Rajiv Ranjan Mishra outlines India's urban slum challenges

Rajiv Ranjan Mishra
Joint Secretary to the Government of India
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation

Contents of the presentation
 The MDG Context
 Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation
 India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges
 Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
 Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
 Pictures of some projects

Slum upgrading as part of MDG Goal 7 on
Ensuring Environmental Sustainability : India
 Target 7D : by 2020, to have achieved a
significant improvement in the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers
 “The target of improving the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers has
already been achieved twice-over….
more than 200 million slum dwellers
have gained access to improved water,
sanitation or durable and less crowded
housing..”
 As per Census of India, in 2011, 65.5 mn
people, i.e. 17.4 % of urban population
lived in slums, reduced from 18.3% in
2001
 “India has been successful in
improving the lives of slum dwellers,
having helped 59.7 million out of dire
conditions since the year 2000…”, State
of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging
the Urban Divide, UN-HABITAT.

Slum Population and Households in
India- 2001 & 2011
2001 2011
Urban Households (Million) 55.83 80.89
Slum Households (Million) 10.15 13.92
Slum Households Size 5.2 4.7
Slum Population(Million) 52.37 65.49
% of Slum HHs to urban
HHs 18.2% 17.2%
% of Slum population to
urban population 18.3% 17.4%

 The MDG Context
 Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana
 Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY)

Parameter EIUS
1989
ILCS
1980
UBSP
1990
NSDP
1996
VAMBAY
2001
JnNURM
2005
AHIP
2009
ISHUP
2009
RAY 2012
~Size USD Mil 150 75 30 775 200 13,333
(5350)
1100 132
Shelter
Urban Basic
Services
Toilets Toilets
Community
Infra
Land & Tenure
Policy Changes
Access to credit
Integrating real
estate markets
PPP
Scale of the
programme
Past National Programs on Slum upgrading: Steady progression
In JNNURM a program for urban infrastructure improvement 40% of the resources have been
allocated for slum upgrading and housing where as RAY is a slum-free India Project.

Parameter Indore
SNP
Parivartan
Ahmedaba
d SNP
In-situ
Rehab-
Ahmedabad
Thane
-BSUP
SRA
Mumbai
Vijayawada Pimpri
Shelter
Urban Basic
Services
Community Infra
Livelihood
Land & Tenure
Policy Changes
Access to credit SEWA Loans
Integrating real
estate markets
PPP
Scale of the
programme
Important City (or) State level initiatives

 The MDG Context
 Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yogana
(PMAY)

846.3
1028.6
1210.2
1523
217.6
286.1
377.1
598
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1991 2001 2011 2030
Total Population
Urban Population
 Cities are likely to house 40% of India’s population by 2030
 Around 600 million people will live in cities by 2030
 India’s economy is likely to produce about 120 million jobs in cities
 India will have 68 cities with population of more than 1 million by 2030
Source: Census, High Powered Expert Committee on Urban Infrastructure, and UN Population Division
Urbanization Trends : India is staring at an
urban future

India faces significant urban challenges in the future
48994 51688
56311
2008-09 2002 1993-94
While the number of
slums are steadily
decreasing …
The growth in urban poor
population has yet to be
arrested …
Data Sources: 11th FYP, Tendulkar Committee (URP), Projections for 2010-11, NSSO Round 65
75.176.3
80.8
86.1
2010-11 2004-05 1999-00 1987-88
FiguresinMillion

Slums population is also expected to grow …
Data Source: Census of India 2001, 2011 and REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SLUM STATISTICS/CENSUS; NATIONAL
BUILDINGS ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION; Published in Aug 2010

43.0
32.0
2008-09 2002
Slums are spreading into private land rapidly
 Slums on GoI Lands, such as
Railways, etc between 4.4 –
16.1%
 Public Lands owned by State
Governmentsand Urban Local
Bodies, ranging between 40.9%
to 56.3%
 In 2002, only 32% of slums were
located in private land
 In 2008-09, this had increased
to 43%
 Private land ownership makes
this problem difficult to solve
Slums are expanding more in
private and in other lands
% of Slums
Data Source: NSSO Round 65, 2008-09, Published in May 2010

Slums are growing in vulnerable areas
 In 2002, 24.4% of total slums
were situated in vulnerableareas
– such as nallahs, river beds and
river banks.
 In 2008-09, this has grown to
32%
 Relocating these slums which
are untenable, will become
necessary, thus increasing the
costs
32.0
24.4
2008-09 2002
% of Slums
Data Source: NSSO Round 65, 2008-09, Published in May 2010

Growth in formal housing has stagnated in large cities
Working with the market, A new approach to slum development in India, Patricia Annez et al.

And even better managed cities are facing formal
housing shortage problems …
Working with the market, A new approach to slum development in India, Patricia Annez et al.

India’s urban and slum upgrading
challenges
 Reduction in the proportion of slum population to
urban population, but increase in slum and urban
poor populations in absolute terms.
 Significant improvement in infrastructure and
services required
 Land tenability and ownership issues
 Growth in informal housing in large cities
 Private markets out of reach of majority of the urban
population
 Lack of comprehensive urban poor livelihood models

 The MDG Context
and urban poverty reduction
 The New Framework for Urban Poverty Reduction
(PMAY)

A Bold New Vision:
“A slum free India”
Clear Policy Direction for Inclusion:
“Assign property rights to people living in
slum areas”
Rajiv Awas Yojana

Dwelling Units based Whole Slum – whole city based
Limited involvement of
communities Central role of communities
Flexibility of property
right assignment
Property right assignment
commitment upfront
Limited preparation-
funding
Allocated time and resources
for preparation
Policy reform limited
to 7 yrs
Comprehensive policy package
including preventive strategy
JNNURM RAY
Limited PPP
opportunity
Encouragement in private
sector engagement (PPP)
Rental Housing / worker
housing not funded
Focus on Rental Housing and
worker housing

Features of the RAY program
o Large scale financial support from the Centre to States for planning,
upgrading and redeveloping existing slums in cities, 100% for
upgrading and upto 50% for housing.
o Support to cover whole city requirement to ensure that no slum/ no-
slum dweller is left out
o States expected to assign property rights for slum dwellers
o State funding to be used to massively upgrade infrastructure and
services in slums to same level as the rest of the city
o Concurrently, Central Government working with banks to enable large
– scale credit for EWS/ LIG housing, both in-situ and fresh stock
o Credit Guarantee Fund
o Mandatory earmarking of land for the poor as part of preventive
strategy

Slum Free India
Every citizen has right to civic services,
social services and shelter
Property Rights
to all
Reform Pillar 1
Reservation of
land
Reform Pillar 2
Earmarking of
funds
Reform Pillar 3
Shift from
project approach
to
Whole city, All slum approach
Community Participation
Shelter for
Homeless/
slum renters
Transit
housing
Insitu - basic
services
Insitu
Revelopment
Limited
Relocation
Rental
Housing
Worker
dormitories
Slum Up-
gradation
Curative Strategy
Providing shelter
and services for
growth
Preventive Strategy
Support for investments Policies for scale and sustainability

 The MDG Context
 Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation and
urban poverty reduction
 Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
 Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY)-
Prime Minister’s Housing Scheme
 Launched on 25th June 2015 by Hon’ble Prime
Minister of India
 Aims to provide ‘Housing for All’ by 2022 – 20
million units
 Coverage - All 4041 statutory towns in 3 phases
 Beneficiaries - EWS and LIG categories
 EWS: family with income upto Rs. 3 lakh;
 LIG: family with income from Rs. 3-6 lakh;

PMAY- Mission components
 Credit Linked subsidy component is Central Sector Scheme while
other 3 to be implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
 Beneficiary can take advantage underone component only
1 2 3 4

In-Situ Slum Redevelopment
 Using land as a resource with private participation
 Slums on Central Government land/State Government land/ULB land
 Slum rehabilitation grant of Rs. 1 lakh per house, on an average.
 Flexibility to States/Cities to deploy this central grant for other slums being
redeveloped
 States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to make projects financially viable
 Land cost not to be charged by Central Govt. agencies
 Slums on Private Owned Land
 States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to land owner as per its policy; No
Central Assistance
 State/UTs shall decide: Eligibility criteria; Beneficiary contribution;
allotment basis; etc.
 Identify all tenable slums and their parameters; Examine financial and technical
viability
 Two Components: slum rehabilitation component; free sale component:
available to developers for selling in the market so as to cross subsidize the
project
 Private partner to be selected through open bidding process

Slum Redevelopment using land as Resource

 The MDG Context
and urban poverty reduction

Slum up-gradation projects in India

Economically Weaker Section housing
under JNNURM

Slum Rehabilitation Scheme-Maharashtra

SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)-AHMEDABAD
 In 1995, AMC initiated Slum Networking Project
through a unique partnership between Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation and NGOs.
 Objective of the SNP:
 to transform the urban environment with the approach
to provide basic infrastructure services at the household
and slum level in an affordable and sustainable way.
 Received The Dubai International Award for, in
2005, Best Practice to improve the living Environment.

 Situation Before the Initiative:
 People in slums lived in conditions that included total or partial absence of
critical infrastructure like water supply, drainage, roads, toilets and street
lighting, Over populated and congested, temporary structures with inadequate
maintenance, the lack of basic minimum education, insufficient skills, low
incomes, poor standard of living mark this population.
 Of the 710 slums, 190 slums comprising of 47,300 families were living with
absolutely abysmal facilities.
 Implementation Strategies:
 AMC to provide a package of infrastructure services in consultation with
communities/CBOs, NGOs and the Private sector;
 establishment of a Resident’s Association for release of community
contributions from the Banks to AMC at different stages of completion of
infrastructure works and for managing the operation and maintenance
 Resource Mobilization:
 contributions of individual households through deposits
 annual budgetary provisions for SNP by AMC
 funds under GoI’s NSDP, and loan from HUDCO

 Transparent processes through:
 Monthly Monitoring Meeting of stakeholders
 Joint Planning
 Trainings and capacity building
 Interactionwith Public
 Result and Impacts
 The SNP program as on November 2006, has reached 8,703 families,
making a significant contribution in the lives of 43,515 people in 41
slum communities of Ahmedabad.
 Strong and substantial partnership among various stakeholders.

Before After
B
e
f
o
r
e
Ahmedabad

SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)- INDORE
 Slum networking is an integrated upgrading scheme wherein
the city building process is used to transform the slums into
settlements while mainstreaming the poor into the urban
population.
 Indore slum networking project is a holistic approach to a
community-based sanitation and environmental
improvement programe,
 Started in 1987, Indore Development Authority (IDA) initiated
Slum Networking Project through a partnership approach and
completed in 1997.
 Objective of the SNP:
 to transform the urban environment with the approach to provide basic
infrastructure services at the household and slum level in an affordable
and sustainableway.

SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)- INDORE
 The infrastructure is upgraded using the network of slum
settlements as a starting point;
 Infrastructure provided: road, water supply, drainage, solid
waste management, public facilities, and community
development
 The project encompasses the entire city of 3218 sq.km,
with a total of 183 slums within the slum networking
system.
 Partnership between IDA, Overseas Development
Corporation (ODA), NGOs and civil society.
 Funding: 10% private sources (beneficiaries) and 90%
public sources, out of which 90% international
source(ODA)

Indore SNP

Land sharing model under PPP in Vijayawada,
Andhra Pradesh
 Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) required 1000 acre land
for construction of 50,000 dwelling units under JNNURM / RAY
for EWS beneficiaries living in the city slums.
 VMC introduced a Land Sharing Model through Public Private
Partnership (PPP) approach.
 Acquired 226.54 acre land at Gollapudi and Jakkampudi villages
under PPP between land-owning farmers and the State
Government.
 Land sharing agreement in 60:40 ratios wherein:
 i40% of the total land area can be taken possession by the Revenue
Department;
 i60% land shall be retained by the land owners with land use conversion,
approval of layout by the UDA and Government and development of
infrastructure with funds from Social Welfare Department.

Land sharing model under PPP in Vijayawada,
Andhra Pradesh
 Unique features of this project:
 Method is participatory through negotiations for land
sharing
 Less time consuming ,as there are generally no objections
from farmers
 Financially this is a win –win model for both Government &
farmers- better compensation to land owners and more land
available to the Govt.
 Farmers save on the following :
 Land use conversion charge which is 10% of the land value,
 Registration charge which is 10% of the land value, and
 Layout development charge which is Rs.100 per sq. yd

Slum Statistics in India -2011

Rajiv Ranjan Mishra outlines India's urban slum challenges

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