Demography

1. Anisha Ojha
Jadab Munda
Neel Mani singh
Ruchira Chakraborty

2. Definitions of Slum
According to census of India:-
Under Section-3 of the Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act,
1956, slums have been defined as mainly those residential areas where
dwellings are in any respect unfit for human habitation by reasons of
dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and designs of such
buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of
ventilation, light, sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors
which are detrimental to safety, health and morals.
Neel Mani Singh()

3. Definitions of Slum
• According to UN-HABITAT
• UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of
individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who
lack one or more of the following:
1. Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against
extreme climate conditions.
2. Sufficient living space which means not more than three
people sharing the same room.
3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable
price.
4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public
toilet shared by a reasonable number of people.
5. Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.
Neel Mani Singh()

4. Number of Towns having slums
• Census 2001
– Total Number of Towns reported slums– 1743
– 1 st phase – 640 towns
– 2 nd phase – 1103 towns
• Census 2011
– Total Number of Towns reported slums– 2613
Neel Mani Singh()

5. STATE SHARE OF SLUM POPULATION TO TOTAL SLUM
POPULATION OF INDIA
Neel Mani Singh()

6. STATE SHARE OF SLUM POPULATION TO TOTAL SLUM
POPULATION OF INDIA
Neel Mani Singh()

7. TYPES OF SLUMS ACCORDING TO CENSUS 2011
I. NOTIFIED SLUMS: All notified areas in a town or city notified as “slums” by state, Union
territories Administration or Local Government under any Act including a “slums Act” may be
considered as so.
II. RECOGNIZED SLUMS: All area recognized as “Slum” by state, Union territories
Administration or Local Government, Housing and slum Boards, which may have not been
formally notified as slum under an Act may be considered as so.
III. IDENTIFIED SLUMS: A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households or
poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Such area should be
identified personally by the charge officer and also inspected by an officer nominated by
Directorate of census operations. This fact must be duly recorded in the charge register.
Jadab Munda ()

8. HOUSEHOLDS BY THE TYPES OF SLUMS: INDIA 2011
36%
28%
36%
TYPES OF SLUMS ACCORDING TO PERCENTAGE
Notified Slums
Recognised Slums
Identified Slums
TYPES lakh HHs
Notified Slums 49.65
Recognized Slums 37.96
Identified Slums 49.88
Total: 137.49
Source: censusindia.gov.in
Jadab Munda ()

9. SLUMS OF THE WORLD:
A Favela in Brazil
Dharavi in Mumbai
(India): 1,000,000
BARRIOS–SpainanditscoloniesinSouth
America
Jadab Munda ()

10. Kibera in Nairobi
(Kenya): 700,000
Khayelitsha in
Cape Town
(South
Africa):
400,000
SOURCE: 1. https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2017/12/the-worlds-
largest-slums-dharavi-kibera-khayelitsha-neza/
2. https://youtu.be/svVCgv_Zi-Q
Jadab Munda ()

11. SLUM REHABILITATION APPROACHES IN INDIA

12. Basic Services Programmes Shelter cum Services
Programmes
Special Programmes
Urban Community Development
(UCD)
Sites and Services Schemes
(S&S)
Integrated Development of Small and
Medium Towns (IDSMT)
Environmental Improvement of
Urban Slums (EIUS) / Slum
Improvement Programme (SIP)
Slum Upgradation Schemes
(SUP)
Mega City Project
Urban Basic Services for Poor
(UBSP)
Giving of Pattas Accelerated Urban Water
Supply Programme
Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) Basic Services for Urban Poor
(BSUP) / Integrated Housing
and Slum Development
Programme (IHSDP)
Accelerated Urban Water
Supply Programme
Slum Networking Programme
(SNP)
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (2015)
SLUM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND PROGRAMMES IN INDIA
Ruchira Chakraborty

13. The Urban Community Development (UCD) programme, launched in 1966 as a centrally sponsored scheme, got
transferred to the state sector in 1969. This programme aimed to involve the community in the improvement of slum
(included provision of facilities such as sewer lines, public stand-posts, roads, street lights etc.), provision of health
facilities and the construction of dwelling units (included as a part of the project), thereby reducing the cost of the
project and for the post-project maintenance.
Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS) and Slum Improvement Programme (SIP) were concerned with
the physical improvement of slums through provision of a standard package of community facilities, such as
provision of water taps, open drains for outflow of wastewater, storm water drains, community bathrooms &
Latrines , widening and paving of existing lanes and street lighting. However, both programmes were restricted to
authorised / notified slums.
In the Eighth Five Year Plan, the scheme was taken up along with Urban Basic Services for the Poor
(UBSP), Low Cost Sanitation (LCS), and Nehru Rojgar Yojana (NRY) under the Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme.
The Accelerated Slum Improvement Scheme was taken up in Madras through the state government funds and
implemented by the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB).
The Urban Basic Services for Poor (UBSP) was an integrated approach to improve conditions in the slums. This
programme was initiated by the UNICEF in 1976 and since then the financial participation of the central government,
the state government and the UNICEF was in the proportion of 20:40:40.
This programme differed from the EIUS / SIP in two major aspects. First, unlike the EIUS / SIP, it was an
integrated programme and not mere physical improvement of slum. Secondly, it required financial as well as
organisational participation of slum dwellers, thereby reduced the possibilities of future displacements
Ruchira Chakraborty

14. The Slum Networking Programme (SNP) also known as Parivartan, is a slum improvement programme with the
participation of beneficiaries, has been implemented in some of the cities of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
The programme had two components: (i) Improvement in physical environment which contained individual water
supply, latrines and sewerage connections, paving of the streets, garbage collection, street lighting and tree plantation; (ii)
community development and social infrastructure involving formation of neighbourhood groups, women’s groups (mahila
mandal) and youth groups (yuvak mandal) with the active involvement of NGOs.
The Slum Upgradation Programme (SUP) was started in the Fifth Five Year Plan at the instance of the World Bank and mainly
provided shelter and basic services. The SUP was of two types, one where the pattas were given to individual households on
a freehold basis. The MUDP-I and II and the TUDP were examples of this. Under the second type, land was leased out
to the community on a collective basis, in case of Bombay which is explained below.
Under the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM 2005), both Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) and the
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) aimed to provide housing and basic services to
the urban poor.
Introduced in 2009-10, the Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) programme envisaged a ‘Slum-free India’ by encouraging States / Union
Territories to tackle the problem of existing slums in a definitive manner and increasing the supply of land and small housing
for the new migrants while universalizing basic services.
Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT), a central government funded programme. Basically meant
to discourage migration to large cities, a part of this programme was to provide basic facilities to the poor in the IDSMT
towns so that they could be absorbed in these towns and their move towards large cities could be arrested.
Ruchira Chakraborty

15. Mega City Project, another centrally sponsored project
covering five metros, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore
and Hyderabad, aimed to improve the overall infrastructure
status of these cities and included the urban poor also.
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme, a centrally
sponsored scheme, was included in the Eighth Plan for towns
having population less than 20,000.

16. Ruchira Chakraborty
Providing 20 Million affordable homes for urban slum and poor dwellers by 2022
Beneficiaries : EWS, LIGs, MIGs
51 Lakh Houses against the required 1 crore Approved and 8 lakh houses have been occupied so far

17. EAST WEST NORTH SOUTH
Seelampuri Ph-I,II,III,IV Najafgad Road Sector-A,
D, E&G, F
Mangolpuri
Ph-I,II,III
Inderpuri J.J. Colony
Seelampuri Additional
Plot
Hastasai Kondli Pandu Nagar
Seelampuri old Madipur Nehru Vihar Ranjit Nagar
Seelampuri new Ph-I,II,III Nangloi Ph-I,II,III,IV,V Jahangirpuri Naraina
Patparganj Complex Wazirpur Sultanpuri Additional plot Moti Bagh
Patparganj complex Shakurpur Ph-I,II,III,IV ___ Tigri
Kalyanpuri Khyala -Ph-I,II,III ___ ___
Kichripuri ___ ___ ___
Nand Nagri Ph-I ___ ___ ___
Ruchira Chakraborty

18. The resettlement colonies house 1.4 million
people. It has been reported by Delhi Development
Authority that today 4.5 million or 53% of Delhi's
population live in slums. According to above
mentioned sources 1.3 million people live in
Jhuggi jhompries, 1.8 million in slum designated
area; Shajahanabad (ward 1 to ward 17)
Chandersekhar Azad Colony (near Gulabi bagh),
parts of Pahar Ganj, Nabi Karim, Navjeewan camp
(opposite to Kalkaji), Tigri near Khanpur depot,
Zafrabad (Janta Mazdoor colony), Lal Bagh,
Raghubir Nagar (near Naj afgard). (Delhi
Development Authority; Slum Wing Report 1989).
Ruchira Chakraborty

19. Name of Settlement Location
Bhikhadevano Vado Amraiwadi
Rushinagar & Talawadina Zumpda
Abhujina Kuvana Chhapra
Bavajina Chhapra Kankaria
Mangal Talawadina Chhapra Vasna
Salatnagar Gomtipur
Gulbai Tekra Ambawadi
Ruchira Chakraborty

20. SLUM REHABILATION AUTHORITY:
 FORMULATION OF SRA -Demolish slums programme (1970),Maharashtra slum areas(Improvement –clearance-
redevelopment)1971,Slum upgradation programme(1980),Slum redevelopment scheme(1991)
 Slum rehabilitation authority created by the Government Notification dated 16th December 1995 to
function with effect from 25th December 1995.
FUNCTION OF SRA-
 1. The SRA has been mandated to act as facilitator for the slum rehabilitation proposal
 2. To survey and review existing position regarding slum areas in greater Mumbai.
 3. To formulate schemes for rehabilitation of slum areas.
 4. To do all such other acts and things as may be necessary for achieving the objective of
rehabilitation of slums
Anisha Ojha (5)

21. SLUM REHABILATION AUTHORITY CASES IN MUMBAI
 SAIWADI IN ANDHERI EAST
 BHARAT JANTA IN DHARAVI
SAIWADI IN ANDHERI EAST
1. located in Telli Gali, Andheri East
2. Cover an area of 52508.54 square meters and comprises 2163 households.
3. The developer of implementing SRS was M/s. Akruti nirman limited which is a real estate developer.
4. The developer was motivated to redevelop this site because of its locational advantages like
proximity to the railway station and airport.
5. The Fund for the project, comprising cost of construction and rehabilitation building comes from :
startup capital AKRUTI GROUPS and COMMERCIAL BANKS.
Total no. of rehabilitation tenements=1290;Transit accommodation=625;1 Balwadi & 1Welfare
centre also created Out of 2163 household 500 remain to be shifted to the rehabilitation tenements
Anisha Ojha (5)

22. BHARAT JANTA IN DHARAVI
 Located in interior of dharavi.
 Covers the area of 2501 square metres and comprises 147 households.
 SPARC is the developer(Registered non-profit society) who began the work in 1984. Here SPARC stands for
Society for protection of area resource centres.
 SPARC works closely with two orgnisation –Mahila milan & National slum dwellers federation.
 Dharavi does not have sale value in the open market because of its overall environmental constraints like
inadequate physical and social infrastructure.
Anisha Ojha (5)

23. PROBLEMS IN THESE TWO CASES
 Fake claims and transit accommodations
 Might cost of shelter
 Some significant missing components
 Transit accommodation
Anisha Ojha (5)

24.  Desai, V. (1995) Community Participation and Slum Housing: A Study of Bombay. Sage Publications.
 Kantha, Binti (2005) A Rights Based Approach To Slum Rehabilitation and Housing: A Study in Mumbai, M.Phil.
Dissertation submitted to the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology,
Bombay
 Singh, Gurbir and Das P.K. (1995) “Building castles in the air: Housing scheme for Bombay’s slum-dwellers”,
Economic and Political Weekly, October, pp. 2477-2481.
 Vijapurkar, M. (2014, March 5). Why Mumbai's slum rehab does not work. Rediff News.
• Mahadevia, M. , Bhatia, N. and Bhonsale, B. (2014) “Slum Rehabilitation Schemes (SRS) across Ahmedabad: Role of
an External Agency”. Economic and Political Weekly, vol 31(9), pp 121-131
• JNNURM, “Urban Poor and Slum”. CDP DELHI
References: