Nanotechnology involves processes at the molecular and nanoscale levels. It has applications in pharmacy including drug delivery, diagnostics, imaging, and biosensors. Nanoparticles show promise for cancer treatment through targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia. They can be engineered to selectively detect molecular markers of cancer cells through properties like high surface area and quantum dots for imaging. Challenges remain around reducing toxicity while ensuring nanoparticles reach tumors.
Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots ...Amit Srivastav
Nanobots have the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells precisely without harming healthy cells. Researchers envision swarms of nanobots that can be injected into the bloodstream to locate and destroy cancer tumors through mechanisms like laser zapping or injecting toxic payloads. This approach could reduce the side effects of current treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, developing functional nanobots faces challenges from technical debates around the feasibility of molecular manufacturing at the nanoscale.
Nanotechnology shows promise for improving cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be engineered to selectively target tumors using passive and active targeting methods. Passive targeting relies on the enhanced permeability and retention effect whereby nanoparticles accumulate in leaky tumor vasculature and are trapped there. Drugs encapsulated in nanoparticles like Doxil have shown improved efficacy with less toxicity compared to free drugs due to passive targeting. Active targeting attaches molecules to nanoparticles that bind specific cellular receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Many nanotherapies are in clinical trials including PET imaging agents and immune-stimulating adenovirus nanoparticles.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Current cancer therapies like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy can be highly efficient but have low selectivity, therapeutic index, and cause side effects. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine, which involve manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, show promise for more targeted cancer therapy by allowing drugs to be encapsulated in nanoparticles and delivered specifically to tumor sites, potentially reducing side effects and improving treatment outcomes. In particular, gold nanoparticles show potential for photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and inhibiting angiogenesis in cancer treatment due to their tunable properties and ability to accumulate in tumors.
This document discusses using nanotechnology to treat cancer. It describes how nanodevices can be designed with sensors, motors, processors and other components to identify and destroy cancer cells. The nanodevices are injected and use scanning and mathematical computations to navigate the body and locate cancer cells. Once found, a gene reader identifies the cancer cells and RF energy is used to destroy them, while a bio-telemetry system monitors the nanodevice components.
This document discusses how nanotechnology can be used to treat cancer in a more targeted way. It begins by introducing nanotechnology and how it operates at the molecular scale. It then describes how cancer cells divide rapidly to form tumors. The traditional cancer treatments of chemotherapy and radiation are described as harmful because they also destroy healthy cells. The document proposes that nanodevices could be programmed to only destroy cancer cells, allowing patients to recover more quickly. It details how nanoparticles could be injected into the body to identify and target cancer cells for imaging and destruction through heating them with radiofrequency signals controlled externally. In conclusion, nanotechnology may enable more accurate, effective and safer cancer treatment by working at the molecular level.
The main aim deals with the eradication of cancer cells by providing a steady, possible method of destroying and curing the cancer in an efficient and safe way so that healthy cells are not affected in any manner. This technology also focuses on a main idea that the patient is not affected by cancer again. The purpose of using the RF signal is to save normal cells.
Dr. Richard Cote of Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center presented "New Technologies That Will Have an Impact on Cancer" at the 2011 WellBeingWell Conference in Miami.
Nanotechnology involves engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) and can be used in various fields including medicine. It has several applications for cancer treatment such as using nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, silica nanoparticles, and nanorobots to more precisely deliver drugs to cancer cells, detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, and potentially diagnose and treat cancer. Nanoparticles in particular show promise for overcoming limitations of conventional cancer treatments like poor solubility, lack of targeting, and side effects by selectively targeting cancer cells and increasing drug localization.
Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots ...Amit Srivastav
Nanobots have the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells precisely without harming healthy cells. Researchers envision swarms of nanobots that can be injected into the bloodstream to locate and destroy cancer tumors through mechanisms like laser zapping or injecting toxic payloads. This approach could reduce the side effects of current treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, developing functional nanobots faces challenges from technical debates around the feasibility of molecular manufacturing at the nanoscale.
Nanotechnology shows promise for improving cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be engineered to selectively target tumors using passive and active targeting methods. Passive targeting relies on the enhanced permeability and retention effect whereby nanoparticles accumulate in leaky tumor vasculature and are trapped there. Drugs encapsulated in nanoparticles like Doxil have shown improved efficacy with less toxicity compared to free drugs due to passive targeting. Active targeting attaches molecules to nanoparticles that bind specific cellular receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Many nanotherapies are in clinical trials including PET imaging agents and immune-stimulating adenovirus nanoparticles.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Current cancer therapies like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy can be highly efficient but have low selectivity, therapeutic index, and cause side effects. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine, which involve manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, show promise for more targeted cancer therapy by allowing drugs to be encapsulated in nanoparticles and delivered specifically to tumor sites, potentially reducing side effects and improving treatment outcomes. In particular, gold nanoparticles show potential for photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and inhibiting angiogenesis in cancer treatment due to their tunable properties and ability to accumulate in tumors.
This document discusses using nanotechnology to treat cancer. It describes how nanodevices can be designed with sensors, motors, processors and other components to identify and destroy cancer cells. The nanodevices are injected and use scanning and mathematical computations to navigate the body and locate cancer cells. Once found, a gene reader identifies the cancer cells and RF energy is used to destroy them, while a bio-telemetry system monitors the nanodevice components.
This document discusses how nanotechnology can be used to treat cancer in a more targeted way. It begins by introducing nanotechnology and how it operates at the molecular scale. It then describes how cancer cells divide rapidly to form tumors. The traditional cancer treatments of chemotherapy and radiation are described as harmful because they also destroy healthy cells. The document proposes that nanodevices could be programmed to only destroy cancer cells, allowing patients to recover more quickly. It details how nanoparticles could be injected into the body to identify and target cancer cells for imaging and destruction through heating them with radiofrequency signals controlled externally. In conclusion, nanotechnology may enable more accurate, effective and safer cancer treatment by working at the molecular level.
The main aim deals with the eradication of cancer cells by providing a steady, possible method of destroying and curing the cancer in an efficient and safe way so that healthy cells are not affected in any manner. This technology also focuses on a main idea that the patient is not affected by cancer again. The purpose of using the RF signal is to save normal cells.
Dr. Richard Cote of Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center presented "New Technologies That Will Have an Impact on Cancer" at the 2011 WellBeingWell Conference in Miami.
Nanotechnology involves engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) and can be used in various fields including medicine. It has several applications for cancer treatment such as using nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, silica nanoparticles, and nanorobots to more precisely deliver drugs to cancer cells, detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, and potentially diagnose and treat cancer. Nanoparticles in particular show promise for overcoming limitations of conventional cancer treatments like poor solubility, lack of targeting, and side effects by selectively targeting cancer cells and increasing drug localization.
Artificial Neural Network Based Detection of Renal Tumors using CT Scan Image...ijtsrd
The segmentation, as well as analysis of renal tumor, is important to step which is performed by the doctor while deciding the stage of cancer and finding the appropriate method of its treatment. This paper determines a novel approach in order to develop an algorithm which helps in detecting and analysis of renal cancer tumors. The developed algorithm has been employed to segment and pre processes the image for its better visualization and segment the visible tumor. The pre processing has a hybrid filter for image enhancement and noise removal. An artificial neural network is also used by Hybrid Self Organizing Maps. It uses the clustering of image data to highlight the detected region. The appropriate output is obtained according to the medical field and it is compared with the resultant image to improve the algorithm. It helps in understanding the affected region in the human body and for better visualization. A region growing method is also applied for finding the same intensity images in images and to segment out the tumor from the processed image. The objective of this paper is to create a CT image database and then apply pre processing methods on the image. The image segmentation is done by using Haar wavelet. The boundary is also detected by using canny. The feature extraction is applied to the image on the basis of shape, intensity, and texture and after that Fuzzy clustering is applied to get the optimized segmented image. Gurpreet Kaur | Gargi Kalia | Preeti Sondhi ""Artificial Neural Network Based Detection of Renal Tumors using CT Scan Image Processing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25090.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/bioinformatics/25090/artificial-neural-network-based-detection-of-renal-tumors-using-ct-scan-image-processing/gurpreet-kaur
Radiology uses various imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases. The document outlines different types of radiology equipment and procedures including X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, mammography, PET, SPECT, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, fluoroscopy, DEXA, and interventional radiology. Key equipment includes X-ray machines, CT and MRI scanners, ultrasound machines, gamma cameras, linear accelerators, C-arms, and cyberknives. Radiologists use these tools to examine organ structure and function, guide procedures, and deliver radiation therapy for cancer treatment.
Nanotechnology has potential applications for cancer detection and treatment. It involves engineering systems at the molecular scale, smaller than 100 nanometers. This small size allows nanodevices to enter cells and detect diseases. Researchers are developing nanoparticles linked to antibodies that can seek out and destroy cancer cells through heat ablation. Nanotechnology may improve cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells directly without harming healthy cells. While it offers advantages like increased detection and more effective therapies, challenges remain around toxicity, targeting specificity, and moving applications from research to human trials. Overall, nanotechnology shows promise for transforming cancer treatment if these challenges can be addressed.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. It then discusses how cancer forms and the various factors that can cause cancer like chemicals, radiation, viruses and lifestyle. The document outlines how nanotechnology can be used to more effectively deliver drugs, detect cancer at an early stage, and treat cancer through approaches like photothermal ablation using gold nanoparticles. It acknowledges challenges like ensuring nanoparticles are biocompatible and non-toxic, but envisions that human clinical trials within the next few years could demonstrate how nanotechnology allows for safer and more targeted cancer treatment.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that forms tumors. There are several major types of cancer that form in different parts of the body. Cancer develops over many years due to disruptions to cell DNA from factors like diet, tobacco, chemicals and more. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer type and location but can include lumps, swelling, pain, and issues like fatigue. Treatment aims to cure the patient or control the disease and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone or immunotherapy either alone or in combination. Some specific cancer types discussed include bone cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer.
This document discusses treatment decisions for breast cancer, including surgery options of mastectomy or lumpectomy, adjuvant therapies like hormone therapy or chemotherapy, and radiation options. It notes that a multi-disciplinary team should assist the patient. Surgery choices include mastectomy, which removes more tissue, or lumpectomy, which removes just the tumor. Adjuvant therapies and whether radiation is needed depends on factors like the cancer type, stage, and the patient's genetic profile. Radiation typically involves external beam radiation to the whole breast area over 5 weeks along with a radiation boost to the tumor site. Short term side effects include skin irritation and fatigue, while long term risks are low but include lymphedema, fibrosis and small risks
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that forms tumours. Benign tumours are non-cancerous, stay in one place, and do not spread. Malignant tumours are cancerous, invade nearby tissues, and can metastasize to other parts of the body. Cancer is diagnosed through regular screening and treated through surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or alternative medicines, though treatments can cause side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. Education is needed to address misconceptions that cancer is always fatal or contagious.
This document discusses opportunities for targeted cancer therapies using nanotechnology. It describes how nanoparticles can provide multi-functional capabilities like targeting, delivering, and reporting on drugs directly to tumor sites. This allows improved drug delivery with lower toxic side effects. The document outlines the National Cancer Institute's strategy to accelerate nanotechnology for cancer through centers of excellence, a nanotechnology characterization laboratory, and interagency collaborations on areas like characterization, standards, and training. It also discusses challenges in translating early-stage nanoparticle research into clinical studies and the need for public-private partnerships.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
This presentation is related to cancer treatment and involvement of the nanotechnology in cancer research. This has different nanotechnology-related delivery information.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
Use of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of CancerAnas Indabawa
The document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It describes several nanoscale devices such as nanopores, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, and nanorobots that can help detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, target delivery of drugs to cancer cells, and enable non-invasive cancer diagnosis and treatment with localized heat therapy. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale allows more precise cancer detection and targeted therapy with fewer side effects than traditional approaches.
Nanoparticles show promise for improving cancer diagnosis and treatment. They can be used to detect cancer by carrying imaging agents targeted to tumor biomarkers (A). For treatment, nanoparticles can deliver higher doses of chemotherapy drugs specifically to cancer cells, reducing toxicity to healthy cells (B). Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles have been designed to both target tumor cells using ligands, diagnose the cells, and release anticancer drugs inside the cells to treat the cancer (C). Overall, nanoparticles may enable more effective and less toxic cancer diagnosis and therapy by taking advantage of their small size and ability to be functionalized for targeting.
This document discusses using nanotechnology for cancer treatment. It describes how nanoparticles can target cancer cells due to their rapid growth and nutrient intake. Experiments showed that mice with human prostate tumors treated with nanoparticles targeted to cancer cells had a 100% survival rate, compared to 57% for untargeted nanoparticles and 14% for chemotherapy alone. Challenges include developing biocompatible nanoparticles that can target cancer cells without side effects. Future applications could include human trials in the next few years and managing cancer as a chronic disease in 15-20 years.
1. Done by: Dr. Mohamad Ghazi Kassem
2. What is Nanotechnology An engineered DNA strandtiny motor pRNA Semiconducting metal junction formed by two carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems, through the understanding and control of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where new functionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of applications.
3. What is Nanoscale Fullerenes C60 22 cm 12,756 Km 1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 10 millions times smaller 0.7 nm 0.7 × 10-9 m 1 billion times smaller
4. What Are Gold Nanoparticles? • Gold nanoparticles (‘nanogold’) occur as clusters of gold atoms up to 100nm in diameter. Gold nanoparticle • Nanogold has unusual visible properties because the particles are small enough to scatter visible light. - in contrast, mass gold reflects light. 5nm gold clusters
5. • Gold nanoparticles appear yellow to deep red to in solution. - colour depends on size of nanoparticles • The distance between particles also affects colour - surface plasmon resonance is the term used by nanotechnologists to describe this effect.
6. Why Gold Nanoparticles Cancer is a difficult disease to treat, contain, and identify. There are many different ways for treating cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and many others. These methods are effective if the cancer tumor is caught soon enough. However, these treatments are not effective enough because they do not only target the affected cells, they also affect healthy cells. But • Gold Nanoparticles are non toxic • With Gold Nanoparticles we can detecting cancer cells and even destroy them without affect healthy cells.
7. Mostafa A. El-Sayed Julius Brown Chair and Regents Professor; Director, Laser Dynamics Laboratory “Gold nanoparticles are very good at scattering and absorbing light,” said Mostafa El-Sayed, director of the Laser Dyanamics Laboratory and chemistry professor at Georgia Tech. “We wanted to see if we could harness that scattering property in a living cell to make cancer detection easier. So far, the results are extremely promising.”
8. Gold Nanoparticle Tumor Detection The common strategy to detect the tumor is the functionalization of the nanoparticle with an antibody specific to the tumor antigens, and then detect the nanoparticle by some spectroscopic technique B. Tumor photograph Imaging with gold nanoparticles as contrast agent
9. Many cancer cells have a protein, known as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EFGR), all over their surface, while healthy cells typically do not express the protein as strongly. By conjugating, or binding, the gold nanoparticles to an antibody for EFGR, suitably named antiEFGR, researchers were able to get the nanoparticles to attach themselves to the cancer cells. Electrostatically + + + + - - - + + + - + -+ - - + + + + Covalently S S S S S S S S
10. Gold Nanoparticles Nanoshells
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
RECOGNITION OF SKIN CANCER IN DERMOSCOPIC IMAGES USING KNN CLASSIFIERADEIJ Journal
The largest organ of the body is human skin. Melanoma is a fastest growing & deadliest cancer which starts in pigment cells (melanocytes) of the skin that mostly occurs on the exposed parts of the body. Early detection is vital in treating this type of skin cancer but the time and effort required is immense. Dermoscopy is a non invasive skin imaging technique of acquiring a magnified and illuminated image of a region of skin for increased clarity of the spots on the skin The use of machine learning and automation of the process involved in detection will not only save time but will also provide a more accurate diagnosis. The skin images collected from the databases cannot be directly classified by the automation techniques. The reason is twofold: (a) Lack of clarity in the features which is mainly due to the poor contrast of the raw image and (b) Large dimensions of the input image which causes the complexity of the system. Hence, suitable techniques must be adopted prior to the image classification process to overcome these drawbacks. The first drawback can be minimized by adopting suitable pre- processing techniques which can enhance the contrast of the input images. The second drawback is solved by incorporating the feature extraction technique which reduces the dimensions of the input image to high extent. Further, K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor) classifier is used for classification of the given image into cancerous or non- cancerous.
This document is a student project on the biology of cancer. It begins with acknowledgements and certificates confirming the project. The main content discusses how cancer is caused by mutations in genes regulating cell division. Many environmental and genetic factors can cause these mutations. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can be benign or malignant. The document also covers cancer classification, treatment strategies like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and their potential side effects.
When cancer is localised, it can be removed by surgery. But in most of the cases, it is practically impossible to detect cancer in such an early stage. The cancerous cells do get killed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but both of these therapies also destroy some vital cells in the body, leading to serious side effects. Other conventional techniques used in the treatment of cancer including bone marrow transplantation, peripheral stem cell transplantation, hormone therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy have their own limitations.
For more information: www.cancertame.com
Artificial Neural Network Based Detection of Renal Tumors using CT Scan Image...ijtsrd
The segmentation, as well as analysis of renal tumor, is important to step which is performed by the doctor while deciding the stage of cancer and finding the appropriate method of its treatment. This paper determines a novel approach in order to develop an algorithm which helps in detecting and analysis of renal cancer tumors. The developed algorithm has been employed to segment and pre processes the image for its better visualization and segment the visible tumor. The pre processing has a hybrid filter for image enhancement and noise removal. An artificial neural network is also used by Hybrid Self Organizing Maps. It uses the clustering of image data to highlight the detected region. The appropriate output is obtained according to the medical field and it is compared with the resultant image to improve the algorithm. It helps in understanding the affected region in the human body and for better visualization. A region growing method is also applied for finding the same intensity images in images and to segment out the tumor from the processed image. The objective of this paper is to create a CT image database and then apply pre processing methods on the image. The image segmentation is done by using Haar wavelet. The boundary is also detected by using canny. The feature extraction is applied to the image on the basis of shape, intensity, and texture and after that Fuzzy clustering is applied to get the optimized segmented image. Gurpreet Kaur | Gargi Kalia | Preeti Sondhi ""Artificial Neural Network Based Detection of Renal Tumors using CT Scan Image Processing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25090.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/bioinformatics/25090/artificial-neural-network-based-detection-of-renal-tumors-using-ct-scan-image-processing/gurpreet-kaur
Radiology uses various imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases. The document outlines different types of radiology equipment and procedures including X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, mammography, PET, SPECT, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, fluoroscopy, DEXA, and interventional radiology. Key equipment includes X-ray machines, CT and MRI scanners, ultrasound machines, gamma cameras, linear accelerators, C-arms, and cyberknives. Radiologists use these tools to examine organ structure and function, guide procedures, and deliver radiation therapy for cancer treatment.
Nanotechnology has potential applications for cancer detection and treatment. It involves engineering systems at the molecular scale, smaller than 100 nanometers. This small size allows nanodevices to enter cells and detect diseases. Researchers are developing nanoparticles linked to antibodies that can seek out and destroy cancer cells through heat ablation. Nanotechnology may improve cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells directly without harming healthy cells. While it offers advantages like increased detection and more effective therapies, challenges remain around toxicity, targeting specificity, and moving applications from research to human trials. Overall, nanotechnology shows promise for transforming cancer treatment if these challenges can be addressed.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. It then discusses how cancer forms and the various factors that can cause cancer like chemicals, radiation, viruses and lifestyle. The document outlines how nanotechnology can be used to more effectively deliver drugs, detect cancer at an early stage, and treat cancer through approaches like photothermal ablation using gold nanoparticles. It acknowledges challenges like ensuring nanoparticles are biocompatible and non-toxic, but envisions that human clinical trials within the next few years could demonstrate how nanotechnology allows for safer and more targeted cancer treatment.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that forms tumors. There are several major types of cancer that form in different parts of the body. Cancer develops over many years due to disruptions to cell DNA from factors like diet, tobacco, chemicals and more. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer type and location but can include lumps, swelling, pain, and issues like fatigue. Treatment aims to cure the patient or control the disease and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone or immunotherapy either alone or in combination. Some specific cancer types discussed include bone cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer.
This document discusses treatment decisions for breast cancer, including surgery options of mastectomy or lumpectomy, adjuvant therapies like hormone therapy or chemotherapy, and radiation options. It notes that a multi-disciplinary team should assist the patient. Surgery choices include mastectomy, which removes more tissue, or lumpectomy, which removes just the tumor. Adjuvant therapies and whether radiation is needed depends on factors like the cancer type, stage, and the patient's genetic profile. Radiation typically involves external beam radiation to the whole breast area over 5 weeks along with a radiation boost to the tumor site. Short term side effects include skin irritation and fatigue, while long term risks are low but include lymphedema, fibrosis and small risks
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that forms tumours. Benign tumours are non-cancerous, stay in one place, and do not spread. Malignant tumours are cancerous, invade nearby tissues, and can metastasize to other parts of the body. Cancer is diagnosed through regular screening and treated through surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or alternative medicines, though treatments can cause side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. Education is needed to address misconceptions that cancer is always fatal or contagious.
This document discusses opportunities for targeted cancer therapies using nanotechnology. It describes how nanoparticles can provide multi-functional capabilities like targeting, delivering, and reporting on drugs directly to tumor sites. This allows improved drug delivery with lower toxic side effects. The document outlines the National Cancer Institute's strategy to accelerate nanotechnology for cancer through centers of excellence, a nanotechnology characterization laboratory, and interagency collaborations on areas like characterization, standards, and training. It also discusses challenges in translating early-stage nanoparticle research into clinical studies and the need for public-private partnerships.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
This presentation is related to cancer treatment and involvement of the nanotechnology in cancer research. This has different nanotechnology-related delivery information.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
Use of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of CancerAnas Indabawa
The document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It describes several nanoscale devices such as nanopores, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, and nanorobots that can help detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, target delivery of drugs to cancer cells, and enable non-invasive cancer diagnosis and treatment with localized heat therapy. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale allows more precise cancer detection and targeted therapy with fewer side effects than traditional approaches.
Nanoparticles show promise for improving cancer diagnosis and treatment. They can be used to detect cancer by carrying imaging agents targeted to tumor biomarkers (A). For treatment, nanoparticles can deliver higher doses of chemotherapy drugs specifically to cancer cells, reducing toxicity to healthy cells (B). Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles have been designed to both target tumor cells using ligands, diagnose the cells, and release anticancer drugs inside the cells to treat the cancer (C). Overall, nanoparticles may enable more effective and less toxic cancer diagnosis and therapy by taking advantage of their small size and ability to be functionalized for targeting.
This document discusses using nanotechnology for cancer treatment. It describes how nanoparticles can target cancer cells due to their rapid growth and nutrient intake. Experiments showed that mice with human prostate tumors treated with nanoparticles targeted to cancer cells had a 100% survival rate, compared to 57% for untargeted nanoparticles and 14% for chemotherapy alone. Challenges include developing biocompatible nanoparticles that can target cancer cells without side effects. Future applications could include human trials in the next few years and managing cancer as a chronic disease in 15-20 years.
1. Done by: Dr. Mohamad Ghazi Kassem
2. What is Nanotechnology An engineered DNA strandtiny motor pRNA Semiconducting metal junction formed by two carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems, through the understanding and control of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where new functionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of applications.
3. What is Nanoscale Fullerenes C60 22 cm 12,756 Km 1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 10 millions times smaller 0.7 nm 0.7 × 10-9 m 1 billion times smaller
4. What Are Gold Nanoparticles? • Gold nanoparticles (‘nanogold’) occur as clusters of gold atoms up to 100nm in diameter. Gold nanoparticle • Nanogold has unusual visible properties because the particles are small enough to scatter visible light. - in contrast, mass gold reflects light. 5nm gold clusters
5. • Gold nanoparticles appear yellow to deep red to in solution. - colour depends on size of nanoparticles • The distance between particles also affects colour - surface plasmon resonance is the term used by nanotechnologists to describe this effect.
6. Why Gold Nanoparticles Cancer is a difficult disease to treat, contain, and identify. There are many different ways for treating cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and many others. These methods are effective if the cancer tumor is caught soon enough. However, these treatments are not effective enough because they do not only target the affected cells, they also affect healthy cells. But • Gold Nanoparticles are non toxic • With Gold Nanoparticles we can detecting cancer cells and even destroy them without affect healthy cells.
7. Mostafa A. El-Sayed Julius Brown Chair and Regents Professor; Director, Laser Dynamics Laboratory “Gold nanoparticles are very good at scattering and absorbing light,” said Mostafa El-Sayed, director of the Laser Dyanamics Laboratory and chemistry professor at Georgia Tech. “We wanted to see if we could harness that scattering property in a living cell to make cancer detection easier. So far, the results are extremely promising.”
8. Gold Nanoparticle Tumor Detection The common strategy to detect the tumor is the functionalization of the nanoparticle with an antibody specific to the tumor antigens, and then detect the nanoparticle by some spectroscopic technique B. Tumor photograph Imaging with gold nanoparticles as contrast agent
9. Many cancer cells have a protein, known as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EFGR), all over their surface, while healthy cells typically do not express the protein as strongly. By conjugating, or binding, the gold nanoparticles to an antibody for EFGR, suitably named antiEFGR, researchers were able to get the nanoparticles to attach themselves to the cancer cells. Electrostatically + + + + - - - + + + - + -+ - - + + + + Covalently S S S S S S S S
10. Gold Nanoparticles Nanoshells
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
RECOGNITION OF SKIN CANCER IN DERMOSCOPIC IMAGES USING KNN CLASSIFIERADEIJ Journal
The largest organ of the body is human skin. Melanoma is a fastest growing & deadliest cancer which starts in pigment cells (melanocytes) of the skin that mostly occurs on the exposed parts of the body. Early detection is vital in treating this type of skin cancer but the time and effort required is immense. Dermoscopy is a non invasive skin imaging technique of acquiring a magnified and illuminated image of a region of skin for increased clarity of the spots on the skin The use of machine learning and automation of the process involved in detection will not only save time but will also provide a more accurate diagnosis. The skin images collected from the databases cannot be directly classified by the automation techniques. The reason is twofold: (a) Lack of clarity in the features which is mainly due to the poor contrast of the raw image and (b) Large dimensions of the input image which causes the complexity of the system. Hence, suitable techniques must be adopted prior to the image classification process to overcome these drawbacks. The first drawback can be minimized by adopting suitable pre- processing techniques which can enhance the contrast of the input images. The second drawback is solved by incorporating the feature extraction technique which reduces the dimensions of the input image to high extent. Further, K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor) classifier is used for classification of the given image into cancerous or non- cancerous.
This document is a student project on the biology of cancer. It begins with acknowledgements and certificates confirming the project. The main content discusses how cancer is caused by mutations in genes regulating cell division. Many environmental and genetic factors can cause these mutations. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can be benign or malignant. The document also covers cancer classification, treatment strategies like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and their potential side effects.
When cancer is localised, it can be removed by surgery. But in most of the cases, it is practically impossible to detect cancer in such an early stage. The cancerous cells do get killed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but both of these therapies also destroy some vital cells in the body, leading to serious side effects. Other conventional techniques used in the treatment of cancer including bone marrow transplantation, peripheral stem cell transplantation, hormone therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy have their own limitations.
For more information: www.cancertame.com
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 11 CANCER: DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY
A dividing breast cancer cell.
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
When cancer develops, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, generally do not form solid tumors.
Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor.
Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.
What are the differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells.
Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor, an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.
Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system.
Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with.
This seminar paper discusses radiation therapy and its use in cancer treatment. It defines radiation therapy and its goals, which include curing early-stage cancer, preventing metastasis, and treating symptoms from advanced cancer. The paper describes the mechanism of action of radiotherapy by explaining how it causes double-stranded DNA breaks in cells. It also outlines the different types of radiation therapy including photon and particle radiation. Additionally, it discusses the principles of radiation therapy such as precisely locating the tumor, immobilizing the patient, accurately aiming the radiation beams, shaping the beams, and delivering an optimal therapeutic dose.
What is cancer national cancer instituteashish964223
Cancer is caused by changes to DNA that cause cells to grow uncontrollably and spread. There are over 100 types of cancer named after the organs or tissues where they form, such as lung cancer or brain cancer. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that they ignore signals telling them to stop growing or die, invade other tissues, encourage blood vessel growth, and find ways to avoid the immune system. The main types of genes affected in cancer are proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. When cancer spreads from its original site to other parts of the body through metastasis, it is called metastatic cancer. Not all abnormal cell growth is cancer - conditions like hyperplasia and dysplasia may
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread throughout the body. It develops through a multi-step process as cells accumulate genetic mutations over time that allow them to avoid normal growth controls and regulations. There are two main types of tumors - benign tumors which are non-cancerous and do not spread, and malignant tumors which are cancerous and can metastasize. Cancer diagnosis involves techniques such as biopsy, imaging, and molecular analysis to detect abnormalities. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy to try and remove or destroy cancer cells.
This document provides an overview of cancer and anticancer drugs. It defines cancer, compares cancer cells to normal cells, and lists key facts about causes, symptoms, growth and spread, types, diagnosis, stages, and treatments of cancer. The main topics covered are the definition of cancer, differences between cancer and normal cells, causes of cancer, signs and symptoms, how cancer grows and spreads, types of cancer, diagnosis methods, cancer stages, common treatment approaches like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and the development process of anticancer drugs.
This document provides an overview of cancer and anticancer drugs. It defines cancer, describes how cancer cells differ from normal cells, and lists some key facts about cancer incidence. The document then discusses what causes cancer and outlines some common signs and symptoms. It explains how cancer grows and spreads and lists some major cancer types. The stages of cancer diagnosis and treatment are summarized, including approaches like surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted drugs. The document outlines the process of anticancer drug research from pre-clinical testing through clinical trials. It notes some challenges in cancer treatment and lists several references for further information.
cancer cells الخلايا السرطانية الدكتور كرار رأفت علوش < Dr. karrar raafat alwashDr. Karrar Alwash
Cancer cells are abnormal cells that have undergone genetic mutations causing uncontrolled growth and division. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells do not respond to signals regulating growth and can invade nearby tissues and spread through metastasis. Cancer cells can arise from different tissues and exhibit varied characteristics depending on cancer type. Understanding cancer cell biology and behavior is crucial for developing effective treatments. Ongoing research is providing insights into cancer cell genetics and molecules, enabling personalized treatment approaches targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.
According to the National Cancer Institute, a tumor is an unusual tissue mass that results from cell division beyond what is naturally expected. Tumors may also develop when divided cells do not die as due. Tumors sometimes look like cancers. However, not all tumors are cancerous.
The human body is made up of cells that grow, multiply and take the place of each other. As new cells appear, old cells disappear. So cancers are formed when the body starts to produce cells that it does not need. When these cells become too much, swellings and tumors begin to develop.
Different types of tumors might develop in the human body. There are three broad categories of tumors: malignant, premalignant, and benign tumors. Malignant tumors are cancerous, and when not adequately treated, they can spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors, on the other hand, are non-cancerous cells.
Benign tumors, otherwise called non-cancerous tumors, pose little to no threat to a person's health. Unlike malignant tumors, they do not usually spread to other body parts. It has been noted that most benign tumors do not need to be treated as long as they are not painfully pressing against other body parts.
Different types of benign tumors can grow in the human body. One of them is benign bone tumors like osteomas. While osteomas are not cancerous, they might result in a severe kind of pain if it does not receive instant medical attention. Similarly, brain tumors like meningiomas and schwannomas are also examples of benign tumors. Meninges are tissues that cover the brain and the spinal cord, and they are also hosted.
On the other hand, malignant tumors, otherwise known as cancerous tumors, tend to spread to other tissues or organs. For instance, they could spread to other body parts like organs and tissues. The newly formed cells are known as metastases. While most people tend to remove malignant tumors, they might reappear through a process known as cancer recurrence.
There are different types of malignant tumors. Osteosarcoma and chordomas are two types of m, malignant tumors that grow in the brain. On the other hand, the various organs in the body might develop tumors like pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. Similarly, the skin might also develop malignant cancers like squamous cell carcinoma.
Premalignant tumors are also a type of tumor. Unlike both tumors mentioned earlier, this kind of tumor can either be malignant or none malignant. So its malignancy is based on whether it is treated as soon as possible. Premalignant tumors need to be closely m monitored by a doctor, or they might become cancerous.
An example of a premalignant tumor is actinic keratosis or solar keratosis. Actinic keratosis leaves the skin with patches and scaly swellings. Excess sun exposure is one of the risk factors associated with arctic keratosis, and it affects people with a fairer skin than it does other skin types.
Cervical dysplasia is another premalignant tumor that might grow in the h
Cancer arises due to mutations in genes that control cell growth. These mutated genes, called oncogenes, cause cells to divide uncontrollably and form tumors. As tumors grow, they recruit blood vessels through angiogenesis to supply nutrients and allow cancer cells to spread throughout the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system, forming secondary tumors in other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis. Multiple genetic mutations are typically required for cancer to develop and progress to more advanced and aggressive stages.
This document discusses cancer, including its causes, symptoms, and treatments. It will outline the role of environmental hazards, food additives, viruses and genetic factors in the regional distribution of cancer. It will also cover the implications of symptom awareness and failure to seek treatment in cancer management. The document is presented by Mrs. S. Desouza at Montego Bay Community College and was compiled by several students.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can be benign or malignant. Malignant cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread via the bloodstream to other parts of the body. Cancers are caused by factors like radiation, chemicals, viruses, and genetic mutations. There are several types of cancer named according to the affected tissue. Diagnosis involves techniques like biopsy, endoscopy, and imaging tests. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, surgery, and others. Retroviruses can cause cancer and AIDS - they contain RNA that is converted to DNA and incorporated into the host cell genome, causing the cell to continuously produce new virus particles.
The document summarizes different types of cancer, their causes, symptoms, and how cancer spreads. It discusses that cancer occurs when cells multiply uncontrollably due to damaged genes that can be inherited, caused by carcinogens, or from aging. Cancerous cells do not function normally and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymph nodes. Several common types of cancer are described briefly, including breast cancer, leukemia, and anal cancer.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. The document discusses the basics of cancer including what cancer is, the normal cell cycle, carcinogens, tumors, cancer classification, diagnosis, and therapy. Regarding therapy, it describes radiotherapy which uses radiation to destroy cancer cells, and chemotherapy which uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It provides details on the mechanisms, administration methods, and side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth that can form tumors. Cancer cells may spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body. Cancer Cell is a journal focused on cancer research from basic to clinical studies, with an emphasis on translational research. Cancer cells are formed through genetic mutations in normal cells over many years. Cancer cells have properties like unlimited growth, lack of apoptosis and telomere shortening, angiogenesis, and metastasis that make them different from normal cells. Research on cancer prevention and control focuses on altering risky behaviors, increasing cancer screening, and improving diagnosis and survivorship.
This document provides an overview of cancer biology. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth that can spread through the body. The main types of cancer are discussed, as well as how cancer spreads through invasion and metastasis. Cancer cells have distinct properties compared to normal cells, such as irregular shape and uncontrolled growth. Carcinogens that can cause cancer are also outlined. The document reviews methods for diagnosing and treating cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and more. In conclusion, it notes that cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
This document provides an overview of cancer biology. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth that can spread through the body. The main types of cancer are discussed, as well as how cancer spreads through invasion and metastasis. Cancer cells have distinct properties compared to normal cells, such as irregular shape and uncontrolled growth. Carcinogens that can cause cancer are also outlined. The document reviews methods for diagnosing and treating cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and more. In conclusion, it notes that cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
1. Nanotechnologyis the science that deals with the
processes that occur at molecular level and of nanolength scale size.
there are three step in the world of measurements
the first step is the meter, the second step is micron (world of
cells) and the last step is nanometer (smaller than the cell).
‘Pharmaceutical nanotechnology’embraces applications
of nanoscience to pharmacy as nanomaterials, and as
devices like drug delivery, diagnostic, imaging and
biosensor.
Uses of Nanotechnology:
1-Diagnosis and treatment of cancer
According to the US National Cancer
Institute (OTIR, 2006) “Nanotechnology
will
change the very foundations of cancer diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention”. We have
already seen how nanotechnology, an extremely wide
and versatile field, can affect many
of its composing disciplines in amazingly
innovative and unpredictable ways.
Q- what is cancer ?
Cancer is a disease caused by normal cells changing
them so that they grow in an uncontrolled way.
2. The uncontrolled growth can cause problems in one
or more of the following ways:
-spreading into normal tissues nearby.
-causing pressure on other body structure.
-spreading to other parts of the body through the
lymphatic system or blood stream.
The word cancerwas first applied to the disease by
Hippocrates (460–370 B.C.), the
Greek philosopher, who used the words carcinosand
carcinomato refer to non-ulcer
forming and ulcer forming tumors. The words refer to
a crab, probably due to the
external appearance of cancerous tumors, which have
branch-like projections that
resemble the claws of a crab.
Understanding Cancer
Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that form
tissues. Tissues make up the organs of the body.
Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as
the body needs them. When cells grow old, they die,
and new cells take their place.
Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New
cells form when the body does not need them, and
old cells do not die when they should. These extra
cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or
tumor.
3. Tumors can be benign or malignant:
Benign tumors are not cancer:
Benign tumors are rarely life-threatening.
Generally, benign tumors can be removed, and they
usually do not grow back.
Cells from benign tumors do not invade the tissues
around them.
Cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts
of the body.
Malignant tumors are cancer:
Malignant tumors are generally more serious than
benign tumors. They may be life-threatening.
Malignant tumors often can be removed, but
sometimes they grow back.
Cells from malignant tumors can invade and damage
nearby tissues and organs.
Cells from malignant tumors can spread (metastasize)
to other parts of the body. Cancer cells spread by
breaking away from the original (primary) tumor and
entering the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The
cells can invade other organs, forming new tumors
that damage these organs. The spread of cancer is
called metastasis.
Understanding Cancer
Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that
form tissues. Tissues make up the organs of the body.
4. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the
body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and
new cells take their place.
Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells
form when the body does not need them, and old cells
do not die when they should. These extra cells can form a
mass of tissue called a growth ortumor.
Tumors can be benign or malignant:
Benign tumors are not cancer:
Benign tumors are rarely life-threatening.
Generally, benign tumors can be removed, and they
usually do not grow back.
Cells from benign tumors do not invade the tissues
around them.
Cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body.
Malignant tumors are cancer:
Malignant tumors are generally more serious than
benign tumors. They may be life-threatening.
5. Malignant tumors often can be removed, but sometimes
they grow back.
Cells from malignant tumors can invade and damage
nearby tissues and organs.
Cells from malignant tumors can spread (metastasize) to
other parts of the body. Cancer cells spread by breaking
away from the original (primary) tumor and entering the
bloodstream or lymphatic system. The cells can invade
other organs, forming new tumors that damage these
organs. The spread of cancer is called metastasis.
A schematic illustration showing how nanoparticles or other cancer drugs
might be used to treat cancer.
6. Cancer
The small size of nanoparticles endows them with
properties that can be very useful in oncology,
particularly in imaging. Quantum dots (nanoparticles
with quantum confinement properties, such as size-
tunable light emission), when used in conjunction
with MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), can
produce exceptional images of tumor sites. These
nanoparticles are much brighter than organic dyes
and only need one light source for excitation. This
means that the use of fluorescent quantum dots could
produce a higher contrast image and at a lower cost
than today's organic dyes used as contrast media. The
7. downside, however, is that quantum dots are usually
made of quite toxic elements.
Another nanoproperty, high surface area to volume
ratio, allows many functional groups to be attached to
a nanoparticle, which can seek out and bind to certain
tumor cells. Additionally, the small size of
nanoparticles (10 to 100 nanometers), allows them to
preferentially accumulate at tumor sites (because
tumors lack an effective lymphatic drainage system).
A very exciting research question is how to make
these imaging nanoparticles do more things for
cancer. For instance, is it possible to manufacture
multifunctional nanoparticles that would detect,
image, and then proceed to treat a tumor? This
question is under vigorous investigation; the answer
to which could shape the future of cancer treatment>
promising new cancer treatment that may one day
replace radiation and chemotherapy is edging closer
to human trials. Kanzius RF therapy attaches
microscopic nanoparticles to cancer cells and then
"cooks" tumors inside the body with radio waves that
heat only the nanoparticles and the adjacent
(cancerous) cells.
Sensor test chips containing thousands of nanowires,
able to detect proteins and other biomarkers left
behind by cancer cells, could enable the detection and
8. diagnosis of cancer in the early stages from a few
drops of a patient's blood.
The basic point to use drug delivery is based upon
three facts: a) efficient encapsulation of the drugs, b)
successful delivery of said drugs to the targeted
region of the body, and c) successful release of that
drug there.
Researchers at Rice University under Prof. Jennifer
West, have demonstrated the use of 120 nm diameter
nanoshells coated with gold to kill cancer tumors in
mice. The nanoshells can be targeted to bond to
cancerous cells by conjugating antibodies or peptides
to the nanoshell surface. By irradiating the area of the
tumor with an infrared laser, which passes through
flesh without heating it, the gold is heated sufficiently
to cause death to the cancer cells.]
Nanoparticles of cadmium selenide (quantum dots)
glow when exposed to ultraviolet light. When
injected, they seep into cancer tumors. The surgeon
can see the glowing tumor, and use it as a guide for
more accurate tumor removal.
In photodynamic therapy, a particle is placed within
the body and is illuminated with light from the
outside. The light gets absorbed by the particle and if
the particle is metal, energy from the light will heat
the particle and surrounding tissue. Light may also be
used to produce high energy oxygen molecules which
will chemically react with and destroy most organic
9. molecules that are next to them (like tumors). This
therapy is appealing for many reasons. It does not
leave a “toxic trail” of reactive molecules throughout
the body (chemotherapy) because it is directed where
only the light is shined and the particles exist.
Photodynamic therapy has potential for a noninvasive
procedure for dealing with diseases, growth and
tumors.
Chemotherapy
is the delivery of drugs to treat disease, most
commonly cancer, and radiation therapy is the use of
high energy ionizing radiation to inhibit the division
and growth of cells (usually cancer cells). Both of
these therapy options are highly effective in treating
many types of cancers; however they can also affect
the normal healthy cells in the body, inducing
unwanted side effects. Most of the side effects from
chemotherapy and radiation subside when treatments
end, but there are some that can be long-term.
Dryness
10. Mucous membranes and glands, such as salivary
glands and tear glands, are sensitive to radiation and
some chemotherapy medications. Radiation therapy
to the head and neck region can induce xerostomia
(dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). Radiation
can also affect the sweat glands, causing them to stop
working and making temperature regulation difficult.
These conditions may be long-term and do affect the
patient’s overall quality of life.
Hair Loss
Hair follicles contain rapidly growing and dividing
cells making them susceptible to damage from both
chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This damage
causes hair loss, which is usually temporary.
Chemotherapy can cause hair loss over all of your
body, but radiation only causes hair loss to the
localized area where it was administered. Depending
on the medication and the level of radiation, the
damage to the hair follicle can be extensive enough to
induce permanent hair loss
.
Secondary Tumors
A secondary tumor is the formation of a new and
unrelated cancer as a result of the treatment of
11. another cancer. The secondary cancer usually arises
months, or more likely even years after the initial
treatment. Both chemotherapy and radiation are
known carcinogens, meaning they can cause cancer.
The risk of secondary tumors is usually so low that
the benefits of the treatment outweigh the risks, but
your doctor will continue to monitor your overall
health, even after treatments have ended
Hearing Loss
Chemotherapy medications, especially cis-platin, can
cause tinnitus, which is a ringing sensation in your
ears. There is no specific treatment for tinnitus, so it
can lead to hearing loss. Radiation therapy
administered to the brain can cause damage to the
inner ear, resulting in hearing loss as well.
Infertility
The cells of the reproductive system for both men
and women are rapidly dividing cells, making them
vulnerable to damage from both chemotherapy and
radiation therapy. For men, chemotherapy treatments
12. can cause permanent damage to the testes that
produce the sperm as well as the sperm. Radiation to
the area of the testes reduces the number and
functionality of the present sperm. High doses of
radiation can induce long-term effects. In both cases
you may want to consult your doctor about freezing
some of your sperm to ensure your ability to father
children in the future.
Chemotherapy can cause permanent damage to the
ovaries, which are responsible for producing
hormones essential to fertility. Radiation therapy to
the pelvis region can cause women to experience
signs of menopause, which may be long-term if the
radiation dose is high
Improved Diagnostics
Nanodevices can provide rapid and sensitive
detection of cancer-related molecules by enabling
scientists to detect molecular changes even when they
occur only in a small percentage of cells. This
would allow early detection of cancer – a critical step
in improving cancer treatment.
13. Nanotechnology
will allow the reduction of screening tools which
means that many tests can be run on a single device.
This makes cancer screening faster and more cost-
efficient.
Nanowires
Nanowires by nature have incredible
properties of selectivity and specificity.
Nanowires can be engineered to sense and pick
up molecular markers of cancer cells. By laying
down nanowires across a microfluidic channel
and allowing cells or particles to flow through it.
The wires can detect the presence of genes and
relay the information via electrical connections to
doctors and researchers. This technology can help
14. pinpoint the changes in the genetics of cancer.
Nanowires can be coated with a probe such as an
antibody that binds to a target protein.
Proteins that bind to the antibody will change the
nanowire’s electrical conductance and this can be
Particles flow through
microfluidic channel
measured by a detector.
2
Jim Heath, a nanotechnology researcher at California
Institute of Technology
has designed a nanowire detector. Each nanowire
bears a different antibody or oligonucleotide, a short
stretch of DNA that can be used to recognize specific
RNA sequences. They have begun testing the
chip on proteins secreted by cancer cells.
2
Carbon nanotubes are also being used to make DNA
biosensors. This uses self-assembled
carbon nanotubes and probe DNA oligonucleotides
immobilized by covalent binding to the nanotubes.
When hybridization between the probe and the target
DNA sequence occurs, the change is noted in the
voltammetirc peak of an indicator.
3
The DNA biosensors being developed are more
efficient and more
selective than current detection methods.
15. Cantilevers
Nanoscale cantilevers are built using
semiconductor lithographic techniques.
1
These
can be coated with molecules (like antibodies)
capable of binding to specific molecules that
only cancer cells secrete. When the target
molecule binds to the antibody on the cantilever,
a physical property of the cantilever changes and
the change can be detected. Researchers can
study the binding real time and the information
may also allow quantitative analysis. The nanometer-
sized cantilevers are extremely sensitive and can
detect single molecules of DNA or protein. Thus
providing fast and sensitive detection methods for
cancer related molecules.
16. • Types of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery
•
• Systems
• Nanoparticles can consist of a number of
materials, including polymers, metals, and ceramics.
Based on their manufacturing methods and materials
used, these particles can adopt diverse shapes and
sizes with distinct properties. Many types of
nanoparticles are under various stages of
development as drug delivery systems, including
liposomes and other lipid-based carriers (such as lipid
emulsions and lipid-drug complexes), polymer-drug
conjugates, polymer microspheres, micelles, and
various ligand-targeted products (such as
immunoconjugates0
• Liposomes and Other Lipid-based Nanoparticles
• Liposomes are self-assembling, spherical, closed
colloidal structures composed of
• lipid bilayers that surround a central aqueous
space. Liposomes are the most studied formulation of
nanoparticle for drug delivery (). Several types of
anticancer drugs have been developed as lipid-based
systems by using a variety of preparation methods.
Liposomal formulations have shown an ability to
17. improve the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of associated drugs.1 To date,
liposome-based formulations of several anticancer
agents (Stealth liposomal doxorubicin [Doxil],
liposomal doxorubicin [Myocet], and liposomal
daunorubicin [DaunoXome]) have been approved for
the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and Kaposi's
sarcoma.2
• First generation liposomes have an unmodified
phospholipid surface that can attract plasma proteins,
which in turn trigger recognition and uptake of the
liposomes by the mononuclear phagocytic system
(MPS), which is synonymous with the
reticuloendothelial system,1 resulting in their rapid
clearance from the circulation. This property impedes
the distribution of liposomes and their associated
drug to solid tumors or other non-MPS sites of drug
action. Second generation liposomal drugs are being
developed in an effort to evade MPS recognition and
subsequent clearance. Surface-modified liposomes
(Stealth) have hydrophilic carbohydrates or
polymers, which usually are lipid derivatives of
polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted to the liposome
surfaceWhile this surface modification has solved the
problem of fast clearance from the circulation,
yielding liposomes with a significantly increased
half-life in the blood, the challenge remains to attain
18. preferential accumulation of liposomes in tumor
tissues. One strategy to achieve tumor-specific
targeting is to conjugate a targeting moiety on the
outer surface of the lipid bilayer of the liposome that
selectively delivers drug to the desired site of action.
For example, an immunoliposome has antibodies or
antibody fragments conjugated on its outer surface,
usually at the terminus of PEG. Several studies have
documented improved therapeutic efficacy of
immunoliposomes targeted to internalizing antigens
or receptors compared with that of nontargeted
liposomes. An in vitro study of a liposome
formulation of doxorubicin (DOX) targeted to the
internalizing antigen CD44 on B16F10 melanoma
cells showed enhanced intracellular drug uptake from
the targeted liposomes when compared with the free
form of DOX. The enhanced uptake was correlated
with enhanced cell killing efficacy. A liposomal
formulation of cisplatin that lacked efficacy
demonstrated encouraging therapeutic results when
delivered in an immunoliposome targeted to an
internalizing antigen. Recently, promising results
were reported from a Phase I clinical study that
evaluated the effect of MCC-465, a PEGylated
liposomal formulation containing DOX targeted with
an F(ab')2 fragment of a human mAb named GAH, in
patients with metastatic stomach cancer
19. • Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Nanoparticles
• Passive Targeting
• Passive targeting takes advantage of the inherent
size of nanoparticles and the unique properties of
tumor vasculature, such as the enhanced permeability
and retention (EPR) effect and the tumor
microenvironment.79,80,81–82 This approach can
effectively enhance drug bioavailability and efficacy.
• EPR Effect. Angiogenesis is crucial to tumor
progression. Angiogenic blood vessels in tumor
tissues, unlike those in normal tissues, have gaps as
large as 600 to 800 nm between adjacent endothelial
cells.18,83 This defective vascular architecture
coupled with poor lymphatic drainage induces the
EPR effect,83,84,85–86 which allows nanoparticles
to extravasate through these gaps into extravascular
spaces and accumulate inside tumor tissues87 (Figure
1). Dramatic increases in tumor drug accumulation,
20. usually of 10-fold or greater, can be achieved when a
drug is delivered by a nanoparticle rather than as a
free drug.88 However, the localization of
nanoparticles within the tumor is not homogeneous.
The factors that result in high concentrations of
nanoparticles in one part of the tumor tissue but not
in other parts are not well understood yet.89 In
general, the accumulation of nanoparticles in tumors
depends on factors including the size, surface
characteristics, and circulation half-life of the
nanoparticle and the degree of angiogenesis of the
tumor. Usually, less nanoparticle accumulation is
seen in preangiogenic or necrotic tumors.18
• Tumor Microenvironment. Hyperproliferative
cancer cells have profound effects on their
surrounding microenvironment. Tumors must adapt
to use glycolysis (hypoxic metabolism) to obtain
extra energy, resulting in an acidic
microenvironment.81 In addition, cancer cells
overexpress and release some enzymes that are
crucial to tumor migration, invasion, and metastasis,
including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).82
Tumor-activated prodrug therapy is an example of
passive targeting that takes advantage of this
characteristic of the tumor-associated
microenvironment. A nanoparticle conjugating an
albumin-bound form of DOX with an MMP-2–
21. specific peptide sequence (Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ala-
Gly-Gln) was efficiently and specifically cleaved by
MMP-2.90 When certain pH-sensitive molecules are
incorporated into liposomes, drugs can be specifically
released from the complexes by a change in pH.91
The pH-sensitive liposomes are stable at physiologic
conditions (pH 7.2), but degraded in tumor-
associated acidic areas. Likewise, thermolabile
liposomes are expected to be activated by the local
hyperthermic microenvironment.92
• Active Targeting
• The polymeric nanoparticles that have been
tested clinically so far have mostly lacked a targeting
moiety and instead rely mainly on the EPR effect of
tumors, the tumor microenvironment, and tumor
angiogenesis to promote some tumor-selective
delivery of nanoparticles to tumor tissues. However,
these drug delivery systems using a binary structure
conjugate inevitably have intrinsic limitations to the
degree of targeting specificity they can achieve. In
the case of the EPR effect, while poor lymphatic
drainage on the one hand helps the extravasated
drugs to be enriched in the tumor interstitium, on the
other hand, it induces drug outflow from the cells as a
result of higher osmotic pressure in the interstitium,
which eventually leads to drug redistribution in some
portions of the cancer tissue.93
22. • An alternative strategy to overcome these
limitations is to conjugate a targeting ligand or an
antibody to nanoparticles. By incorporating a
targeting molecule that specifically binds an antigen
or receptor that is either uniquely expressed or
overexpressed on the tumor cell surface, the ligand-
targeted approach is expected to selectively deliver
drugs to tumor tissues with greater efficiency (Figure
2). Such targeted nanoparticles may constitute the
next generation of polymeric nanoparticle drug
delivery systems. Indeed, several targeted polymeric
nanoparticles are currently undergoing preclinical
studies.65,77,94,95–96 One of these, HPMA
copolymer-DOX-galactosamine (PK2, FCE28069),
has progressed to a clinical trial. In this nanoparticle,
galactosamine moieties bind to the asialoglycoprotein
receptor on hepatocytes.65,76 In a Phase I/II study,
this targeted nanoparticle showed 12- to 50-fold
greater accumulation than the free DOX in
hepatocellular carcinoma tissue. Antitumor activity
was observed in patients with primary hepatocellular
carcinoma in this study.65,76 These promising early
clinical results suggest the potential of targeted
polymeric nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery
systems. Lessons have also been learned from many
of the early clinical studies. For example, the failure
of HPMA conjugates of paclitaxel and camptothecin
in Phase I clinical trials was reported. Such negative
23. outcomes underline the importance of polymer-drug
design
• Choice of Target Receptor. Selection of the
appropriate receptor or antigen on cancer cells is
crucial for the optimal design of targeted
nanoparticles. The ideal targets are those that are
abundantly and uniquely expressed on tumor cells,
but have negligible or low expression on normal
cells. The targeted antigen or receptor should also
have a high density on the surface of the target tumor
cells. Whether the targeted nanoconjugate can be
internalized after binding to the target cell is another
important criterion in the selection of proper targeting
ligands. In the case of an antibody or other ligand that
cannot trigger the internalization process, the drug
can enter cells through simple diffusion or other
transport system after being released from the
targeted conjugate at or near the cell surface.
However, drug released outside the cell may disperse
or redistribute to the surrounding normal tissues
rather than exclusively to the cancer cells. In vitro
and in vivo comparisons using internalizing or
noninternalizing ligands have shown that the
intracellular concentration of drug is much higher
when the drug is released from nanoparticles in the
cytoplasm after internalization.43,98
24. • Choice of Targeting Ligand. One of the greatest
challenges to the design of nanoparticles that can
selectively and successfully transport drug to
cancerous tissues is the choice of targeting agent(s).
This strategy also relies on the ability of the targeting
agent or ligand to bind the tumor cell surface in an
appropriate manner to trigger receptor-mediated
endocytosis. The therapeutic agent will thereby be
delivered to the interior of the cancer cell.85 A
variety of tumor-targeting ligands, such as antibodies,
growth factors, or cytokines, have been used to
facilitate the uptake of carriers into target
cells.90,92,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106–107
• Ligands targeting cell-surface receptors can be
natural materials like folate and growth factors,
which have the advantages of lower molecular weight
and lower immunogenicity than antibodies. However,
some ligands, such as folate that is supplied by food,
show naturally high concentrations in the human
body and may compete with the nanoparticle-
conjugated ligand for binding to the receptor,
effectively reducing the intracellular concentration of
delivered drug. Recent advances in molecular biology
and genetic engineering allow modified antibodies to
be used as targeting moieties in an active-targeting
approach. MAbs or antibody fragments (such as
antigen-binding fragments or single-chain variable
fragments) are the most frequently used ligands for
25. targeted therapies. Whole mAbs have 2 binding
domains showing high binding avidity. The Fc
domain of the mAb can induce complement-mediated
cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated
cytotoxicity, leading to additional cell-killing effect.
On the other hand, the Fc domain also initiates an
immune response and can be rapidly eliminated in
the circulation, resulting in decreased accumulation
of targeted nanoparticles into cancer cells.13
Compared with whole mAbs, the use of antibody
fragments as a targeting moiety can reduce
immunogenicity and improve the pharmacokinetic
profiles of nanoparticles.1 For example, liposomes
coupled with mAb fragments instead of whole
antibodies showed decreased clearance rates and
increased circulation half-lives, allowing the
liposomes sufficient time to be distributed and bind
to the targeted cells.1,39 This strategy improved the
therapeutic efficacy of immunoliposomal DOX
targeted against CD19 on human B lymphoma cells
in animal models