The present paper evaluate slaminatedcarbonbi-wove fibers Reinforced with vinyl ester composites. Vinyl ester was used as a matrix to prepare composites by in situ polymerization technique. Four planar layers were made simultaneously by keeping one over the other and each layer made sure to be weighed off by 15% which was maintained in all layers with different orientations. Pre-assumed Layer-1 is (50/50)50%,0º; Layer-2 is (35/35/30) 35% 0º, 35% +45º,30%,0;Layer-3is (25/50/25) 25% 0º, 50%+45º,25-45º; and Layer-4is (25/25/25/25) (25% 0º, 25% +45º,25% -45º,25% 90º.The composite was prepared with the help of hand layup technique. Test ready specimens were tested with the help of shearing machine in accordance with ASTM Standards .It was observed that vinyl ester made good interface with parent fiber material. Flexural strength and Tensile strength have improved up to 3rd layer and decreased afterwards whereas Flexural modulus and Tensile modulus have linearly increased up to 4th layer. Thermal stability and Glass transition temperature have also been found to be satisfactory for all the laminated layers. Chemical resistance was good for the entire chemicals except sodium hydroxide.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
Abstract The present research work is to determine buckling load per unit length in rectangular plate with circular cut-outs under bi-axial compression using 2D finite element analysis. The commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS has been successfully executed. The buckling factors are evaluated by changing the position of the holes, length to thickness ratio. The effect of changing the position of holes, a/b ratio, b/t ratio and buckling load per unit length is discussed. The results shows that buckling load per unit length is in clamped-clamped boundary conditions and buckling load is more at top positioned hole, decreases with increase in aspect ratio, decrease with increase breadth to thickness ratio. Keywords: Buckling analysis, Finite element method, Buckling load per unit length , carbon/epoxy composite plate, aspect ratio, b/t ratio, and Biaxial load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
Abstract The present research work is to determine buckling load per unit length in rectangular plate with circular cut-outs under bi-axial compression using 2D finite element analysis. The commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS has been successfully executed. The buckling factors are evaluated by changing the position of the holes, length to thickness ratio. The effect of changing the position of holes, a/b ratio, b/t ratio and buckling load per unit length is discussed. The results shows that buckling load per unit length is in clamped-clamped boundary conditions and buckling load is more at top positioned hole, decreases with increase in aspect ratio, decrease with increase breadth to thickness ratio. Keywords: Buckling analysis, Finite element method, Buckling load per unit length , carbon/epoxy composite plate, aspect ratio, b/t ratio, and Biaxial load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Using ANN, GMDH-N...Pouyan Fakharian
To provide lateral resistance in structures as well as buildings, there are some types of structural systems such as shear walls. The utilization of lateral loads occurs on a plate on the wall's vertical dimension. Conventionally, these sorts of loads are transferred to the wall collectors. There is a significant resistance between concrete shear walls and lateral seismic loading. To guarantee the building's seismic security, the shear strength of the walls has to be prognosticated by using models. This paper aims to predict shear strength by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Neural Network-Based Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH-NN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The concrete's compressive strength, the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, the yield strength of vertical reinforcement, the axial load, the aspect ratio of the dimensions, the wall length, the thickness of the reinforced concrete shear wall, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the vertical reinforcement ratio are the input parameters for the neural network model. And the shear strength of the reinforced concrete shear wall is considered as the target parameter of the ANN model. The results validate the capability of the models predicted by ANN, GMDH-NN, and GEP, which are suitable for use as a tool for predicting the shear strength of concrete shear walls with high accuracy.
Modeling Fabrication and Testing of Artificial Gecko Adhesion using Multi Lay...IJLT EMAS
The idea of designing a micro level artificial gecko
adhesive structure is inspired from ability of geckos to climb any
surface. Gecko can climb any rough or smooth surface because
of its hierarchical structure present on feet which functions as a
smart adhesive [1]. The key parameter that affects gecko
adhesion are pattern periodicity of a synthetic setae, hierarchical
structure, length, diameter, angle, size, stiffness of end tips and
flexibility of a base [2]. The design and fabrication of number of
single and multi-level hierarchical pattern were performed. CO2
LASER cutting machine having power of 60 W is used to
manufacture moulds. The mould is fabricated from methyl
methacrylate sheets of different thickness 3 mm to 10 mm.
Liquid silicone polymer PDMS is used as a cast material. Various
patterns having dimensionsupto200 micrometer with different
tip shapes and geometries were fabricated. For single level
patterns like dense pattern, mushroom shape pattern and wedge
pattern (lamellar structure) were fabricated. Attempts were
made to design and fabricate Multi-level hierarchical structure
patterns that mimics gecko like foot structure. These micro level
artificial gecko structure have large scope of applications such as
climbing robots, non-sticky adhesion tapes, military surveillance
and even medical applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Theoretical Model Computations for Different Components of a Hot Box Type Sol...IJCMESJOURNAL
Many countries having tremendous solar potentials are also the victim of the power crises since the available solar energy is not utilized efficiently. It has been recognized that the widespread use of solar thermal appliances (STA) for domestic work is being held back by excessive cost, low efficiency, high weight, and inconvenience of user and by lack of confidence in the long term durability of the material. In the present work, the limitations of materials used in various components of commercial available STA have been underlined and it has been shown that use of polymeric materials as specific component in solar thermal appliances can solve most of the existing limitations and may improve the efficiency of the existing appliances. In this paper theoretical model computations have been done for different components of a hot-box type solar cooker viz., glaze, insulation and casing material for the spectral transmittance, the solar flux absorbed and the optical efficiency, thermal efficiency, heat loses, weight, thermal profile and adjusted cooking power for several suitable materials, both conventional as well as new polymeric materials. Significant improvement in all the mentioned characteristic properties /figures of merit of the solar cooker can be achieved if right combination of polymeric materials is used in making glaze, insulation and casing. The present study offers that component improvements of a system results into cost reduction, extended lifetime and makes system easy to handle. This shall surely help in popularization of the solar appliances and enhancement of eco-friendly environment.
Linear Static and Dynamic Analysis of Rocket Engine Testing Bench Structure u...IJERA Editor
This article presents a study of a testing bench structure for Rocket Engines, which is under development by the PUC-Minas Aerospace Research Group. The Bench is being built for civilian’s liquid bipropellant rocket engines up to 5 kN of thrust. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the bench structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM), by structural linear static and dynamic analysis. Performed to predict the behavior of the structure to the requests of the tests. The virtual simulations were performed using a CAE software with the Nastran solver. The structure is 979 x 1638 mm by 2629 mm, consisting of folded-plates (¼ "x 3¼" x 8") and plates of 1/4" and 1/2 ", both SAE 1020 Steel .The rocket engine is fixed on the structure through a set called engine mount. It was included in the analysis clearances or misalignments that may occur during tests. As well as, the load applied was evaluated with components in varying orientations and directions. It was considered the maximum size of the engine mount and the maximum inclination angle of load. At the end of this article it was observed that the worst stress and displacement values obtained were for the hypothesis with the inclination of five-degrees with load components in the positive directions of the axes defined and it was also obtained the first twenty frequency modes of the structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Using ANN, GMDH-N...Pouyan Fakharian
To provide lateral resistance in structures as well as buildings, there are some types of structural systems such as shear walls. The utilization of lateral loads occurs on a plate on the wall's vertical dimension. Conventionally, these sorts of loads are transferred to the wall collectors. There is a significant resistance between concrete shear walls and lateral seismic loading. To guarantee the building's seismic security, the shear strength of the walls has to be prognosticated by using models. This paper aims to predict shear strength by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Neural Network-Based Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH-NN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The concrete's compressive strength, the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, the yield strength of vertical reinforcement, the axial load, the aspect ratio of the dimensions, the wall length, the thickness of the reinforced concrete shear wall, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the vertical reinforcement ratio are the input parameters for the neural network model. And the shear strength of the reinforced concrete shear wall is considered as the target parameter of the ANN model. The results validate the capability of the models predicted by ANN, GMDH-NN, and GEP, which are suitable for use as a tool for predicting the shear strength of concrete shear walls with high accuracy.
Modeling Fabrication and Testing of Artificial Gecko Adhesion using Multi Lay...IJLT EMAS
The idea of designing a micro level artificial gecko
adhesive structure is inspired from ability of geckos to climb any
surface. Gecko can climb any rough or smooth surface because
of its hierarchical structure present on feet which functions as a
smart adhesive [1]. The key parameter that affects gecko
adhesion are pattern periodicity of a synthetic setae, hierarchical
structure, length, diameter, angle, size, stiffness of end tips and
flexibility of a base [2]. The design and fabrication of number of
single and multi-level hierarchical pattern were performed. CO2
LASER cutting machine having power of 60 W is used to
manufacture moulds. The mould is fabricated from methyl
methacrylate sheets of different thickness 3 mm to 10 mm.
Liquid silicone polymer PDMS is used as a cast material. Various
patterns having dimensionsupto200 micrometer with different
tip shapes and geometries were fabricated. For single level
patterns like dense pattern, mushroom shape pattern and wedge
pattern (lamellar structure) were fabricated. Attempts were
made to design and fabricate Multi-level hierarchical structure
patterns that mimics gecko like foot structure. These micro level
artificial gecko structure have large scope of applications such as
climbing robots, non-sticky adhesion tapes, military surveillance
and even medical applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Theoretical Model Computations for Different Components of a Hot Box Type Sol...IJCMESJOURNAL
Many countries having tremendous solar potentials are also the victim of the power crises since the available solar energy is not utilized efficiently. It has been recognized that the widespread use of solar thermal appliances (STA) for domestic work is being held back by excessive cost, low efficiency, high weight, and inconvenience of user and by lack of confidence in the long term durability of the material. In the present work, the limitations of materials used in various components of commercial available STA have been underlined and it has been shown that use of polymeric materials as specific component in solar thermal appliances can solve most of the existing limitations and may improve the efficiency of the existing appliances. In this paper theoretical model computations have been done for different components of a hot-box type solar cooker viz., glaze, insulation and casing material for the spectral transmittance, the solar flux absorbed and the optical efficiency, thermal efficiency, heat loses, weight, thermal profile and adjusted cooking power for several suitable materials, both conventional as well as new polymeric materials. Significant improvement in all the mentioned characteristic properties /figures of merit of the solar cooker can be achieved if right combination of polymeric materials is used in making glaze, insulation and casing. The present study offers that component improvements of a system results into cost reduction, extended lifetime and makes system easy to handle. This shall surely help in popularization of the solar appliances and enhancement of eco-friendly environment.
Linear Static and Dynamic Analysis of Rocket Engine Testing Bench Structure u...IJERA Editor
This article presents a study of a testing bench structure for Rocket Engines, which is under development by the PUC-Minas Aerospace Research Group. The Bench is being built for civilian’s liquid bipropellant rocket engines up to 5 kN of thrust. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the bench structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM), by structural linear static and dynamic analysis. Performed to predict the behavior of the structure to the requests of the tests. The virtual simulations were performed using a CAE software with the Nastran solver. The structure is 979 x 1638 mm by 2629 mm, consisting of folded-plates (¼ "x 3¼" x 8") and plates of 1/4" and 1/2 ", both SAE 1020 Steel .The rocket engine is fixed on the structure through a set called engine mount. It was included in the analysis clearances or misalignments that may occur during tests. As well as, the load applied was evaluated with components in varying orientations and directions. It was considered the maximum size of the engine mount and the maximum inclination angle of load. At the end of this article it was observed that the worst stress and displacement values obtained were for the hypothesis with the inclination of five-degrees with load components in the positive directions of the axes defined and it was also obtained the first twenty frequency modes of the structure.
Application of Paper Waste in Cement ConcreteIJERA Editor
India is facing a serious challenge in disposing the waste in landfills throughout the country. The landfill disposal is resulting in high disposal costs and potential environmental problems. If current trend continues, waste production will grow by 5% each year, which will ultimately result in saturated capacity of landfills by 2020. This paper reports on the results of an investigation of utilization of paper waste as additional material in concrete mixes to be used for housing projects, for which it must be assured that the resulting concrete has the proper mechanical strength. Concrete mixes containing various contents of the waste were prepared and basic characteristics such as compressive strength and water absorption were determined and compared with a control mix. Four concrete mixes with 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of paper waste as an additional material to the concrete were prepared for M-25 concrete.
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels.
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Fabrication and Mechanical Charecterization of Cnt NanocompositesIOSR Journals
The effects of Amine, Epoxide functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites are investigated in this work. Adding CNTs to the matrix is expected to improve the stiffness, toughness, interlaminar shear strength of and many other properties of composites. Functionalization with different amino and epoxide groups of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was achieved and nanotube-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by mixing amino, epoxide-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with epoxy resin. The reinforcement mechanism of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy resin was discussed. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Three point bending test and Re-bound hardness tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and functionalization groupings are investigated by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Then the results of amine, epoxide group are compared with No-CNT nanocomposite. The results showed that different percentage of amino, epoxide -functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes would have different effects on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The amine functionalizes CNT composites are giving good results compare to another samples
Studies on Strength Evaluation of Fiber Reinforced Plastic CompositesIJERA Editor
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are extensively used for primary structural components such as wing, empennage and fuselage; and sub-structures such as wing ribs and intermediate spars in new generation aircraft as they give rise to high stiffness and strength to weight ratio. The failure load predictions of such composites are extremely important in order to ascertain the flight safety during its service periods. The stress analysis is a part of failure prediction process, since the failure criterion, in order to predict failure load, requires information about stresses and strains in a structure. In the present investigation, the stress analyses of CFRP composite laminates with and without cut-outs have been carried out by using both analytical and finite element approaches. In analytical approach, a mat lab code has been developed for a flat panel using Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) and different composite failure theories. MSC.NASTRAN finite element analysis code is used for carrying out finite element analysis. Convergence study has been carried out for the flat composite panel in order to ascertain the best mesh size. Comparison of stress and strain values obtained from both analytical and finite element methods shows that they are in good agreement for flat panel. This further validates the best mesh sizes obtained from the convergence study. This similar mesh sizes are further considered for flat panel with circular and elliptical cut-outs with some mesh refinements around the cut-out regions. Failure load of the flat composite laminate (without cut-out) is determined using four different failure criteria such as maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu criteria. The predicted values are compared with experimental results. It is found that the most appropriate theory is Tsai-Wu failure criterion, since the predicted value based on this theory is very closure to experimental failure loads. This theory is used further for predicting the failure loads of composite laminates with cut-outs. The average value of stresses in each lamina has been used for determining the failure indices of the lamina for such cases. The results are compared with experimental failure loads available in the literature. The comparison shows that they are in very good agreement. Tsai-Wu failure criterion best predicts the failure load of a composite laminate with and without cut-outs.
MOLDING PROCESS INDUCED ANISOTROPY EFFECT ON BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF FIBER- FILL...IAEME Publication
Fiber-filled plastic materials are commonly used in metal replacement applications. The combination of low weight and high stiffness makes fiber-filled plastics ideal for high-performance applications. The key to unlocking the potential of these plastics lies in the orientation of the fibers. The orientation direction and the degree of orientation of the fibers determine the mechanical properties of the molded part. The injection moluding process for fiber-filled parts can cause great
variation in strength throughout a part, the effects of the injection process should be considered in the design of such a part.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
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Fabrication and characterization of Polymer laminate composites reinforced with bi-woven carbon fibers
1. P.V.Sanjeev Kumar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -7) April 2015, pp.11-17
www.ijera.com 11 | P a g e
Fabrication and characterization of Polymer laminate composites
reinforced with bi-woven carbon fibers
P.V.Sanjeev Kumar1
, Dr. B. Chandra Mohan Reddy2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddartha Educational Academy Group of Institutions, Tirupati,
Chittoor(Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur College of
Engineering (Autonomous), Ananthapuramu-515002, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
The present paper evaluate slaminatedcarbonbi-wove fibers Reinforced with vinyl ester composites. Vinyl ester
was used as a matrix to prepare composites by in situ polymerization technique. Four planar layers were made
simultaneously by keeping one over the other and each layer made sure to be weighed off by 15% which was
maintained in all layers with different orientations. Pre-assumed Layer-1 is (50/50)50%,0º; Layer-2 is
(35/35/30) 35% 0º, 35% +45º,30%,0;Layer-3is (25/50/25) 25% 0º, 50%+45º,25-45º; and Layer-4is
(25/25/25/25) (25% 0º, 25% +45º,25% -45º,25% 90º.The composite was prepared with the help of hand layup
technique. Test ready specimens were tested with the help of shearing machine in accordance with ASTM
Standards .It was observed that vinyl ester made good interface with parent fiber material. Flexural strength and
Tensile strength have improved up to 3rd layer and decreased afterwards whereas Flexural modulus and Tensile
modulus have linearly increased up to 4th
layer. Thermal stability and Glass transition temperature have also
been found to be satisfactory for all the laminated layers. Chemical resistance was good for the entire chemicals
except sodium hydroxide.
Keywords: laminate composites, vinyl ester, carbon fibers, flexural strength, DSC, TGA
I. INTRODUCTION
It would be hard to imagine a modern society
today without plastics. Plastics have found a myriad
of uses in fields as diverse as household appliances,
packaging, construction, medicine, electronics, and
automotive and aerospace components. The reason
for its success in replacing traditional materials such
as metals, wood and glass in such a diverse range of
applications, is the ability to modify its properties to
meet a vast array of designer’s needs.
In addition to that ease with which plastics can
be processed, makes them as ideal materials for the
production of a variety of components. The needs of
the high rise building and aerospace industry led to
the development and application of composite
materials. Advances in the manufacturing process
and technology of laminated composites have
changed the use of the composites from secondary
structural components to the primary ones.
Practically laminated composites are commonly
used as a part of building like sandwich panel,
aeronautical and aerospace industries as the main
part of the structure rather than aluminum or other
metallic materials. Low weight, high strength and
greater rigidity were of paramount interest. A
variety of structural elements such as cylinders,
beams, plates and shells could be potentially used as
laminated composites. The high stiffness-to-weight
ratio coupled with the flexibility of the selection of
the lamination scheme that can be tailored to match
the design requirement makes the laminated plate an
attractive structural component for many industries.
Depending upon their applications, plates can be
moderately thick. To use the laminated composite
plates efficiently, it is necessary to develop
appropriate analysis theories to predict accurately
their structural and dynamic behavior. The increased
utilization of composite materials in several
engineering applications has led to intensive research
activities in linear and non-linear, static and dynamic
analysis of laminated composite plates. The majority
of the investigations on laminated plates utilize either
the Classical Lamination Theory (CLT), or the First-
order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT).Advanced
composite materials are widely used in aircraft and
space systems due to their advantages of high
stiffness and strength-to-weight ratios.
However, the analysis of multi-layered structures
is a complex task compared with conventional single
layer metallic structures due to the exhibition of
coupling among membrane, torsion and bending
strains; weak transverse shear rigidities; and
discontinuity of the mechanical characteristics along
the thickness of the laminates. More accurate
analytical/numerical analysis based on three-
dimensional models may be computationally involved
and expensive. Hence, among researchers, there is a
growing appreciation of the importance of developing
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. P.V.Sanjeev Kumar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -7) April 2015, pp.11-17
www.ijera.com 12 | P a g e
new kinematics for the evolution of accurate two
dimensional theories for the analysis of thick
laminates with high orthotropic ratio, leading to less
expensive models. In this context, the applications
of analytical/ numerical methods based on various
higher-order theories, not only for the vibrations of
thick laminates, but also for the high frequency
vibrations of thin composite plates, has recently
attracted the attention of several investigators.
Various structural theories proposed for evaluating
the characteristics of composite laminates under
different loading situations have been reviewed and
assessed by Noor and Burton [1,2], Tauchert [3],
Kapania and Raciti [4], ReddyJN [5] and, more
recently, by Mallikarjuna and Kant [6] and Varadan
and Bhaskar [7]. It may be concluded from the
literature that the analysis of composite plates under
thermal environment is generally based on classical
lamination theory and first-order shear deformation
theory. Furthermore, the assumption of
displacements as linear functions of the coordinate
in the thickness direction has proved to be
inadequate for predicting the response of thick
laminates. Higher-order displacement fields yielding
quadratic variations of transverse shear strains have
been attempted by many researchers [8-15] for
better accuracy, but the application of higher-order
theory for the investigation of thick multi-layered
plates under thermal load seems to be scarce in
literature compared to the analysis of mechanically
loaded laminates [6]. Three-dimensional elasticity
analysis carried out by Bhaskar et al. [16] for thick
laminates subjected to thermal loads reveals the
non-linear variation of in-plane displacements
through the thickness and abrupt discontinuity in
slope at any interface and thickness-
stretch/contraction effects in the transverse
displacement. Although higher-order theories based
on the discrete layer approach [17-21] account for
slope discontinuity at the interfaces, the number of
unknowns to be solved increases with increase in
the number of layers.
Recently, Ali et al. [22] have proposed a new
higher-order plate theory based on the global
approximation approach for the static analysis of
multilayered symmetric composite laminates under
thermal/ mechanical loading, incorporating realistic
through the thickness approximations of the in-plane
And transverse displacements based on the work
given in [16]. This formulation has proved to give
very accurate results for the static analysis of
symmetric cross-ply laminates, and this excellent
performance of the theory for thick laminates
motivated the present extension of the formulation
for the dynamic analysis of thermally/ mechanically
loaded general composite laminates.
In order to address the above various issues,
authors focused on the carbon fiber reinforced
polymer laminated composites. Composites were
prepared in such a way that woven type carbon fibers
cut in accordance with cast mould size of four
different layers were cumulated simultaneously.
Laminated composites were characterized on
mechanical, thermal and chemical resistance
properties.
II. MATERIALS & METHODS
The vinyl ester resin used was HPR 8711 grade, a
Bakelite Hylam product. Methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide (MEKP), Co-napthenate and N, N
dimethylamiline were used as the catalyst, accelerator
and promoter respectively. The thermal characteristics
TGA, DSC measured on laminated polymer
composites using SDT Q600 TGA/DSC (TA
Instruments) at a rate of 10ºC/min under nitrogen
flow measurements were carried out at 20ºC
temperature, 40 % relative humidity. A JEOL JSM-
6400 JAPAN scanning electron microscope at 15 kV
accelerating voltage was equipped with energy
dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to ascertain the
fiber/filler interfaces with the main modified matrix.
Fractured specimen surfaces were gold-coated and the
fractured surface was observed using a scanning
electron microscope. The fractured surfaces were
gold-coated with a thin film to increase the
conductance. The FTIR spectra of the powders of the
samples were run on an ABB-Bomem FLATA-2000
model spectrophotometer using KBr pellets. The
concentration of the fabric powder was maintained at
1% in KBr. Flexural properties were measured in
accordance with the procedures in ASTM D790.
Flexural strength is a measure of how well, a material
can resist bending. Values for flexural strength and
flexural modulus are reported in MPa. Impact
properties were measured in accordance with ASTM
D256. For chemical resistance, test samples were cut
like standard sizes (i.e.10X10X3 mm3
)on par with
ASTM G 543-87.The effect of some acids, alkalis,
and solvents, that is, glacial acetic acid, nitric acid,
hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, aqueous
sodium carbonate, aqueous sodium hydroxide, carbon
tetrachloride, benzene, distilled water, and toluene
were used on the matrix and the hybrid composites
were studied. In each case, the samples were pre-
weighed in a precision electrical balance and dipped
in the respective chemical reagents for 24 h. Then
they were removed immediately, washed in distilled
water, and dried by pressing on both sides with a filter
paper at room temperature.
III. FABRICATION OF LAMINATED
COMPOSITES :
Composites were prepared using hand layup
technique. A mould was prepared on par with ASTM
dimensions, and it was coated with a mould releasing
agent(poly-vinyl-alcohol) for easy removal of casting.
3. P.V.Sanjeev Kumar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Predetermined dimensions of 300 x 300 mm2
carbon
woven fiber were cut with appropriate scissors and
made sure to ensure flat surfaces of mats. Mats were
mercerized for about 2h under tensile loading to
obtain the flat surfaces. Vinyl ester was stirred
gently at 500
C to decrease its density as it facilitates
easily flowing properties to the end destiny. Then
the accelerator/catalyst/promoter (100:2/2/2) parts
by weight was added to the modified vinyl ester
mixture. The mat should be placed in the mould
cavity before modified solution is to be poured, on
par with the orientations mentioned in the above for
different layers. Laminated mixture was poured into
the mould cavity in such a way that mat should be
completely drowned with laminated solution and yet
it has to be in the approximately center place if it is
asked to be single layer-1. Air was removed with the
help of vacuum machine. Brush and roller were used
to impregnate fiber. The closed mould was kept
under pressure for 24 h at room temperature. To
ensure complete curing, the composite samples were
post-cured at 80˚C for 45 min. Now the single
layered laminated polymer composites are ready. In
order to get two layered laminated composites, it is
made sure to keep two mats in the mould cavity one
upon the other in the orientations mentioned above
and then same modified solution has to be poured
into the mould. Similarly three and four layered
laminated composites were prepared. Specimens of
required size were cut out from the post cured
laminated composites for further characterizations
as per ASTM standards.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Four different laminated layers were coded as
mentioned below. Layer-0 is ( 0/0)no fiber was
inserted); Layer-1 is (50/50)50%,0º; Layer-2 is
(35/35/30) 35% 0º, 35% +45º,30% 00
;Layer-3 is
(25/50/25) 25% 0º, 50%+45º,25-45º; and Layer-4is
(25/25/25/25) (25% 0º, 25% +45º,25% -45º,25%
90º; (For example:(25/25/25/25) means first ply is
0º and the second ply is +45º; third ply is -45º:
fourth ply is 90º). Carbon fibers were dispersed into
the polymer blend in the form of four layers as
mentioned above as shown in the Fig. 1.
Figure: 1 A laminate made up of lamina with
different fiber orientations
Improvement of flexural strength of laminated
layers is shown in Fig.2. Flexural strength for layer-0
laminate was 41MPa approximately. Flexural strength
was significantly increased from layer-1 to layer-3
linearly, on other hand after 3rd
layer laminate
strength becomes decreased. In the layer-4 flexural
strength was 50MPa. Reason for reduced strength for
the layer-4 is poor wetting as the main reason
because, then as number of layers are increased
consequently resin may not go to all the places due to
the entrapment of the fiber laminates, due to this
reason, in the same places there will be a entrapment
of air makes the crack initiation takes places. The
increase in strength was due to good fiber matrix
interactions, which was largely due to the orientation
of fiber plane structures might have enhanced ability
of the fiber resistance.
4. P.V.Sanjeev Kumar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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0 2 4
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
Flexural strength(MPa)
Flexural Modulus(GPa)
Laminate layer No.
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Flexuralmodulus(GPa)
FIGURE 2: Flexural strength and modulus of vinyl
ester laminated composites as a function of no of
plies.
Planar type fibers have higher aspect ratio and
this increases the wet ability of the fibers by the
matrix, thus creating fewer micro voids between the
fiber and matrix. Another reason is if layers are not
perfectly bonded together as a result of this cohesion
becomes poor between the matrixes and layers.
Another reason is when stress is being transfers
from fiber to matrix, in the process as matrix does
not resist large stress, automatically crack will
initiate. Another reasons are the material of each
layer is linearly elastic and has three planes of
material symmetry (i.e., orthotropic)
(restriction),each layer is of uniform thickness
(restriction), the strains and displacements are small
(restriction),the transverse shear stresses on the top
and bottom surfaces of the laminate are zero
(restriction). Up to some extent matrix could have
accommodated the resin, so much so that strength
was increased up to layer-3. When fiber layers were
dispersed in to the matrix with different orientations
the toughening effect of the composites will raise
from the occasion. This could enhance the flexural
modulus of the laminates. In fig.3, tensile strength
was increased significantly from 0-3 laminates,
whereas reduces suddenly at layer-4. The decrease
in tensile strength at layer-4 laminate could be
attributed to poor adhesion between the layers and
the modified matrix, which promotes the micro-
cracks formation at the interface.
0 2 4
12
14
16
18
20
Temsile strength(MPa)
Tensile Modulus(GPa)
Laminate layer No.
Tensilestrength(MPa)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Tensilemodulus(GPa)
FIGURE 3: Tensile strength and modulus of vinyl
ester laminated composites as a function of no of
plies.
A larger layer content results in more and
probably larger in more void formation during
processing, which leads to micro-crack formation
under loading and therefore reduces the tensile
strength. [15] Study highlighted that stacking pattern
of the different components in hybrid laminated
composite play an important role in influencing the
mechanical properties of the hybrid composites. [5, 6,
7, 12] reported that layering pattern of the fibers in
hybrid composite effect tensile strength and modulus
of the hybrid composites. Various researcher studied
synthetic fiber/natural fiber based hybrid composite
but natural fiber based hybrid composites are recent
phenomena due to environmental concern. Moving on
to, the variation of tensile modulus of laminate
composites are tabulated table.1, in which tensile
modulus significantly increased from 0-3 layers, but
decreased at layer-4.
The attributed reasons are, when inclusion of
filler in the matrix leads to significant increase in
tensile modulus. The addition of rigid layers increases
the stiffness in the matrix. This development is well
explained by the percolation theory. According to this
theory there is a matrix zone around each filament
affected by stress concentration. If the distances
between filaments are small enough, the zones join
together and form a percolation network, which
increase the tensile modulus [11, 13].
Thermal stability of various laminated layers as a
function of temperature as shown in fig.4(a). Thermal
stability for layer-2 was approximately 350ºC with
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slight decomposition weight loss of >5%, and then
for layer-3, curve shifting towards the right side
shows that thermal stability was good enough for
the same with negligible decomposition weight loss
of >2%, and the thermal stability this was 355ºC.
However for layer-4 the thermal stability got reduce,
the reasons are attributed that, there might be poor
miscibility of polymers or there might be
insufficient resin to wet the entire resin, due to this
there is possibility of formation of voids makes the
matrix fast decomposition of the fiber. From the
earlier researcher were observed the similar
phenomenon [21, 23]. Variation of glass transition
temperature with respect to the temperature are
shown in the fig.4(b), layers 2,3, and 4 glass
transition temperature was increased cumulatively
and it was observed from the figure that layer-4.
Figure: 4 (a) TGA Curves for different layers of
laminated composites.
Table: 1 Variation of flexural strength and modulus
and tensile strength and modulus of different layers
of laminated composite
Figure: 4 (b) DSC Curves for different layers of
laminated composites.
The effect of the used fiber on crystallinity of
laminated composite was analyzed by DSC depicts
DSC thermograms at 500
–500ºC region of the second
cooling cycle for pure laminated composite (later-2, 3
and 4) and laminated composite including.
Crystallization exothermic appears as a single,
distinct peak in both cases and the Tg temperature is
almost unchanged (300ºC for neat laminated
composite and 300ºC and 299ºC for layer-2 and 3
respectively). Thus, it seems that the fiber used in our
study is active in sense of nucleation effect ,probably
due to the facts that (1) the average particle size of the
used fiber was relatively high (2 lm), and(2) the fiber
filaments were surface treated to increase the surface
energy.
Fig.5 (a) shows the variation transmittance with
respect to the wave length (FTIR) analyses for (a)
Layer-4 and (b) Layer-3 laminated composites. In
Fig.5(a), we can see that the broad peak at 2958–2858
cm-1
is attributed to stretching vibration of –OH of
carboxyl groups. And the shoulder peak appeared at
1,468 cm-1
was attributed to carbonyl stretching
vibration of –COOH groups. These features revealed
the existence of carboxyl groups on nano clay
molecular chains. In Fig. 5(b), it can be found that
the characteristic peaks of blend still exist at 2916cm-
1
and 2848 cm-1
for C=O and C–O–C stretching
vibration, respectively. Meanwhile, the 3431cm-1
for
the C≡N of Nano clay particles also appeared in
thelayer-4 laminated composites.
No of
laminat
ed
layers
Flexural
strength
(MPa)
Flexural
modulu
s(GPa)
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Tensile
modulus
(GPa)
Layer-
0
41±1.34 1.1±1.0
2
15±1.53 0.3±2.47
Layer-
1
44±2.12 1.4±2.1
0
12±2.01 0.4±2.36
Layer-
2
46±1.45 1.6±2.4
6
16±2.14 0.6±2.48
Layer-
3
55±2.91 1.7±2.1
6
19±2.67 0.7±2.74
Layer-
4
50±2.67 1.8±2.7
4
15±2.00 0.9±2.79
6. P.V.Sanjeev Kumar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -7) April 2015, pp.11-17
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Figure: 5 (a) FTIR analyses for Layer-4 and
laminated composites.
Figure: 5 (b) FTIR analyses for Layer-3 and
laminated composites
Especially, the hydroxyl stretching vibration of
blend shifts from 3,431 to 3,421 cm-1
for the
composite with layer-4. Table 2 shows the effect of
some acids, alkalis, and solvents, that is, glacial
acetic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid,
ammonium hydroxide, aqueous sodium carbonate,
aqueous sodium hydroxide, carbon tetrachloride,
benzene, distilled water, and toluene were used on
the matrix and the hybrid composites were studied.
Chemical
resistance
Layer
-0
Layer
-1
Layer
-2
Layer
-3
Layer
-4
Hydrochloric
acid
0.859 0.875 0.850 0.845 1.452
Acetic acid 0.235 0.236 0.230 0.214 0.485
Nitric acid 1.532 1.534 1.541 1.520 1.78
Sodium
hydroxide
0.523 0.254 0.251 0.246 0.356
Sodium
carbonate
-
0.231
-
0.230
-
0.221
-
0.220
-
0.256
Ammonium
hydroxide
0.742 0.741 0.740 0.742 0.765
Benzene 10.14 9.454 9.452 9.256 9.325
Toluene 4.85 3.994 3.951 3.489 5.687
Carbon
tetrachloride
2.59 2.424 2.410 2.405 2.965
Distilled
water
1.252 1.242 1.230 1.265 2.365
TABLE 2: Chemical resistance of vinyl ester
laminated composites of different layers.
It was clearly evident that weight gain is
observed for almost all the chemical reagents except
sodium carbonate. It is also observed from the table
that layer-4 gain more weight than other laminates.
The reason is attack of the carbonated hydrocarbons
on the cross-linked laminated system. The positive
values indicate that the laminates were swollen with
gel formation rather than dissolving in chemical
reagents. It was further observed that laminates were
also resistant to water.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The experimental investigations used for the
analysis of tensile behavior of bi-woven carbon fiber
reinforced polymer laminates leads to the following
conclusions. The laminated specimens with lesser
thickness lead to more ultimate tensile strength
irrespective of fiber orientations. Young’s modulus of
specimens increases with increase in laminates
irrespective of its orientation. Flexural strength and
tensile strength were found to be improved up to
layer-3 but decreased afterwards, however, flexural
modulus and tensile modulus increased linearly up to
layer-4. Similarly chemical resistance and FTIR
results were also found to be good for the composites.
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