Nature of chemical bond 2017
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This document discusses various types of chemical bonds including the octet rule, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. It also explains valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and how it is used to predict the three-dimensional shape of molecules. Some key examples covered include why O2 is paramagnetic while C2 is diamagnetic, why H2O exists as a liquid while H2S exists as a gas, and why the density of ice is less than that of water. The document also addresses why the LiBr bond is more covalent than the LiCl bond.
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1). Chemical bonds form when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stable noble gas configurations. Ionic bonds occur through electron transfer between metals and nonmetals, while covalent bonds form through electron sharing.
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The document discusses the electron shell structure of multi-electron atoms. It begins by explaining how electrons populate energy levels according to the Pauli exclusion principle and minimizing total energy. Electron shells are characterized by principal quantum numbers n, with maximum electron density occurring at certain radii dependent on n. Successive atomic shells are then filled according to Hund's rules, which state that orbitals are filled with one electron each before pairing electrons, and that electrons in singly-occupied orbitals have the same spin. Atomic properties like volume and ionization energy show periodicity as shells are filled. Anomalies in filling order are also discussed.
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This document from Mak Tutorials provides guidance and important points for writing papers in various subjects like physics, chemistry, biology, and math. For chemistry, it advises following textbook language and definitions, making thorough notes, and practicing diagrams. For biology, it recommends multiple readings, flow charts, textbook focus with reference books as needed, and sample papers. For math, it emphasizes practicing previous year questions and learning formulas, concepts, and shortcuts. The overall document offers writing tips across STEM subjects with a focus on exam preparation.
16.emi
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
18.atom,molecule and nuclie
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Nature of chemical bond 2017
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- 22. ion
- 52. ozone
- 66. changes
- 142. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
- 143. VSEPR theory Lewis dot structure fail to explain correct 3D shape of molecule.
- 144. VSEPR theory state that electron pair repel each other make shape.
- 145. Example of VSEPR
- 156. Condition for combination of atomic orbital. Both atom have same energy.eg. 1s orbit combine with 1s. 1s doesn't combine with 2s. Both atom have same symmetry .eg. 2Px orbit combine with 2Px. 2Px doesn't combine with 2Pz. Both atom have overlap.
- 157. O2 is paramagnetic while C2 is diamagnetic? Paramagnetic substance are those which attract magnetic field. Paramagnetic arise those ion, molecule which contain unpaired electron. O = 1s2 2s2 2px 2 , 2P2 y, 2p1 z Diamagnetic substance are those which repelled magnetic field. Diamagnetism arise those ion or molecule which contain paired electron. Unpaird electron C = 1s2 2s2 2px 2
- 158. Hydrogen bonding “Attractive force which bind H-atom to another electronegative atom.” It is weaker then covalent bond. H bond with other electronegative element like F,Cl,Br,O etc.
- 160. H2O exist as liquid while H2S exist in gas? Electronegative of ‘O’ is higher then ‘S’. Hence electronegativity of H2O is higher then H2S. Hydrogen bond in H2O is stronger then H2S. hence water is liquid and hydrogen sulphide is gas.
- 161. Density of ice is lesser then water. At atmospheric pressure, ice is hexagonal form and low T become cube. Ice has highly ordered 3D hydrogen bond structure. Due to H-bonding ice get open structure with wide holes. Therefore ice density lesser then water.
- 162. LiBr is more covalent bond the LiCl? Br- anion is larger then Cl- anion. Due to greater the size of anion stronger bonding.