Radiology uses various imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases. The document outlines different types of radiology equipment and procedures including X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, mammography, PET, SPECT, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, fluoroscopy, DEXA, and interventional radiology. Key equipment includes X-ray machines, CT and MRI scanners, ultrasound machines, gamma cameras, linear accelerators, C-arms, and cyberknives. Radiologists use these tools to examine organ structure and function, guide procedures, and deliver radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

1. Introduction about radiology equipments

2. Radiology
Diagnostic radiology/Radiography
X-Ray
Computed tomography
Magnetic Resonance imaging
Ultrasonography
Fluoroscopy
DEXA
Mammography
Radiotherapy
Linear accelerator
Brachytherapy
Implant therapy
Cyber knife
Cobalt 60
Etc.
Nuclear medicine
Positron Emitted Tomography
Single photon Emitted Tomography
Gamma Camera, Etc.
Interventional radiology
C-arm

3. • Radiology:- Radiology is a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and
treat disease. Radiology may be divided into two different areas, diagnostic radiology and
interventional radiology.
• Diagnostic radiology:- Diagnostic radiology refers to the field of medicine that uses non-
invasive imaging scans to diagnose a patient. The tests and equipment used sometimes
involves low doses of radiation to create highly detailed images of an area.
• Nuclear medicine:- Nuclear medicine is a specialized area of radiology that uses very small
amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and
structure. Nuclear medicine imaging is a combination of many different disciplines. These
include chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology, and medicine. This branch
of radiology is often used to help diagnose and treat abnormalities very early in the
progression of a disease, such as thyroid cancer.
• Radiotherapy:- Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment
that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low
doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside the body, as with x-rays of teeth or
broken bones.

4. Interventional Radiology
o Interventional radiology is a medical specialization that involves
performing a range of imaging procedures to obtain images of the inside
of the body. The interventional radiologist carefully interprets these
images to diagnose injury and disease, and to perform a range of
interventional medical procedures.
o Interventional radiologist use imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRIs
(magnetic resonance imaging) scans, fluoroscopy (an X-ray procedure
that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion), CT (computed
tomography) scans and ultrasounds.
o Interventional radiologists perform a broad range of procedures such as
treating tumors, taking organ biopsies or placing stents by inserting tiny
instruments and thin plastic tubes (catheters) into the body via an
artery or vein.

5. X-ray
• X-ray is a form of energy
which travel in any medium.
• Discovered by Sir Wilhelm
Conrad Roentgen in 1895.
• X-rays are types of
electromagnetic radiation
probably most well-known for
their ability to visualize a
image of internal body.
• X-rays are roughly classified
into soft X-rays and hard X-
rays.
• Wavelength:- 0.01 to 10 nanometers
• Frequency:- 3×1019 to 3×1016 Hz.

6. Computed Tomography
• Also known as "CAT scanning"
(Computed Axial Tomography).
• Invented in 1972 by British
engineer Godfrey Hounsfield
• The first clinical CT scanners were
installed between 1974 and
1976.
• Uses ionizing radiation
• scanned images are in axial
section
• Guide procedures such as surgery,
biopsy and radiation therapy

7. Mammography
• It is specialized medical
imaging that uses a low-
dose ionizing radiation .
• Uses for breast
imaging for early
detection and diagnosis of
breast diseases in women.
• Three recent advances in
mammography :
1. digital mammography,
2. computer-aided detection
3.breast tomosynthesis.

8. Magnetic resonance imaging
• Invented by Paul C. Lauterbur
.
• On July 3, 1977, the first
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) exam on a live human
patient was performed
• Uses very high magnetic field
• Scanning images are in 3
plane(axial, coronal, sagittal).
• It is a non-invasive and
painless

9. DEXA
:- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
• uses a very small dose of
ionizing radiation
• It is commonly used to
diagnose osteoporosis, to assess
an individual's risk for
developing osteoporotic
fractures.
• It is simple, quick and
noninvasive.
• Bone densitometry, is an
enhanced form of x-ray
technology that is used to
measure bone loss.

10. ultrasonography
• It is a diagnostic imaging technique, or
therapeutic application of ultrasound.
• Safe for pregnant women scanning
• Helps in FNAC and biopsy
• Uses sound waves for scanning
• A Doppler ultrasound study may be part
of an ultrasound examination.
• It uses transducer for scanning pts.

11. Fluoroscopy
• Uses ionizing radiation for
scanning
• Performed to evaluate specific
areas of the body, including the
bones, muscles, and joints, as
well as solid organs, such as the
heart, lung, or kidneys.
• A continuous X-ray beam is
passed through the body part
being examined. The beam is
transmitted to a TV-like
monitor so that the body part
and its motion can be seen in
detail.

12. Linear accelerator
• First LINAC was developed by
wide Roe in 928.
• Used to accelerate or push the
electron in linear direction.
• It uses high radio frequency
electromagnetic waves to
accelerate the charge particle in
a linear path inside the tube like
structure which is called as
accelerator wave guide.

13. Brachytherapy
• It is a procedure that involves placing
radioactive material inside pts. body.
• It is one type of radiation therapy
that's used to treat cancer.
Brachytherapy is sometimes called
internal radiation.
• It can be used alone or in
conjunction with other cancer
treatments
• Fewer side effects.
• Preservation of organ structure and
function.

14. Cobalt-60
• It is a synthetic radioactive
isotope of cobalt with a half-
life of 5.2713 years.
• It is produced artificially in
nuclear reactors.
• It is formed when metal
structures, such as steel rods,
are exposed to neutron
radiation

15. Cyber knife
• It is a non-invasive treatment for
cancerous and non-cancerous
tumors and other conditions where
radiation therapy is indicated.
• Treatments are typically performed
in 1 to 5 sessions.
• It is the only radiation delivery
system which features a linear
accelerator (LINAC) directly
mounted on a robot to deliver the
high-energy x-rays or photons used
in radiation therapy.

16. PET
• Positron emission tomography
(PET) uses small amounts of
radioactive materials called
radiotracers or
radiopharmaceutical.
• Nuclear medicine imaging
procedures are noninvasive. With
the exception of intravenous
injections, they are usually
painless.
• It comes with PET CT or PET
MRI, also called fusion imaging.

17. SPECT
Single photon emitted
computed tomography

18. Gamma camera
• Also called a scintillation camera or
Anger camera
• A device used to image gamma
radiation emitting radioisotopes, a
technique known as scintilography.
• predominant nuclear medicine
imaging machine currently in use.

19. C-arm
• Uses ionizing radiation for scanning
• Uses in Cathlab for interventional
procedures
• A C-arm provides high-resolution,
real-time fluoroscopic x-ray imaging
during surgical, orthopedic, and
emergency care procedures.