Ncp
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The document discusses two different Network Control Programs (NCP): 1) The ARPANET NCP provided the transport layer for the ARPANET, including the Host-to-Host Protocol and Initial Connection Protocol. It allowed applications to connect processes running on different ARPANET host computers and established the early Internet protocols. 2) The IBM NCP ran on IBM mainframe computers and provided link control and network layer functions, allowing the machines to connect to remote systems via SNA networking. It performed polling and addressing of remote cluster controllers without mainframe intervention.
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1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite and is responsible for reliable data delivery between applications on networked devices.
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3) TCP was developed in 1974 by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn in a paper that proposed separating the monolithic Transmission Control Program into the connection-oriented TCP layer and the internetworking IP layer, forming what is now known as the TCP/IP protocol suite.
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The document discusses the historical origin of TCP/IP. In 1974, Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn published a paper describing an internetworking protocol for sharing packet-switched resources among network nodes. Their model included a Transmission Control Program that provided both connection-oriented links and datagram services. This program was later divided into the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for connection-oriented functions and the Internet Protocol (IP) for internetworking (datagram) functions, creating the modular TCP/IP architecture still used today.
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The document discusses two different Network Control Programs (NCP):
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The document discusses TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which is a suite of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet and private networks. It describes the history of TCP/IP's development by DARPA in the 1970s and its use in Unix operating systems. The document outlines the importance, uses, layers, and basic functioning of TCP/IP.
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This document provides an overview of CCNA Module 1 on internetworking. It describes the purpose of routers, switches, hubs and other network devices. It also covers networking concepts like collision domains, broadcast domains, and the operation of Ethernet networks using CSMA/CD. The document explains the OSI model layers and compares it to the TCP/IP model. It also discusses common network applications and protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, ARP and ICMP.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Case Study: Anil Nembang
- The document discusses Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) configuration for a network comprising routers and PCs partitioned into 4 areas.
- An addressing scheme is proposed using /30 subnet masking to assign point-to-point interfaces between routers in areas 120, 120, and 120. Area 99 is an OSPF multi-access network requiring a different approach.
- OSPF is configured on the network with areas and interfaces assigned addresses according to the proposed scheme. A virtual link is also specified to connect the non-contiguous areas as required.
1)Please explain the commands ifconfig, ping, traceroute, netstat, d.pdf
1)Please explain the commands ifconfig, ping, traceroute, netstat, dig, nslookup, route, host,
hostname.
2). Explain briefly about TCP/IP and its Protocol Architecture.
3) Explain the difference between TCP/IP Protocol stack and OSI model.
Solution
Answer:
1) Ipconfig
Ipconfig is an MS-DOS utility that can be used from MS-DOS and an MS-DOS shell to display
the network settings currently assigned and given by a network. This command can be utilized to
verify a network connection as well as to verify your network settings.
Ping
Ping is one of the most commonly used network commands that allows you to ping another
network IP address. Pinging another address helps determine if the network card can
communicate within the local network or outside network.
Netstat
The netstat command is used to display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
Nslookup
The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to do a reverse lookup on an IP address of a
domain or host on a network.
Route
The route MS-DOS utility enables computers to view and modify the computer\'s route table.
traceroute
The tracert command in MS-DOS and Windows (known as traceroute in Unix-like operating
systems) is a useful tool for diagnosing network issues. It allows you to view a listing of how a
network packet travels through the network and where it may fail or slow down. Using this
information you can determine the computer, router, switch or other network device possibly
causing your network issues.
host
solves a host name into an Internet Protocol (IP) address or an IP address into a host name.
the hostname command is used to show or set a computer\'s host name and domain name. It is
one of the most basic of the network administrative utilities.
A host name is a name that is assigned to a host (i.e., a computer connected to the network) that
uniquely identifies it on a network and thus allows it to be addressed without using its full IP
address. Domain names are user-friendly substitutes for numeric IP addresses.
The basic syntax for the hostname command is
hostname [options] [new_host_name]
2)TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA model , named
after the U.S. government agency that initially developed TCP/IP. The four layers of the DARPA
model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in the DARPA
model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
Network Interface Layer
The Network Interface layer (also called the Network Access layer) is responsible for placing
TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receiving TCP/IP packets off the network medium.
TCP/IP was designed to be independent of the network access method, frame format, and
medium. In this way, TCP/IP can be used to connect differing network types. These include
LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring and WAN technologies such as X.25 and
Frame Relay. Independence from any specific ne.
"Internet Protocol Suite" prepared by Szymon M. from Poland
The document summarizes the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), which is the set of communication protocols used for the Internet and similar networks. It consists of four layers - link, internet, transport, and application layers. Some important protocols included in each layer are IP, TCP, UDP, and higher-level protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. The TCP/IP model uses encapsulation, adding headers at each layer to abstract the protocols and allow communication across networks.
Basics of Computer Networks
OSI Model, Application layer, presentation layer,session layer,transport layer,network layer,data link layer, physical layer.LAN,WAN,MAN.
Protocol architecture TCP IP
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
HNS L III UC2 Installing and Managing Network Protocols .pdf
This document discusses common network protocols and their functions. It explains what network protocols are and why they are important for enabling communication across the internet. It then provides descriptions of 12 common network protocols (ARP, BGP, DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTP, IP, OSPF, SMTP, TCP, UDP, Telnet) and explains their basic functions and purposes. It also mentions some additional related protocols.
Network protocals
This document discusses network protocols. It begins with an introduction and history of protocols and defines them as sets of rules that govern communications between devices on a network. Examples of common protocols are then outlined, including TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, UDP, and ICMP. The roles and functions of protocols are explained. Benefits include increased connectivity and transmission speed. The conclusion states that protocols have transformed human communication and networks will continue to evolve.
Dist 03-4
1. The document discusses basic networking concepts including protocols, protocol layers, and network interconnection. It provides details on network addressing, the Domain Name System, and port numbers.
2. Key protocol layers are examined, including the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP 4-layer model. The roles and functions of each layer are defined.
3. Types of networks like WANs, LANs, Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI are introduced along with examples of interconnection devices like bridges, routers, and gateways.
Protocols of network in computer science
Network protocols are sets of rules that allow computers to communicate over a network. TCP/IP is a widely used set of protocols that power the internet. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s-80s and includes protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP, and FTP. Network protocols define data formats, error handling, routing, and other aspects of network communication to ensure reliable data transmission between devices. Common protocols serve functions like file transfer, email delivery, and network management. Protocols provide benefits like increased connectivity and speed for data transmission.
Capitulo 9 Exploration Network
This document provides an overview of Ethernet network fundamentals, including:
- The OSI model layers that Ethernet operates in (physical and data link layers)
- Key components and functions of Ethernet including frames, addressing, and the CSMA/CD media access method
- The evolution of Ethernet from early implementations using coaxial cable to modern switched networks using fiber optics and speeds of 1Gbps+
- How MAC addresses are used to uniquely identify devices on an Ethernet network
Lecture 2 -_understanding_networks_with_presenter_notes
This document provides an overview of key network terminology and concepts, including:
- Network components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and cables.
- Network protocols and how they allow different devices to communicate.
- Operating systems' role in managing network resources and enabling sharing.
- The OSI model and what each layer is responsible for in data transmission.
- Common network addressing schemes and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and IPv6.
Ccna introduction
The document provides information about the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam, including its introduction, syllabus, fees, number of questions, passing marks, and exam structure over two exams. It also includes summaries of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, which define standards for network communication and how data is packaged and transmitted between devices.
SYBSC IT COMPUTER NETWORKS UNIT I Network Models
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It then maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack to the OSI model, describing the functions of the physical network, data link, internet, transport, and application layers. It provides examples of protocols that operate at each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, ARP, and ICMP.
Lab 4 presentation slide
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). It discusses what TCP/IP is, how it works, and the four layers of protocol: application layer, transport layer, internet layer, and network layer. The application layer allows applications to communicate and transfer files. The transport layer establishes connections between hosts to exchange data streams. The internet layer controls addressing, routing, and encapsulation of data. The network layer comprises the physical components that route data through devices like wires, hubs, switches, and routers. Encapsulation involves converting data into packets for transmission, while decapsulation reassembles the data packets.
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Ncp
- 1. Introduction of NCP 49871009 李 盈
- 2. ARPANET NCP The ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) provided the middle layers of the protocol stack running on an ARPANET host computer. (Sometimes the abbreviation NCP is mistakenly expanded to Network Control Protocol, but this term is not found in the contemporary documentation.)
- 3. NCP provided connections and flow control between processes running on different ARPANET host computers. Application services, like e-mail or file transfer, were built on top of NCP, using it to handle connections to other host computers.
- 5. History Since lower protocol layers were provided by the IMP-host interface, NCP essentially provided a transport layer consisting of the ARPANET Host-to-Host Protocol (AHHP) and the Initial Connection Protocol (ICP).
- 6. The AHHP defined procedures to transmit a unidirectional, flow controlled data stream between two hosts. The ICP defined the procedure for establishing a bidirectional pair of such streams between a pair of host processes. Application protocols (e.g. FTP, SMTP, etc.) accessed network services through an interface to the top layer of the NCP, a forerunner to the Berkeley sockets interface.
- 7. On January 1 1983, known as flag day, NCP was rendered obsolete when the ARPANET changed its core networking protocols from NCP to the more flexible and powerful TCP/IP protocol suite, marking the start of the Internet as we know it today.
- 8. IBM NCP The IBM Network Control Program (NCP) ran on an IBM 3704, 3705, IBM 2725 or 3745. It caused the machine to become a Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Physical Unit Type 4 (PU4).
- 9. A PU4 usually had SDLC links to remote cluster controllers (PU1/PU2) and optional SDLC links to other PU4s. Polling and addressing of the cluster controllers was performed by the NCP without mainframe intervention.
- 10. A local NCP connected to a System/370 channel via single address. A remote NCP had no direct connection to a mainframe. Instead a connection was made through a local NCP via SNA packet switching. NCP provided the link control and Network layer functions of a Wide area network.