Cancer grade 10
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A brief presentation about cancer I have prepared for the Life Science Grade 10 class. The lesson about cancer comes after mitosis.
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- Chargaff who found regular proportions of DNA bases between species.
- Nirenberg who helped discover the genetic code.
- Berg who created the first recombinant DNA molecules.
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2) The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass one of two alleles to their offspring and these alleles segregate during gamete formation such that a cross between heterozygotes results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
3) The Law of Independent Assortment demonstrated that two traits assort independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics.
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Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
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Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
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Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that contain DNA. They become visible during cell division and are the carriers of genetic information. Chromosomes are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold, making the chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. Chromosomes vary in size and number between species. They contain DNA that is packaged with histone proteins to form chromatin. The basic repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins.
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This document discusses different types of chromosomal mutations including changes in structure (chromosomal aberrations) and number (genomic mutations). It describes several chromosomal aberrations like deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations and how they can affect the chromosome structure. It also discusses genomic mutations involving gains or losses of whole chromosomes called aneuploidy, and cases of polyploidy involving multiple chromosome sets. Specific examples of sex chromosome aneuploidy like Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome are provided.
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The document summarizes the structure of the atom. It discusses that atoms are composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbits. The nucleus is much smaller than the atom but contains most of its mass. Properties of atoms are determined by the number and arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons can occupy different energy levels in orbits around the nucleus. Nuclear forces hold the nucleus together, while electromagnetic forces between protons cause repulsion.
Unity & Diversity Of Life
1. The document discusses the unity and diversity of life at different levels of biological organization, from atoms to ecosystems.
2. It notes that all living things share basic structural and functional similarities, such as cells, DNA, and reliance on the same six main elements.
3. The main theme is that while life exhibits great diversity, all organisms are interconnected through their common ancestry and dependence on the same basic biological processes and building blocks of life.
Seminar 2 .beam modification devices
Beam modification devices are used to modify the spatial distribution of radiation within the patient. Shielding blocks protect normal tissues and critical structures by altering the shape of the radiation beam. Compensators compensate for missing tissues to achieve a uniform spatial distribution. Multileaf collimators are the principal shielding device and can generate complex field shapes through computer control. Wedge filters tilt the isodose curves to modify the dose distribution.
introduction to genetics
1. The document discusses principles of genetics including concepts like heredity, variation, Mendelian genetics, and branches of genetics like cytogenetics and molecular genetics.
2. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants from 1856-1863 which led to his principles of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance and the rediscovery of his work in 1900.
3. Key genetics terminology is defined including genes, alleles, genotype and phenotype, and symbols and concepts used in pedigrees like dominant/recessive alleles and Punnett squares are explained.
Chromosomes
This document summarizes key information about chromosomes. It defines chromosomes as carriers of genetic information visible during cell division. It describes the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote chromosomes. It discusses chromosome number, size, and types (autosomes and sex chromosomes). It explains cell division processes like meiosis and fertilization. It provides examples of human chromosomal abnormalities including both numerical disorders like Down syndrome and structural disorders. It describes chromosome structure and banding patterns used to identify chromosomes. It concludes with references for further reading.
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DNA is the genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the chromosomes of prokaryotes. It exists in several forms, including linear chromosomes in eukaryotes and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes and organelles. DNA is made up of a double helix structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The structure of DNA allows it to efficiently store and transmit genetic information.
Molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair
Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair discusses the various types of DNA damage including base damage, mismatches, pyrimidine dimers, intercalation, crosslinking, and single and double strand breaks. It describes how these damages occur from oxidation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and ultraviolet light. The document also summarizes the mechanisms of base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and homologous recombination repair and non-homologous end joining which are used to repair single and double strand breaks. Defects in DNA damage response and repair pathways can increase cancer risks or radiation sensitivity.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both fatherโs and motherโs blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
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This document summarizes the historical development of genetics from early concepts to modern understanding. It describes key figures and their contributions, including:
- Mendel who established basic laws of inheritance through pea plant experiments.
- Watson and Crick who discovered the double helix structure of DNA.
- Chargaff who found regular proportions of DNA bases between species.
- Nirenberg who helped discover the genetic code.
- Berg who created the first recombinant DNA molecules.
The document traces the progression of genetics from early theories to establishing DNA as the molecule of inheritance and cracking the genetic code.
Cell cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It describes the phases of interphase including G1, S, and G2. It then explains the stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis is mentioned for plant and animal cells. Meiosis is introduced as consisting of two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which reduces the chromosome number and produces sex cells.
MIC150 - Chap 1 Mendelian Genetics
1) Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and developed the laws of genetics through extensive experimentation.
2) The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass one of two alleles to their offspring and these alleles segregate during gamete formation such that a cross between heterozygotes results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
3) The Law of Independent Assortment demonstrated that two traits assort independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Cancer & Oncogenesis (Tumorigenesis)
Cancer arises from uncontrolled cell growth. Malignant tumors can invade other tissues and spread, while benign tumors remain localized. Cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that cancers originate from mutated adult stem cells that have lost their normal constraints. Tumor cells resemble embryonic cells in their migration and ability to be influenced by their environment - some tumors can be stopped by inducing differentiation of the cancer cells. Cancer development involves a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors, including mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes as well as epigenetic changes like DNA methylation that regulate these genes.
CHROMOSOMES
Chromosomes are thread-like structures in the nucleus that contain DNA. They condense during cell division and duplicate their DNA before splitting into two identical copies in each daughter cell. The number and structure of chromosomes provide important genetic information. Key points are that chromosomes contain DNA, duplicate before cell division, and determine species traits through their number and structure.
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Fractionation refers to dividing the total radiation dose into smaller doses given over multiple treatment sessions. The standard fractionation schedule gives doses of 1.8-2 Gy daily, 5 days a week, to the total prescribed dose. Altered fractionation schedules like hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, and hypofractionation aim to improve tumor control by modifying dose, dose per fraction, and treatment time based on differences in radiation response between tumors and normal tissues. Hyperfractionation gives smaller doses more times to allow a higher total dose within normal tissue tolerance. Accelerated fractionation reduces time to decrease tumor repopulation but maintains standard dose per fraction. Hypofractionation gives higher doses fewer times per week to shorten treatment time.
Mutations powerpoint
The document discusses different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including changes in the nucleotide sequence that may happen in somatic or germ cells. Mutations can be caused spontaneously during DNA replication or DNA damage from environmental factors like UV radiation. Types of mutations include point mutations, deletions, inversions, translocations, duplications, and aneuploidy. These genetic changes can have varying effects from being neutral to causing genetic disorders or cancer.
Biology of cancer - oncology
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that contain DNA. They become visible during cell division and are the carriers of genetic information. Chromosomes are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold, making the chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. Chromosomes vary in size and number between species. They contain DNA that is packaged with histone proteins to form chromatin. The basic repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins.
Cancer Biology
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread throughout the body. The three main properties of cancer cells are that they grow aggressively, can invade nearby tissues, and may spread (metastasize) to distant areas. Nearly all cancers are caused by genetic abnormalities within cells that affect genes regulating cell growth and death. Some genetic changes are inherited, but many are acquired from environmental exposures like tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. Cancer development involves multiple genetic mutations that cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade the immune system.
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- Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can be due to physical, chemical, or biological carcinogens. Common types include carcinomas, sarcomas, melanomas, lymphomas, and leukemias.
- Cancer cells lose contact inhibition and cell adhesion, allow angiogenesis and metastasis. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes like p53 can contribute to uncontrolled growth.
- Detection methods include biopsies, blood tests, imaging like CT/MRI, and monoclonal antibody tests. Molecular techniques can identify inherited cancer risks.
- Common treatments are surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy
Cancer the horrible disease
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can be benign or malignant. It is one of the leading causes of death globally with around 10 million people dying each year. Cancer is diagnosed through methods like biopsy, radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The main treatment types are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, though these can have side effects.
Cancer
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues. There are two main types of cancer - malignant tumors that spread and benign tumors that stay in one place. Cancer is caused by environmental and genetic factors and can affect many parts of the body like the lungs, breast, colon, and prostate. Signs include lumps, sores, and changes in bowel or bladder function. Diagnosis involves tests like biopsies, scans, and blood tests. Main treatment options are surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, and radiation therapy using high-energy rays to stop cancer cell growth and division. Prevention strategies include maintaining a healthy lifestyle and minimizing exposure to cancer risks.
presentation on cancer(1).ppt
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Some key points:
- Over 9 million people die from cancer each year, with 70% of deaths occurring in low-to-middle income countries.
- Cancers are classified as carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, myelomas, or leukemias depending on the type of cell affected.
- Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle (tobacco, diet, physical activity), environmental/occupational exposures, and certain infections.
- Symptoms vary depending on the cancer type and location but may include lumps, unexplained weight loss
topic cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. The most common cancers vary by sex, with lung, prostate, colorectal, and stomach cancers most common in men, and breast, colorectal, lung, and cervical cancers most common in women. Cancer is caused by factors like chemicals, diet, infection, radiation, heredity, and hormones. Diagnosis involves medical tests to examine tissue samples. Prevention methods include diet, medication, and vaccination, while treatments include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, palliative care, immunotherapy, and alternative medicine.
Cancer report
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are over 100 different types of cancer, each classified by the type of cell initially affected. Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that result in uncontrolled cell growth. Risk factors include carcinogens like tobacco, radiation, and viruses, as well as genetic predispositions and age. Cancer diagnosis involves imaging scans and biopsies to detect tumors and stage the cancer. Prevention strategies aim to reduce exposure to risk factors through vaccination, controlling tobacco and alcohol use, healthy diets, and cancer screening programs.
Cancer report
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are over 100 different types of cancer, each classified by the initial cell type affected. Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that damage cells' ability to regulate growth and division. Risk factors include carcinogens, viruses, inherited genes, age, and medical conditions. Prevention strategies aim to reduce exposure to risk factors through vaccines, controlling tobacco and alcohol use, healthy diets, and screening programs.
anticancer drugs and agents
The document provides an introduction to cancer, including definitions, classifications, stages, etiology, signs and symptoms. It then discusses several diagnostic tests for cancer including biopsy and tomography. The main treatments for cancer are described as surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation. Chemotherapy is discussed in further detail, outlining different classes of chemotherapeutic agents. The document also briefly mentions ayurvedic herbal treatments and cancer status in India.
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Cancer grade 10
- 1. ๏ก Cancer is the result of uncontrolled mitotic cell division in the body. ๏ก A group of cells is formed that lose their original function ๏ก After a repeated division, a mass of tissue is formed, it is then referred to as a tumour ๏ก There are two kinds of tumours โ Benign tumours and malignant tumours.
- 2. ๏ก Benign tumours does not penetrate the tissues, it stays at one site and does not spread ๏ก Malignant tumours are cancerous and they invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumours.
- 3. BENIGN ๏ก Slow growing ๏ก Capsulated ๏ก Non-invasive - Does not metastasize ๏ก Well differentiated MALIGNANT ๏ก Fast growing ๏ก Not capsulated ๏ก Invasive and infiltrative - It metastasizes ๏ก Poorly differentiated
- 5. ๏ก There are many possible causes of cancer ๏ก Any agent that causes cancer is known as a carcinogen. Possible carcinogens are: - Cigarette smoke - Chemicals (asbestos, pesticides) - Pollution - Radiation (sun, x-rays, atomic weapons) - Viruses (Human papilloma virus or HPV) - Hormonal imbalance - Inherited genes - Diet that lacks certain nutrients such as fibre
- 6. ๏ก It is easier to treat cancer if it is diagnosed early. ๏ก Regular check-ups such as Pap smears for cervical cancer, colonoscopies for colon cancer and mammograms for breast cancer
- 7. Treatment for cancer include: ๏ก Surgery โ cutting out the tumour. It is only effective on benign tumours
- 8. ๏ก Traditional technology โ traditional doctors use a small shrub Sutherlandia frutescens commonly known as โkankerbossieโ or cancer bush as remedy for cancer.
- 9. ๏ก Using radiotherapy or chemotherapy.This is done if the cancer has metastasized. Radiotherapy uses X-rays and gamma rays to kill cancerous cells. ๏ก Chemotherapy uses chemicals to kill the cancerous cells.
- 10. Side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy ๏ก Hair loss ๏ก Nausea ๏ก Fatigue ๏ก Loss of appetite ๏ก Vomiting ๏ก Skin changes ๏ก Diarrhoea ๏ก Weight loss
- 11. ๏ก People think that if someone has cancer, it means that they are going to die. ๏ก The word โcancerโ is taboo ๏ก People think that they can catch cancer from someone who has it. Cancer cannot be spread like other diseases except cervical cancer caused by HPV ๏ก Ignorance is bliss. People believe it is best not to know that they have the disease ๏ก Education is important to help people understand more about cancer.