the 20 ton chiller.
The next problem was the delivery of the air into each room. As was previously noted,
the old system supplied the conditioned air into positive pressure plenums above the
ceiling. The ceiling tiles were perforated with several thousand holes per tile. This
created a fairly uniform air wash that flowed down from the ceiling. Experience with this
arrangement was favorable.
Since the old tiles were showing their age, an attempt was made to find a supplier of
perforated ceiling tiles. However, such a product was not available and regular 2 ft by 4
ft tiles were used. The positive-pressure plenums above the ceiling were retained, but
several ceiling supply vents were installed in each room.
While the Johnson Controls system included a separate temperature sensor in each
room, those sensors were for control purposes only. A separate data recording system
was still needed. Since the NetDAQ was getting old, it was decided to replace it with
Fluke 1620A Thermo-Hygrometers (aka DewK) recording to LogWare software.
Finally, a link was designed to connect the Johnson Controls system to the Facilities
control room in the building. This would serve to notify the Facilities and Security
organizations in the event of an OOT condition in the lab, as Facilities has the
responsibility for first response after an OOT condition. This was modeled after a
similar design in the Customer Service lab (SSO) spaces in a nearby building.
9. 9
3 UPGRADE & DOWNTIME
Since the air-conditioning upgrade was going to require laboratory downtime, advance
planning and logistics would be required:
- Determination when the contractor would have all the new components on hand
and be ready to start work
- Determination of how long the upgrade and system balancing would take
- Coordination with the lab’s customers, both within and outside of Fluke,
regarding the scheduling of their critical calibration jobs
- Power-off verification tests of all standards and calibration stations
- Moving most of the lab equipment out of EPEL
- General painting (since the walls would be accessible)
- Moving the lab equipment back into EPEL
- Equipment acclimation
- Power-on verification tests of all standards and calibration stations
In all, about three weeks of downtime were experienced. Approximately one day was
required to get the new air-conditioning system running, and approximately two more
weeks to fine-tune it.
Concurrently with the above, a DewK and two sensors were installed in each room and
connected to a PC acting as the LogWare server.
Once the air-conditioning system was stable and controlling adequately, the Johnson
Controls sensors were “matched” to the DewK sensors. The Johnson Controls sensors
are not calibrated; rather, the DewK sensors are regularly calibrated and provide the
official temperature and humidity readings in the EPEL rooms. Therefore, the Johnson
Controls system is trimmed to match the DewK readings by adjusting bias values.
Initially this was done for the average room temperature, since there were two DewK
sensors and Johnson Controls sensor in each room.
4 THE EARLY EXPERIENCE
The new system was found to be responsive and able to handle the lab’s heat load.
A comprehensive series of temperature measurements were taken in each of the lab’s
rooms. The intent was to map temperature gradients from station to station, across
each laboratory room, and determine if the Johnson Controls sensors were in the
optimal locations.
10. 10
It was determined that there were high and low temperature pockets in the rooms,
which caused some equipment to be relocated. Eventually, the cause of these
temperature pockets was determined to be the air supply geometry itself. The old air-
conditioning system used perforated ceiling tiles, wherein a uniform flow of air from the
ceiling was realized. Under the new system, the incoming airflow was restricted to a
limited number of air supply vents in the
ceiling. Consensus was reached that a
return to the old system was desirable.
Since perforated ceiling tiles were no longer
available, an economical way of making
holes in the tiles had to be found, and the
number and size of the holes had to be
determined.
Laser-cut holes were thought to be simple
and expedient, but left an undesirable
charred odor. In the end, holes drilled on
an automated 2-axis mill proved to be the
best solution.
The next problem was to determine the
number and size of the holes. Some of the
longtime employees in the Facilities group
thought the original tiles had 2% coverage
of holes to the total area of the tiles, but no
one was completely sure. Fortunately, a
couple of tiles had not been thrown away
and were found in a storeroom. Some
tedious counting and measurement
determined that the perforations did,
indeed, cover 2% of the surface. An
arbitrary hole size and resulting 10x30 grid pattern were selected and the ceiling tiles
were drilled.
The newly-perforated ceiling tiles reduced the temperature pockets in the lab rooms.
But this created a new problem. Since three of the four EPEL rooms had the Johnson
Controls sensor positioned near the ceiling in the middle of the room, there was the
concern that that “air wash” from the ceiling would provide temperature readings that
were not representative of the entire room. This was easily solved by placing baffle
plates above each sensor, thus eliminating the “air wash” condition near the sensors
Figure 6: Drilled ceiling tiles
11. 11
themselves. Another temperature gradient mapping of the lab rooms confirmed the
adequacy of the air flow solution.
5 SUBSEQUENT ADJUSTMENTS
Once the lab staff was comfortable with the air
supply arrangement and placement of the
control sensors, it was decided to reduce the
number of DewK sensors in each room to
one, and to co-locate them with the control
sensors. This served two purposes:
- Two recorded measurement points no
longer provided extra advantage
- It was easier for Facilities to match the
control sensors to the DewK sensors
A second change concerned the method by
which the lab temperature and humidity data
were recorded. At that point, LogWare was
being used to record the EPEL temperature
and humidity data, as well as that of the test
labs in Temperature Calibration and Pressure
Calibration within Fluke Park. Additionally, the
Electrical Calibration areas were the last to
still be monitored by the old NetDAQ system.
Checking and managing it all was becoming
an overhead burden, particularly with
additional test benches being added in the
Temperature Calibration group. A method to
simplify this was sought.
An agreement was made with administrators of FIS, a proprietary Fluke Factory
Information System that records a large variety of inventory and production information.
FIS was already being used to record temperature data from elsewhere within Fluke,
and was expanded to include the EPEL DewKs, as well as most of the other DewKs
within Fluke Park. Daily summaries of the lab’s temperature and humidity histories are
available from FIS via email; see Figure 8.
Additionally, an application was written that monitors the FIS data on a real-time basis,
and allows downloading of select histories to a spreadsheet; see Figure 9.
Figure 7: Co-location of the control
temperature sensor (left)
and the recording temperature sensor
(right)
13. 13
Figure 9: Monitoring application displays the lab’s environment
Finally, a large monitor was set up outside the lab. Several temperature-humidity plots
of EPEL and the other labs are displayed there for all to see. This provides the state of
environmental controls at a glance in Fluke Park Labs (Figure 10).
15. 15
6 CONCLUSION
The air-conditioning system upgrade in EPEL was done out of necessity. A process
was followed in which system requirements were first determined, and then translated
into a design solution, and then into buy/refurbish decisions.
The lab downtime during the system upgrade was planned and coordinated with
customers.
Equipment before- and after-checks were performed.
The lab was carefully brought back on-line, and a temperature gradient map was
determined to evaluate the effectiveness of the new system.
An adjustment was made to the air delivery method in each room, which greatly
reduced hot and cold pockets in the lab rooms.
Temperature and humidity recording was transferred to an enterprise database system
which provides automated daily plots, but also allows real-time temperature/humidity
monitoring and data downloading.
REFERENCES and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ISO 17025, Section 5.3: Accommodation and environmental conditions
RP 14: Selecting Standards Lab Environments
Holaday-Parks, Inc. mechanical layout drawings 3315-1 and 3315-2, 8/1984
The Bowlin Company control system drawing CD-1, 6/1984
PSF Mechanical, Inc. mechanical layout & system drawings M-001, M-101, M-201,
9/2011
Private communication with Grace Giorgio and Tanky Shiu, Fluke Facilities Engineering
Group
Private communication with Charlie Johns, Fluke Facilities Maintenance Group
Private communication with Jeff Gust, Neil Faulkner, Nicholas Mason & Dennis
Destefan, Fluke Park Metrology