The document provides information about the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam, including its introduction, syllabus, fees, number of questions, passing marks, and exam structure over two exams. It also includes summaries of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, which define standards for network communication and how data is packaged and transmitted between devices.

1. CCNA (CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE)

2. INTRODUCTION CCNA EXAM 640-822 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices 1 ( ICND 1) EXAM 640-816 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices 1 ( ICND 2 ) EXAM 640-802 EXAM FEES :- $250 DURATION :- 75- 90 MINUTES NO. OF QUESTION :- 55-60 PASSING MARKS :- APPROX 85 %

4. N. Access list : Standard & Extended M. NAT( Network Address Translation ) O. Wireless Techlogies P. IP v6 Q. WAN ( PPP, HDLC, Frame Relay, ISDN )

5. Course Introduction, Intro to Network, Media , symbols TCP/IP, OSI Layers Networking devices, Cisco 3-layer structure Wireless, IPV6* Wan intro… and practical, NAT, PAT Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 OSPF(single area), Access control list IP addressing IP classes, Static routing, Dynamic Routing-RIP1, RIP2 Switching Intro.. STP, VLAN, Inter- Vlan-Routing* Practical's of above topics(Cont.) Break Subnetting Super netting, VLSM…… IOS cmds,.. Routing Introduction and its types PPP, HDLC, Frame-Relay, VPN* ISDN* Course Flow Router Intro,components IOS MODES Day 6 Routing IGRP, EIGRP SDM, CNA, DHCP, DNS

6. TCP/IP Model The TCP/IP Model is a specification for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA , an agency of the United States Department of Defense . The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Reference Model, the DoD Model (DoD stands for Department of Defense) or the ARPANET Reference Model. TCP/IP defines a set of rules to enable computers to communicate over a network , specifying how data should be packaged, addressed, shipped, routed and delivered to the right destination. TCP/IP is generally described as having four 'layers' The TCP/IP Model and related protocols are currently maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

8. Application Layer – We use this layer for troubleshooting, file transfer, internet activities, and a slew of other activities. This layer interacts with many types of applications, such as a database manager, email program, or Telnet. Transport Layer - The Transport Layer provides flow control, error control, and serves as an interface for network applications.

9. Internet Layer – The Internet Layer provides logical addressing. More specifically, the internet layer relates physical addresses from the network access layer to logical addresses. This layer also provides routing that may reduce traffic, and supports delivery across an internetwork. Network Access Layer - The Network Access Layer is fairly self explanatory- it interfaces with the physical network. It formats data and addresses data for subnets, based on physical hardware addresses. More importantly, it provides error control for data delivered on the physical network.

16. A. establishes, maintains and ends sessions across the network B. responsible for name recognition (identification) so only the designated parties can participate in the session C. provides synchronization services by planning check points in the data stream => if session fails, only data after the most recent checkpoint need be transmitted D. manages who can transmit data at a certain time and for how long E. Examples are interactive login and file transfer connections, the session would connect and re-connect if there was an interruption; recognize names in sessions and register names in history NetBIOS , Named Pipes* (mainly used with unix) , RPC SESSION LAYER PROTOCOLS :- Function

17. TRANSPORT LAYER Function A. additional connection below the session layer B. manages the flow control of data between parties across the network C. divides streams of data into chunks or packets; the transport layer of the receiving computer reassembles the message from packets D. provides error-checking to guarantee error-free data delivery, with on losses or duplications E. provides acknowledgment of successful transmissions; requests retransmission if some packets don’t arrive error-free F. provides flow control and error-handling, maintain v.c. PROTOCOLS :- TCP, ARP, RARP; SPX,ATP (AppleTalk Protocol) Network Components :- Gateway , Advanced Cable Tester, Brouter ( packets; flow control & error-handling )

19. Brouter , Router, Frame Relay Device, ATM Switch Advanced Cable Tester Network Components :-

20. A. turns packets into raw bits 100101 and at the receiving end turns bits into packets. B. handles data frames between the Network and Physical layers C. the receiving end packages raw data from the Physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer D. responsible for error-free transfer of frames to other computer via the Physical Layer E. This layer defines the methods used to transmit and receive data on the network. It consists of the wiring, the devices use to connect the NIC to the wiring, the signaling involved to transmit / receive data and the ability to detect signaling errors on the network media DATA LINK LAYER Function ( data frames to bits )

22. A. Transmits raw bit stream over physical cable B. Defines cables, cards, and physical aspects C. Defines NIC attachments to hardware, how cable is attached to NIC D. Defines techniques to transfer bit stream to cable PHYSICAL LAYER Function PROTOCOLS :- IEEE 802, IEEE 802.2, ISO 2110:1989 ( 25-pole DTE/DCE interface connector and contact number assignments , ISDN Network Components :- Repeater , Multiplexer, Hubs , Passive , Active , TDR ( hardware; raw bit stream )

25. Encapsulation of Data for Network Delivery Encapsulation of Data for Network Delivery