Atomic force microscopy has been used to investigated the surface properties of different materials, in this paper it is used to measure the surface roughness and surface adhesive force of three different membrane samples Poly ethyleneterephthalate PET , Silicon Rubber SR and PET SRcopolymers. This analytical method allows images representing the topography and adhesive force Phase image of the surface to be captured simultaneously at a molecular nanometer resolution. The distribution of hydrophilic polar groups and the surface roughness on the investigated surfaces ofthese membrane samples influences the subsequent processing of polymeric membrane manufacture as well as their performance. From the results a clear distinction was observed between the three samples in both images the topography surface roughness images and adhesive force images. Promising result were obtained for the PET SRcopolymer samples to be a good candidate in membrane separation applications. This study may also help to explain the differences in membrane performances and efficiency during applications in the separation process. Dr. Abduelmaged Abduallah | Dr. Kamal M. Sassi | Dr. Mustafa T. Yagub "Nano-Scale Surface Characterization of Poly (Ethyleneterephthalate) - Silicon Rubber Copolymers using Atomic Force Microscopy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43688.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/chemical-engineering/43688/nanoscale-surface-characterization-of-poly--ethyleneterephthalate--silicon-rubber-copolymers-using-atomic-force-microscopy/dr-abduelmaged-abduallah
This document discusses mesoporous materials, including their classification, synthesis, and applications. Mesoporous materials have pore sizes between 2-50 nm and high surface areas between 400-1000 m2/g. They are commonly synthesized using a soft template method involving surfactants. Mesoporous materials have a wide range of applications including adsorption, chromatography, catalysis, sensors, and drug delivery due to their tunable pore sizes and large surface areas.
MECHANICAL & THERMAL PROPERTIES OF NANO COMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
This document discusses the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites. It explains that polymer nanocomposites consist of a polymer matrix reinforced with nanoparticles, which have high surface area. This results in enhanced bonding between the polymer and nanoparticles. As a result, polymer nanocomposites often demonstrate improved mechanical properties over micro-composites, such as increased elastic modulus. A key factor influencing the mechanical properties is the interphase layer that forms between the polymer matrix and nanoparticles. The properties of this interphase region, which can differ from the bulk materials, largely determine how stress is transferred between phases. Several experimental techniques for characterizing the structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites are described, including tensile testing,
This document discusses composite materials for chromatographic column separations. It describes how composite materials made of organic and inorganic components can overcome limitations of conventional ion exchange resins by exhibiting improved mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, ion exchange capacity, and ability to be synthesized in granular form for column operations. Nanocomposites in particular are highlighted as having unusual property combinations and potential applications in areas like drug delivery, corrosion protection, and the automotive and electronics industries. The document outlines several applications of nanocomposites and their potential to enhance sensor performance and open new application horizons.
Karthik S.K. presented on nanocomposites and their applications in food packaging. The presentation covered the history of nanocomposites, definitions of composites and nanocomposites, methods for preparing polymer nanocomposites, various types of nanocomposites including clay, polymer, biobased, starch, cellulose, and protein nanocomposites. The presentation discussed characterization techniques for nanocomposites and concluded that nanocomposites can improve mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of food packaging materials.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...MSEJjournal1
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
USING ADVANCED INSPECTION METHOD (THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONIC)IN RECOGNITION...msejjournal
In this study, using Harfang Code 32 device, the slag catcher pipelines in one of the South Pars phases
were tested. In radiography method of these lines, no clear defect was observed in radiographic films due
to the high thickness of 40 mm. However, marvelous results were obtained using advanced ultrasonic.
Review and analysis of the results will result in high potential of three-dimensional ultrasonic method in
identifying defects in pipelines with high thicknesses and preventing financial and life-threatening risks
during the use of these refineries in the future.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
This document summarizes work done on finite element analysis of polymer nano composites. Objectives include analyzing polymer nanocomposites using ABAQUS software and studying how nanofillers affect mechanical properties. Work completed includes learning ABAQUS tutorials, literature review, and geometric modeling of nanofillers. Future work plans to compare results of spherical and ellipsoidal inclusions and extend the study to fracture mechanics. Representative volume elements are generated and analyzed to determine properties like Young's modulus at varying nanofiller weight fractions and shapes.
This document discusses mesoporous materials, including their classification, synthesis, and applications. Mesoporous materials have pore sizes between 2-50 nm and high surface areas between 400-1000 m2/g. They are commonly synthesized using a soft template method involving surfactants. Mesoporous materials have a wide range of applications including adsorption, chromatography, catalysis, sensors, and drug delivery due to their tunable pore sizes and large surface areas.
MECHANICAL & THERMAL PROPERTIES OF NANO COMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
This document discusses the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites. It explains that polymer nanocomposites consist of a polymer matrix reinforced with nanoparticles, which have high surface area. This results in enhanced bonding between the polymer and nanoparticles. As a result, polymer nanocomposites often demonstrate improved mechanical properties over micro-composites, such as increased elastic modulus. A key factor influencing the mechanical properties is the interphase layer that forms between the polymer matrix and nanoparticles. The properties of this interphase region, which can differ from the bulk materials, largely determine how stress is transferred between phases. Several experimental techniques for characterizing the structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites are described, including tensile testing,
This document discusses composite materials for chromatographic column separations. It describes how composite materials made of organic and inorganic components can overcome limitations of conventional ion exchange resins by exhibiting improved mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, ion exchange capacity, and ability to be synthesized in granular form for column operations. Nanocomposites in particular are highlighted as having unusual property combinations and potential applications in areas like drug delivery, corrosion protection, and the automotive and electronics industries. The document outlines several applications of nanocomposites and their potential to enhance sensor performance and open new application horizons.
Karthik S.K. presented on nanocomposites and their applications in food packaging. The presentation covered the history of nanocomposites, definitions of composites and nanocomposites, methods for preparing polymer nanocomposites, various types of nanocomposites including clay, polymer, biobased, starch, cellulose, and protein nanocomposites. The presentation discussed characterization techniques for nanocomposites and concluded that nanocomposites can improve mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of food packaging materials.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...MSEJjournal1
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
USING ADVANCED INSPECTION METHOD (THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONIC)IN RECOGNITION...msejjournal
In this study, using Harfang Code 32 device, the slag catcher pipelines in one of the South Pars phases
were tested. In radiography method of these lines, no clear defect was observed in radiographic films due
to the high thickness of 40 mm. However, marvelous results were obtained using advanced ultrasonic.
Review and analysis of the results will result in high potential of three-dimensional ultrasonic method in
identifying defects in pipelines with high thicknesses and preventing financial and life-threatening risks
during the use of these refineries in the future.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
This document summarizes work done on finite element analysis of polymer nano composites. Objectives include analyzing polymer nanocomposites using ABAQUS software and studying how nanofillers affect mechanical properties. Work completed includes learning ABAQUS tutorials, literature review, and geometric modeling of nanofillers. Future work plans to compare results of spherical and ellipsoidal inclusions and extend the study to fracture mechanics. Representative volume elements are generated and analyzed to determine properties like Young's modulus at varying nanofiller weight fractions and shapes.
This document discusses polymer nanocomposites, which combine a polymer matrix with nanoscale inorganic fillers. Polymer nanocomposites can overcome limitations of conventional composites and monolithic polymers by exhibiting improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties due to the high surface area of nanoparticles. Properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix polymer, nanoparticle fillers, and their dispersion within the polymer. Potential applications of nanocomposites include use in automobiles, electronics, packaging, and military equipment by exploiting their enhanced strength, thermal and chemical resistance.
The document discusses polymer-matrix nanocomposites, which consist of a polymeric matrix with nanoscale particles dispersed within. Nanoparticles can control the fundamental properties of materials without changing their chemical composition. Polymer nanocomposites are classified based on the type of polymer matrix used, and can be prepared through various methods like solution casting or melt blending. They exhibit improved properties like electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical strength compared to conventional composites. Potential applications of polymer nanocomposites include in the automobile, energy storage, and coatings industries.
To ensure good adhesion between a 200 nm thick silicon dioxide layer and a 4.5 μm thick hardcoat polymeric coating, a better understanding of mechanisms of adhesion at this interface is needed. To reach this purpose, focus is placed on two axes: characterizing mechanical properties of materials composing the system and in parallel, finding an applicable and effective method to quantify adhesion. Small dimension of SiO2 thin film makes it challenging to accurately characterize it. Hence the use of both nano-indentation and AFM to attempt assessment of SiO2 thin film elastic modulus Ef; taking into account limitations and uncertainty associated with each technique. Elastic modulus of SiO2 thin film determined by nano-indentation is roughly 50 GPa on a wafer substrate and 15 GPa on a lens substrate. As for AFM, modulus measured is approximately 56 GPa on a wafer substrate and 22 GPa on a lens substrate. This highlights significant influence of substrate for both techniques. Impact on mechanical properties between SiO2 thin films under different intrinsic stresses was also investigated. Results suggest that higher density of SiO2 thin film leads to higher elastic modulus.
To quantify adhesion, micro-tensile and micro-compression tests were performed. Micro-tensile experiments give ultimate shear strengths of hardcoat-substrate interface ranging from 9 to 14 MPa. Values of energy release rates of SiO2 / Hardcoat, range from 0.1 J/m² to 0.5 J/m², depending on moduli values found on wafer or lens substrate.
This document discusses metal matrix nanocomposites. It defines nanocomposites as consisting of two phases, with one being nanosized particles embedded in a matrix material. Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) specifically use a metal as the matrix and a ceramic as the reinforcement. Carbon nanotube metal matrix nanocomposites are also discussed. The document outlines various synthesis routes for fabricating MMNCs, including solid-state and liquid-state processing methods, and discusses some advantages and limitations of different processing techniques. Properties of MMNCs include increased hardness, strength, and superplasticity as well as lowered melting point and improved electrical and magnetic properties.
This seminar presentation summarizes polymer nanocomposites. It defines nanocomposites as multiphase solid materials with one phase having dimensions less than 100 nm. The major constituent is the polymer matrix and the minor constituent is nanoscale reinforcement materials like nanotubes, nanoplates, or nanoparticles. The advantages of nanoscale fillers over conventional fillers include low percolation thresholds, large interfacial areas, and short particle distances. Surface modification of nanofillers is important to prevent agglomeration and improve interfacial interactions. Common synthesis methods for polymer nanocomposites include melt compounding, solvent processing, and in situ polymerization. Polymer nanocomposites provide enhanced properties compared to
The developing of the composite materials produce a new generations Functionally graded material (FGM) where the materials characteristics are changing linearly depending to the composition materials variations. However, this piece of research presents an attemp to design, manufacturing and multi Ti/TiO2 combined characterization into each functionally graded materials. The supposed in this design is to better the general Ti/TiO2 characteristics. These materials were designed in order to contain a compositional differences or a gradually microstructure within the body in one piece or single material.
This document summarizes research on developing a multi-scale modeling approach to predict the structural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composite pipes used for offshore oil and gas risers. The approach models the pipe behavior at the micro, meso, and macro scales and links the scales together. Experiments were conducted to validate the modeling approach and determine material properties at each scale. Results showed good agreement between predicted and experimental properties and structural response at different loading conditions. The multi-scale modeling approach shows promise for designing composite risers while addressing current limitations in experience, standards, and design methodologies.
Orienting MoS2 flakes into ordered filmsSagi Appel
This document summarizes a study on producing oriented films of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes through a simple and inexpensive process. MoS2 flakes were ball milled and exfoliated in solution to reduce their size. Drops of the solution were deposited on a substrate to produce oriented films. X-ray diffraction results showed the films maintained the crystalline structure of MoS2 without additional phases. Simulations suggested the films oriented with molecular layers stacked parallel to the substrate, unlike randomly oriented flakes. This process could produce oriented mixed films with tailored properties for practical applications.
Network polymers derived from the integration of flexible organic polymers an...Berkay AKKOÇ
Network polymers derived from the integration of flexible organic polymers and rigid metal organic frameworks. My class notes about a kind of inorganic polymer. Review.
It is described about polymer/clay nanocomposites which can be abbreviated to PCNC, their preparation methods, properties and relevances, important types of polymers employed in the preparation of PCNC, montmorillonite crystal structures,
This document summarizes a study that used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and mesoscopic simulations to model the compatibility of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends. The study calculated Flory-Huggins interaction parameters via MD simulations which indicated immiscibility. Mesoscopic simulations then examined how the phase morphology of PS/PMMA blends was influenced by adding a block copolymer, applying shear, doping with nanoparticles, and surface roughness. The study provided insights into using inducing effects to control phase separation in polymer blends.
1) The document analyzes the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of polyaniline (PANI) under medium acidic conditions. TEM images of PANI with the drug Taxol show no major defects, cracks, or deformations.
2) TEM is used to identify surface morphology and defects at the nanoscale. The images of PANI in this study reveal no major defects or flaws on the surface.
3) PANI has potential applications in lithography for fabricating integrated circuits due to its reactivity to oxygen and moisture. TEM provides information on structure, composition, and crystallinity of materials at the nanoscale.
This document discusses polymer-matrix nanocomposites, which consist of a polymeric matrix with nanoscale particles dispersed within. Nanoparticles can control the fundamental properties of materials without changing their chemical composition. Polymer nanocomposites are classified as thermoplastic, thermoset, or elastomer based. They are prepared through methods like solution casting or melt blending. Polymer nanocomposites demonstrate improved electrical, optical, mechanical and barrier properties compared to conventional composites. Applications include the automobile sector, energy storage, coatings, and products requiring low flammability.
This document discusses the modelling and characterization of 3D printed cellular structures. Three different cellular structures were designed and fabricated using fused deposition modelling of ABSplus material. Experimental compression tests were performed on the structures to determine their mechanical properties. Finite element analyses were also conducted and found to correlate well with the experimental results. A mesh sensitivity study was performed to assess the influence of mesh properties on the modelling outcomes. The document presents a methodology for analyzing the energy absorption properties of 3D printed cellular structures through both experimental testing and numerical simulation.
The document summarizes research on the effect of the speed of the support material on the structure of electrospun polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) nanofiber webs. Nanofiber webs were produced at three different speeds and analyzed. It was found that decreasing the speed, and thus increasing the covering time, resulted in thicker nanofibers being formed. While the average fiber diameter did not significantly change, the distribution of fiber diameters shifted to include more larger fibers. The document proposes using parameters like the percentage of fibers in the first distribution peak and the average diameter of the two main peaks as better ways to characterize nanofiber web structure compared to just the average diameter.
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
High-Gradient Magnetic Separation Method for Weakly Magnetic Particles: an In...Barhm Mohamad
The high-gradient magnetic separation process is a technique used in heavy industries, particularly steel mills, to extract magnetic particles from mixtures. The difficulty of separating the slightly magnetic particles from the nonmagnetic ones lies in the distribution of the magnetic field and the fineness of their class to be separated. A use of different separation matrix profile is implemented, making it possible to act on the value of the gradient of the inhomogeneous magnetic field. Different matrixes are tested and the results obtained experimentally allows to choose the most efficient matrix form in the operation of extraction which increased by 11% in magnetic fraction yield, 15% iron content and 17% of extraction degree relative to the John’s matrix. This matrix used is consistent with that cited in literatures. The separation technology used can extend its useful application to small particles from very weakly magnetic materials. Its exploitation will result in the method of reducing the degree of pollution and improvement the process of extraction of minerals that has an impact on the environment and on human health as a result a high level of extraction.
This document provides an overview of nanotribology, which studies friction, wear, and adhesion at the nanoscale. It discusses how tools like atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to study tribological phenomena at small length scales. The need for nanotribology is explained in applications like healthcare, microelectromechanical systems, and space exploration where wear and friction at small scales can significantly impact performance and lifetime. Challenges like developing effective nanolubricants are also covered. The document concludes that AFM/FFM have become versatile tools for nanomechanical and tribological studies due to their ability to map surfaces and measure properties like friction.
This document discusses three primary modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and their applications in nanolithography. The three modes are contact mode, tapping mode, and non-contact mode. Contact mode allows fast scanning but can damage soft surfaces. Tapping mode provides higher resolution with minimal damage. Non-contact mode exerts very low force but can have lower resolution. Each mode has distinct uses in nanofabrication including patterning polymers, local oxidation, and controlling pattern size.
This document discusses sample preparation methods for imaging nanoparticles using an atomic force microscope (AFM). It reviews various sample preparation techniques for imaging nanoparticles in air and liquids. Key preparation steps include choosing an appropriate substrate, dispersing nanoparticles on the substrate, and using adhesives to adhere nanoparticles to the substrate. Common substrates include mica, silicon, and graphite. Drying liquid suspensions and depositing dry powders are methods for dispersing nanoparticles on substrates. Chemicals like poly-L-lysine are often used as adhesives. The document provides examples of imaging various nanoparticle types like quantum dots, polymers, metals, and biological particles using these preparation methods. Proper sample preparation is important for obtaining high quality AFM
This document discusses polymer nanocomposites, which combine a polymer matrix with nanoscale inorganic fillers. Polymer nanocomposites can overcome limitations of conventional composites and monolithic polymers by exhibiting improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties due to the high surface area of nanoparticles. Properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix polymer, nanoparticle fillers, and their dispersion within the polymer. Potential applications of nanocomposites include use in automobiles, electronics, packaging, and military equipment by exploiting their enhanced strength, thermal and chemical resistance.
The document discusses polymer-matrix nanocomposites, which consist of a polymeric matrix with nanoscale particles dispersed within. Nanoparticles can control the fundamental properties of materials without changing their chemical composition. Polymer nanocomposites are classified based on the type of polymer matrix used, and can be prepared through various methods like solution casting or melt blending. They exhibit improved properties like electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical strength compared to conventional composites. Potential applications of polymer nanocomposites include in the automobile, energy storage, and coatings industries.
To ensure good adhesion between a 200 nm thick silicon dioxide layer and a 4.5 μm thick hardcoat polymeric coating, a better understanding of mechanisms of adhesion at this interface is needed. To reach this purpose, focus is placed on two axes: characterizing mechanical properties of materials composing the system and in parallel, finding an applicable and effective method to quantify adhesion. Small dimension of SiO2 thin film makes it challenging to accurately characterize it. Hence the use of both nano-indentation and AFM to attempt assessment of SiO2 thin film elastic modulus Ef; taking into account limitations and uncertainty associated with each technique. Elastic modulus of SiO2 thin film determined by nano-indentation is roughly 50 GPa on a wafer substrate and 15 GPa on a lens substrate. As for AFM, modulus measured is approximately 56 GPa on a wafer substrate and 22 GPa on a lens substrate. This highlights significant influence of substrate for both techniques. Impact on mechanical properties between SiO2 thin films under different intrinsic stresses was also investigated. Results suggest that higher density of SiO2 thin film leads to higher elastic modulus.
To quantify adhesion, micro-tensile and micro-compression tests were performed. Micro-tensile experiments give ultimate shear strengths of hardcoat-substrate interface ranging from 9 to 14 MPa. Values of energy release rates of SiO2 / Hardcoat, range from 0.1 J/m² to 0.5 J/m², depending on moduli values found on wafer or lens substrate.
This document discusses metal matrix nanocomposites. It defines nanocomposites as consisting of two phases, with one being nanosized particles embedded in a matrix material. Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) specifically use a metal as the matrix and a ceramic as the reinforcement. Carbon nanotube metal matrix nanocomposites are also discussed. The document outlines various synthesis routes for fabricating MMNCs, including solid-state and liquid-state processing methods, and discusses some advantages and limitations of different processing techniques. Properties of MMNCs include increased hardness, strength, and superplasticity as well as lowered melting point and improved electrical and magnetic properties.
This seminar presentation summarizes polymer nanocomposites. It defines nanocomposites as multiphase solid materials with one phase having dimensions less than 100 nm. The major constituent is the polymer matrix and the minor constituent is nanoscale reinforcement materials like nanotubes, nanoplates, or nanoparticles. The advantages of nanoscale fillers over conventional fillers include low percolation thresholds, large interfacial areas, and short particle distances. Surface modification of nanofillers is important to prevent agglomeration and improve interfacial interactions. Common synthesis methods for polymer nanocomposites include melt compounding, solvent processing, and in situ polymerization. Polymer nanocomposites provide enhanced properties compared to
The developing of the composite materials produce a new generations Functionally graded material (FGM) where the materials characteristics are changing linearly depending to the composition materials variations. However, this piece of research presents an attemp to design, manufacturing and multi Ti/TiO2 combined characterization into each functionally graded materials. The supposed in this design is to better the general Ti/TiO2 characteristics. These materials were designed in order to contain a compositional differences or a gradually microstructure within the body in one piece or single material.
This document summarizes research on developing a multi-scale modeling approach to predict the structural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composite pipes used for offshore oil and gas risers. The approach models the pipe behavior at the micro, meso, and macro scales and links the scales together. Experiments were conducted to validate the modeling approach and determine material properties at each scale. Results showed good agreement between predicted and experimental properties and structural response at different loading conditions. The multi-scale modeling approach shows promise for designing composite risers while addressing current limitations in experience, standards, and design methodologies.
Orienting MoS2 flakes into ordered filmsSagi Appel
This document summarizes a study on producing oriented films of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes through a simple and inexpensive process. MoS2 flakes were ball milled and exfoliated in solution to reduce their size. Drops of the solution were deposited on a substrate to produce oriented films. X-ray diffraction results showed the films maintained the crystalline structure of MoS2 without additional phases. Simulations suggested the films oriented with molecular layers stacked parallel to the substrate, unlike randomly oriented flakes. This process could produce oriented mixed films with tailored properties for practical applications.
Network polymers derived from the integration of flexible organic polymers an...Berkay AKKOÇ
Network polymers derived from the integration of flexible organic polymers and rigid metal organic frameworks. My class notes about a kind of inorganic polymer. Review.
It is described about polymer/clay nanocomposites which can be abbreviated to PCNC, their preparation methods, properties and relevances, important types of polymers employed in the preparation of PCNC, montmorillonite crystal structures,
This document summarizes a study that used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and mesoscopic simulations to model the compatibility of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends. The study calculated Flory-Huggins interaction parameters via MD simulations which indicated immiscibility. Mesoscopic simulations then examined how the phase morphology of PS/PMMA blends was influenced by adding a block copolymer, applying shear, doping with nanoparticles, and surface roughness. The study provided insights into using inducing effects to control phase separation in polymer blends.
1) The document analyzes the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of polyaniline (PANI) under medium acidic conditions. TEM images of PANI with the drug Taxol show no major defects, cracks, or deformations.
2) TEM is used to identify surface morphology and defects at the nanoscale. The images of PANI in this study reveal no major defects or flaws on the surface.
3) PANI has potential applications in lithography for fabricating integrated circuits due to its reactivity to oxygen and moisture. TEM provides information on structure, composition, and crystallinity of materials at the nanoscale.
This document discusses polymer-matrix nanocomposites, which consist of a polymeric matrix with nanoscale particles dispersed within. Nanoparticles can control the fundamental properties of materials without changing their chemical composition. Polymer nanocomposites are classified as thermoplastic, thermoset, or elastomer based. They are prepared through methods like solution casting or melt blending. Polymer nanocomposites demonstrate improved electrical, optical, mechanical and barrier properties compared to conventional composites. Applications include the automobile sector, energy storage, coatings, and products requiring low flammability.
This document discusses the modelling and characterization of 3D printed cellular structures. Three different cellular structures were designed and fabricated using fused deposition modelling of ABSplus material. Experimental compression tests were performed on the structures to determine their mechanical properties. Finite element analyses were also conducted and found to correlate well with the experimental results. A mesh sensitivity study was performed to assess the influence of mesh properties on the modelling outcomes. The document presents a methodology for analyzing the energy absorption properties of 3D printed cellular structures through both experimental testing and numerical simulation.
The document summarizes research on the effect of the speed of the support material on the structure of electrospun polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) nanofiber webs. Nanofiber webs were produced at three different speeds and analyzed. It was found that decreasing the speed, and thus increasing the covering time, resulted in thicker nanofibers being formed. While the average fiber diameter did not significantly change, the distribution of fiber diameters shifted to include more larger fibers. The document proposes using parameters like the percentage of fibers in the first distribution peak and the average diameter of the two main peaks as better ways to characterize nanofiber web structure compared to just the average diameter.
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
High-Gradient Magnetic Separation Method for Weakly Magnetic Particles: an In...Barhm Mohamad
The high-gradient magnetic separation process is a technique used in heavy industries, particularly steel mills, to extract magnetic particles from mixtures. The difficulty of separating the slightly magnetic particles from the nonmagnetic ones lies in the distribution of the magnetic field and the fineness of their class to be separated. A use of different separation matrix profile is implemented, making it possible to act on the value of the gradient of the inhomogeneous magnetic field. Different matrixes are tested and the results obtained experimentally allows to choose the most efficient matrix form in the operation of extraction which increased by 11% in magnetic fraction yield, 15% iron content and 17% of extraction degree relative to the John’s matrix. This matrix used is consistent with that cited in literatures. The separation technology used can extend its useful application to small particles from very weakly magnetic materials. Its exploitation will result in the method of reducing the degree of pollution and improvement the process of extraction of minerals that has an impact on the environment and on human health as a result a high level of extraction.
This document provides an overview of nanotribology, which studies friction, wear, and adhesion at the nanoscale. It discusses how tools like atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to study tribological phenomena at small length scales. The need for nanotribology is explained in applications like healthcare, microelectromechanical systems, and space exploration where wear and friction at small scales can significantly impact performance and lifetime. Challenges like developing effective nanolubricants are also covered. The document concludes that AFM/FFM have become versatile tools for nanomechanical and tribological studies due to their ability to map surfaces and measure properties like friction.
This document discusses three primary modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and their applications in nanolithography. The three modes are contact mode, tapping mode, and non-contact mode. Contact mode allows fast scanning but can damage soft surfaces. Tapping mode provides higher resolution with minimal damage. Non-contact mode exerts very low force but can have lower resolution. Each mode has distinct uses in nanofabrication including patterning polymers, local oxidation, and controlling pattern size.
This document discusses sample preparation methods for imaging nanoparticles using an atomic force microscope (AFM). It reviews various sample preparation techniques for imaging nanoparticles in air and liquids. Key preparation steps include choosing an appropriate substrate, dispersing nanoparticles on the substrate, and using adhesives to adhere nanoparticles to the substrate. Common substrates include mica, silicon, and graphite. Drying liquid suspensions and depositing dry powders are methods for dispersing nanoparticles on substrates. Chemicals like poly-L-lysine are often used as adhesives. The document provides examples of imaging various nanoparticle types like quantum dots, polymers, metals, and biological particles using these preparation methods. Proper sample preparation is important for obtaining high quality AFM
1) The document outlines applications of terahertz spectrometry, reflectometry, and sub-surface imaging for semiconductor wafer testing to minimize wafer rejects.
2) Exemplary results are analyzed from scanning a wafer to determine defects. Terahertz reflectometry is also shown to effectively control wafer polishing by precisely monitoring thickness.
3) The technique can also identify different self-assembled monolayer coatings on wafers by analyzing their terahertz absorption spectra signatures.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy angle ply laminates. Flexural fatigue tests were conducted on laminate composites with different fiber orientations: [00]4, [±450]4, [±550]4, and [00, 900]4. The tests measured the stiffness degradation of the laminates as a function of the number of load cycles applied. The results showed that stiffness reduced rapidly at first as the top and bottom layers were damaged, then the rate of reduction slowed as a "pivoting effect" limited further damage. Numerical models were able to describe the stiffness degradation curves.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Seminar on Electrochemical Surface StructuringSRINJOY GUHA
This document presents information on electrochemical surface structuring techniques. It discusses electrochemical machining (ECM) and electrochemical micro machining (EMM), noting they are commonly used for surface structuring to enhance tribological properties. When ECM is applied at the micro scale, it is termed EEM. The document outlines techniques for controlling surface topography at the micrometer and nanometer scales using EMM and describes recent developments in EMM for titanium surface structuring, including oxide film laser lithography and producing well-defined multi-scale surface structures.
In this paper, a developed three-dimensional Molecular Dynamics (MD) model for AFM-based
nanomachining is applied to study mechanical indentation and scratching at the nanoscale. The
correlation between the machining conditions, including applied force, depth, tip speed, and
defect mechanism in substrate/workpiece is investigeted. The simulations of nanoscratching
process are performed on different crystal orientations of single-crystal gold substrate, Au(100),
Au(110), and Au(111). The material deformation and deformed geometry are extracted from the
final locations of atoms, which are displaced by the rigid indenter. The simulation also allows
for the prediction of forces at the interface between the indenter and substrate. Material
properties including modulus of elasticity and hardness are estimated. It is found that properties
vary significantly at the nanoscale. In addition to the modeling, an AFM is used to conduct
actual indentation and scratching at the nanoscale, and provide measurements to which the MD
simulation predictions are compared. Due to computational time limitation, the predicted forces
obtained from MD simulation only compares well qualitatively with the experimental results.
This document discusses the use of positron annihilation spectroscopy to analyze the free volume nanohole distribution in polymers and its correlation to the physico-chemical properties of polymers. It provides background on positron annihilation spectroscopy and how it can be used to measure free volume in polymers. The document then describes several studies that use this technique to analyze the influence of free volume properties on the swelling of polymer hydrogels, structure-property relationships in modified epoxy resins, and free volume and interfacial interactions in epoxy clay composites.
This paper presents the experimental and analytical modal analysis of a magneto-rheological
elastomer. The effective material and geometrical properties are measured, and the dynamic behaviour is
investigated through testing. Fabrication of isotropic and anisotropic magneto-rheological elastomers
with different percentages of iron particles are carried out. Also two numbers of silicon elastomer in
which one having steel net kept layer by layer in place of iron particles during pouring of liquid silicon
elastomer in mould, other is simple silicon elastomer without iron particle or steel net are fabricated.The
modal analysis of all samples are being analyzed using FFT analyser. And transmissibility and
amplitudes of all samples are compared with respect to load. A comparative study has been made
between different samples of MRE’s using results and comparisons obtained using experimental method.
The document summarizes research characterizing the morphology of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) powder for use as a metal coating material. Both macroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques were used. X-ray diffraction testing showed that the PMMA powder exhibited broad peaks, indicating an amorphous structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis found peaks confirming the presence of PMMA and absence of impurities. The amorphous structure and lack of impurities suggest PMMA is suitable for use as a metal coating.
This document summarizes research on developing polymer nanocomposites for vibration damping applications. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Preparing nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blended with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different loadings using melt mixing.
2) Characterizing the nanocomposites dynamically using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to determine storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping loss factor with frequency.
3) Developing a theoretical model based on interfacial friction between the PLA matrix and MWCNTs to relate material properties and processing parameters to damping loss factor. The model uses describing functions to linearize
Fabrication and characterization of Polymer laminate composites reinforced wi...IJERA Editor
The present paper evaluate slaminatedcarbonbi-wove fibers Reinforced with vinyl ester composites. Vinyl ester was used as a matrix to prepare composites by in situ polymerization technique. Four planar layers were made simultaneously by keeping one over the other and each layer made sure to be weighed off by 15% which was maintained in all layers with different orientations. Pre-assumed Layer-1 is (50/50)50%,0º; Layer-2 is (35/35/30) 35% 0º, 35% +45º,30%,0;Layer-3is (25/50/25) 25% 0º, 50%+45º,25-45º; and Layer-4is (25/25/25/25) (25% 0º, 25% +45º,25% -45º,25% 90º.The composite was prepared with the help of hand layup technique. Test ready specimens were tested with the help of shearing machine in accordance with ASTM Standards .It was observed that vinyl ester made good interface with parent fiber material. Flexural strength and Tensile strength have improved up to 3rd layer and decreased afterwards whereas Flexural modulus and Tensile modulus have linearly increased up to 4th layer. Thermal stability and Glass transition temperature have also been found to be satisfactory for all the laminated layers. Chemical resistance was good for the entire chemicals except sodium hydroxide.
Natural ageing of stabilized and unustabilized ldpe films used as greenhouses...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of both stabilized and unstabilized low-density polyethylene films aged under natural weathering in the middle of Morocco (Sidi Kacem city). The study was undertaken on three samples for each LDPE films: a new sample taken as reference; another exposed to outdoor weathering for one year; and a sample exposed for two years.
The outdoor exposure effects were followed by analysis of the total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This technique provides information on the main chemical functions and evaluates the internal causes of natural ageing of our samples. The infrared spectra show the formation of hydroperoxides -O-OH, carbonyls >C=O, aliphatic esters R-(CO)-O-R, ether R-O-R, vinyl C=C, vinylidene >C=CH2 and trans-vinylene RHC=CRH in the amorphous regions. These compounds lead to initiate the mechanism of photo-oxidation of the unstabilized LDPE samples. Therefore, the increase in the formation of oxidation products into the aged samples (LDPEUS) indicates an accelerated degradation of these latter on climatic factors (UV, O2, humidity, rain ...). The UV stabilizer (free radicals scavengers) added to the formulation of LDPE films can delay the attack of the amorphous phase and prevent the formation of compounds that can cause and accelerate photo-oxidation. The results obtained by the infrared have been confirmed by observing the morphology of the samples with scanning electron microscopy technology (SEM).
Keywords: LDPE, Photo-oxidation, Natural ageing, UV stabilizer, ATR-FTIR, SEM
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...msejjournal
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...msejjournal
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...msejjournal
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...msejjournal
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
Characterization Techniques for NanoparticlesRichardJGray
This document discusses characterization techniques for nanoparticles. It explains that to fully study nanoparticles, their size, crystal structure, composition, and properties must be characterized. It then summarizes and compares several common techniques used for nanoparticle characterization, including their pros and cons. These techniques include transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, and others.
Similar to Nano Scale Surface Characterization of Poly Ethyleneterephthalate Silicon Rubber Copolymers using Atomic Force Microscopy (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43688 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1693
size range of objects that may be visualized by AFM
corresponds closely to the size range of surfacefeaturesthat
determine the separation characteristics of membranes.
However, the separation characteristics of membrane
interfaces do not depend solely on the physical form of
surface features. The surface electrical properties and the
adhesion of solutes to membrane surfaces may also have
profound effects on separation performance. It is thus
exceedingly fortunate that an Atomic Force Microscopemay
also be used to determine both of these additional
controlling factors. Finally, means may be devised to
quantify all of these controlling factors in liquid
environments that match those of process streams. Atomic
Force Microscopy (AFM)techniquehasbeenusedforseveral
years for revealing the surface heterogeneity of polymeric
materials[9-12].
There are two types of image contrast mechanisms in
intermittent mode [13].
Amplitude imaging: It’s an image contrast mechanism
where the feedback loop adjusts the z – piezo so thatthe
amplitude of the cantilever oscillation remains (nearly)
constant. The voltages needed to keep the amplitude
constant can be compiled into an (error signal) image,
and this imaging can often provide high contrast
between features on the surface[14].
Phase imaging: The main characteristic of this mode is
that the phase difference betweenthedrivenoscillations
of the cantilever and the measured oscillations can be
attributed to different material properties.Forexample,
the relative amount of phase lag between the freely
oscillating cantileverandthe detectedsignal canprovide
qualitative information about the differences in
chemical composition, adhesion,andfrictionproperties.
The AFM method of choice for the study of the surface
heterogeneity of a polymeric sample is determined by the
characteristics of that sample,asdemonstratedbyp.Eatonet
al in their work with a poly (methyl methacrylate) /poly
(dodecyl methacrylate)binaryblend[12].Thenin2007Liu,D.
-L. et al have conducted a study concerning the effect of
roughness on the adhesion using AFM to obtain optimal
roughness for minimal adhesion for other types of materials
[6]. Poly (ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) un-grafted and poly
(ethylene terephthalate) -graft-polystyrenegrafted PET-g-
PST membranes were investigated by Khayet, M. et alfor
organic/organicseparation.[15].ItwasfoundthatPET-g-PST
membranes exhibited better selectivity than the un-grafted
PET membrane while the permeation fluxes of the grafted
membranes were lower. Recently Rychlewska, K. et alhave
conducted study using Silicon Rubber (SR) membranes and
applied this polymer for pervaporative desulfurization of
gasoline [16]. SR possesses an SP of 15.5 kJ1/2.cm-3/2, and
hence, is perfectly suitable for the preferential transport
from gasoline. In fact, developed Silicon Rubber-based
membranes have been found to possess significantly high
flux for the desulfurization of thiophene-n-octane gasoline,
as reported by Cao et al. [17].
In order to improve the stability and performance of SR
membranes, and selectivity of PET various techniques are
attempted such as polymer blending, copolymerization and
inorganic particles incorporation, especially in the nano
range. Multi-component polymer materials (copolymer,
blend and composite) are widely used in many industries
because by appropriate mixingofdifferentmaterialsonecan
design ultimate material with the desirable properties. The
structure-property relationship in such materials is difficult
to understand without microscopic analysis. AFM is very
helpful in this analysis at scales from hundredsof micronsto
nanometers. In this study the surface of PET, SR and
segmented PET-SR copolymers are fully investigated using
AFM. Furthermore, we explore the complementarily of the
techniques of adhesionforcemappingandtopologymapping
as a readily accessible means of probing the surfacefeatures
of heterogeneous surfaces. This study will also provide a
better understanding of the effect of roughness on the
adhesion when working in the nano-scale. On this scale the
effects of adhesion are significant in applications of
separation systems.
2. Experimental Work
2.1. Samples Preparation
Two thin flat sheet of the each studied polymers (PET, SR
and the segmented PET-SR copolymers as shown in the
Table 1) were cut carefully from the polymer membrane
with knife or blade (previously cleaned with is opropanol to
prevent oil contamination often present on new steel
blades). When selecting samples for analysis sample areas
that are free of visible defects, like scratches or stains was
chosen. Then membrane samples were rinsed three times
with saturated pure water, and then the samples were
placed inside furnace at 35 °C temperature for 24 hr, then
rinsed three times with saturated pure water, stored
completely immersed in saturated pure water at 15 °C at
least 24 hr prior to measurement. To fixtheflatsheetsample
on the sample holder two-sided tape was used.
Table 1 Characteristics of investigated samples
Sample
PET
(wt %)
Molecular
Weight
Polydispersity
PET 100 2.8x105 4.6
PET-SR
001-002
25 3.2x105 6.4
PET-SR
001-200
50 3.7x105 5.8
PET-SR
100-200
75 3.6x105 6.2
SR 0 1.9x106 6.0
2.2. Characterization techniques
The pulsed-force modeofthe atomicforcemicroscopy(PFM-
AFM) [20] was used to measure the surface energy (the
adhesive force) of the copolymer surfaces. In this mode the
AFM is operated in contact mode, and at the sometime a
sinusoidal modulation is applied to its Z-piezo. Each image
was recorded with a scan size of 20 x 20 µm2 4x 4µm2 and 2x
2 µm2. The same tip was usedfor the entire series to avoid
inconsistencies due to a variation in tip radii or spring
constants. The adhesive force (F) is calculated using the
following equation:
F = V x k x S (1)
where V is the average voltage value from the adhesion
images,
k is the spring constant (= 50 N/m) of the cantilever
and S (= 500nm/V) is the sensitivity of the photodiode.
The adhesive force was determined as an average of five
adhesion images; each image of these images consistsof256
x 256 single measurements in the observed areas.All
experiments were carriedoutunderambientconditions.The
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43688 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1694
scan rate was set in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 Hz.Only noise and
image artefacts were eliminated using lowpass filtering.
From the topography images associated with the adhesion
images in the pulsed force mode, the surface roughness was
measured. The mean roughness (Ra) is the arithmetic
average of the surface height deviation from the mean plane
[21]. Ra is calculated according to the following equation:
Ra = 1/n ( ∑
=
n
i
Zi
1
|
| ) (2)
The surface roughness of the copolymers was measured as
an average of five different places on the surface of each
copolymer in an area of 5 x 5µm2.
The total adhesion force in this case; the contribution of all
molecules involved in theprocess; can be described by the
equation[19]:
(3)
where: R = tip radius;
Rq= RMS of roughness;
hc = distance separating the tip/sample,
and2πωR represents the strength of the AFM system.
The total force is normalized by the surface energy so that ω
is the work of adhesion force. The adhesion force falls with
increasing surface roughnessandalsowithincreasing radius
of the tip used in AFM.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Surface Morphology and Surface Roughness
AFM images obtained on PET sample and SR sample in an area of 20μm square and 2μm square are shown in Figure 1. The
image in Figure 1 (a, c) shows the overall surface morphology of the PET sheet and SR sheet,respectively,whilethe Figure1(b,
d) shows high resolution of the surface morphology of both homopolymers sheets, respectively. The general morphologythat
found in both membrane sheets are pores surface with some regions contains more pores than others in the case of the PET
sample and even distribution for the pores in the scanned surface of the SR sample.
a) b)
c) d)
Figure 1: Surface morphology of PET membrane sheet (a, b) and SR membrane sheet (c, d).
AFM images obtained from scanning the PET-SR copolymer samples in an area of 20and 2μm square are shown in Figures 2.
Figures 2 (a, b) for the PET-SR copolymer with 25 wt% SR while Figures 2 (c, d) for the PET-SR copolymer with 60 wt% SR.
Once again the images for both copolymer samples surface showed pores type oftopologywithquite evendistributionbutless
that that for the SR sample. When the PET distributed on the copolymer chains evenly the homogeneity of the copolymers
becomes better, which leads to good distribution of the pores.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43688 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1695
a) b)
c) d)
Figure 2: Surface morphology of PET-SR copolymer sheets with (a, b) 25 wt%SR and (c, d) 60 wt% SR.
Figure 3 shows the surface roughness for both PET and SR homopolymers as well as the PET-SR copolymers andtheinfluence
of varying SR content on the surface roughness of the PET-SR copolymers. It seems that the surface roughness valueforPETis
quite larger than for the SR, which might be due to the spherulitic crystal structure that usually presentinthistypeofpolymer.
However for the copolymer samples the surface roughness is less than that for the PET homopolymer but larger than the SR
surface roughness. The value of the surface roughness increases with increasing the Silicon Rubber content in the copolymer,
which may be related to increasing in the phase separation on thesurfaceastheSilicon Rubbercontentincreases,wheretheSR
segments or domains form islands on the surface. The size and the height of these islands increases as theSR concentrationon
the copolymers surfaces increases. The surface compositionofthesecopolymersseemstodependonpolymerstructure, which
affects the adhesive force, as well as the surface roughness.
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Surface
Roughness
(nm)
PET (wt %)
Figure 3: Surface roughness of the PET, SR and PET-SR copolymer treated and untreated samples.
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Figure 3 shows a non-linear relationship between the average surface roughness and SR content. The changes in the surface
roughness due to SR content has been reported before for polysiloxane-block-polyimides by Furukawa and co-workers [20,
21].The changes in the surface roughness was related to the degree of phase separation in the copolymer, which cannot be
done in the PET-SR systems due to the fact that in addition to the phase separation effect, the crystallinity has great effect on
the surface roughness. However for similar crystallinity degree sample slight indication could bedrawntothedegreeofphase
separation.
Overall, based on the AFM images and data, the PET membrane may be characterized as a relatively rougher membrane than
Silicon Rubber membrane. This observationissupported bythe3Drenderedphaseimageofthemembranesurfaces(Figure4).
a) b)
Figure 4: 3D phase image of the membrane surfaces (a) PET membrane sheetand (b) Silicon Rubber membrane
sheet.
3.2. Adhesive force
A typical example of the AFM adhesive force image of a PET-SR copolymer (PET-SR 001-002) and the corresponding
distribution histogram is shown in Figure 5. The image that included in the figure, is related to the phase images which is
usually called adhesive force image. The dark spots in the adhesive force images indicate lower surface energy regions, which
in our case is more likely to be related to the PET area, as it was suggested by Jin Z et.al. for poly (imidesiloxane) copolymers
[22].
PET has low surface energy while Silicon Rubber has a very low surface energy, the PET-SR copolymers would be, therefore,
expected to have a low energy surface, due to the SR surface segregation.
Figure 5: Typical examples of the AFM adhesive force image of a PET-SR copolymer and the corresponding voltage
distribution histogram.
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The surface energy (adhesive force) of PET-SR copolymers
was measured using digital pulsed-force mode AFM (DPFM-
AFM), and the average of the adhesive forceiscalculatedand
plotted against the SR content as it is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 The average and standard deviation of the
adhesive force for the investigated membrane
samples measured by AFM (DPFM-AFM).
Sample
Average Value of the
Adhesive Force (nN)
Standard
deviation
PET 244 45
SR 362 42
PET-SR
001-002
277 120
PET-SR
001-200
320 97
PET-SR
100-200
360 72
This table shows that as theSiliconRubbercontentincreases
so the adhesive force decreases in the copolymer series.
Additionally, minimization of the adhesiveforceintheseries
as the SR content increases is a resultofanenrichmentofthe
surface with SR segment. This was also observed from the
AFM phase images. This result is consistent with results
reported in literature for other SR copolymers[23-25].
The large standard deviation in both copolymers might be
due to the diversity in the surface composition or in the
function groups on the surface (such as CH3, CH2, C=O and
OH), which could be used to investigate the possibility of
forming complete monolayer of SR on the copolymers
surface so the large variation inbothsamplesisclearevident
that no complete monolayer of SR has been formed on the
surface of PET-SR copolymer, otherwise and in case of
complete monolayer is formed the diversity of the function
group will be less and therefore the standard deviation will
be smaller.This confirms results obtained for perfectly
alternating copolymers with b is-A sulphone,aromaticester,
urea and imide structures. The authors reported that a SR
with Mn of between 6800 and 12000 g/mol was required to
form a complete siloxanemonolayer[26].
The drastic difference in the adhesion energy hypotheses
blending moduli for the monolayer and multilayered of the
PET-SR copolymer membranes may lead to a transition in
the morphology of the membranes on a corrugated surface,
which in turn leads to a considerable difference in the
measured adhesion energy [27].
4. Conclusion
Topographic mapping and adhesion force mapping (Phase
image) have been combined to examine the surface features
of heterogeneity in a Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET),
Silicon Rubber (SR) blended film structure using AFM.
An extensive experimental investigation conductedtocheck
the veracity of adhesive forcesonsiliconwaferswithvarying
roughness. It was found that the adhesive forces between an
AFM tip and the fractal surfaces decreased as the roughness
exponent increases.
This work should help minimize adhesion station and
progress the understanding of nanoscalecontactmechanics.
In the near future, the effects of surface roughness on the
morphology and adhesion energy of substrate-supported
membranes will be analyzed by a theoretical model of van
der Waals interaction by our researchgroup.Thismayshade
more light on the subject and may confirm the above-
mentioned explanation for theconsiderabledifferencein the
measured adhesion energy. In the case of both SR and
PEThomopolymers the function groups variations on the
surface is very limited and thus the standard deviation for
both samples is very small.
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