The document summarizes research on the effect of the speed of the support material on the structure of electrospun polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) nanofiber webs. Nanofiber webs were produced at three different speeds and analyzed. It was found that decreasing the speed, and thus increasing the covering time, resulted in thicker nanofibers being formed. While the average fiber diameter did not significantly change, the distribution of fiber diameters shifted to include more larger fibers. The document proposes using parameters like the percentage of fibers in the first distribution peak and the average diameter of the two main peaks as better ways to characterize nanofiber web structure compared to just the average diameter.
Self-organizing Behavior of Y-junctions of Graphene Nanoribbons IJERA Editor
With the help of our molecular dynamics simulation we want to motivate emerging and development of technological methods for building of carbon nanostructure networks. We shall study self-organizing behaviors of graphene nanoribbons in Y-junctions. We determine the conditions for perfect formation of nanotube Yjunctions from parallel nanoribbons. The role of graphene nanolithography in nanoribbon network and nanotube network production is studied. Our simulations show the possibility of nanotube network realization as well.
Self-organizing Behavior of Y-junctions of Graphene Nanoribbons IJERA Editor
With the help of our molecular dynamics simulation we want to motivate emerging and development of technological methods for building of carbon nanostructure networks. We shall study self-organizing behaviors of graphene nanoribbons in Y-junctions. We determine the conditions for perfect formation of nanotube Yjunctions from parallel nanoribbons. The role of graphene nanolithography in nanoribbon network and nanotube network production is studied. Our simulations show the possibility of nanotube network realization as well.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Electrospinning for nanofibre production Akila Asokan
This presentation provides u some knowledge about the nanofibre (advantage ,disadvantage and applications) and also the method of production of those fibres using a novel technique called electospinning .And also some charecterisation techniques are exained here .then some factors that governs the fibre shape and size also discussed here .
The accurate knowledge of the size distribution of
the soil clay particles (φ ≤ 2 μm) can improve the
understanding of the soil surface chemical processes,
which, in their turn, occur mainly in this smallest
sized fraction. However, there are few available
techniques for particle size evaluation at the
nanoscale.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
20180323 electrospinning and polymer nanofibersTianyu Liu
The slides for a guest lecture of a graduate course (Chem 6564) offered by the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
INSPECTION OF PROFILED FRP COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BY MICROWAVE NDEjmicro
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are employed in various applications of aerospace and defence industry. FRP composites are preferred as major structural parts due to their high stiffness strength and light weight.Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures during their manufacturing and in-service period.Different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography, etc are employed for evaluating the quality of the composite structures.Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of profiled FRP composite structures by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. Application of Microwave NDE for bond quality inspection of FRP composite structures and thickness variation of composite structures is discussed. Results of inspected profiled composite structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range of X-band and Ku-band respectively are presented
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Electrospinning for nanofibre production Akila Asokan
This presentation provides u some knowledge about the nanofibre (advantage ,disadvantage and applications) and also the method of production of those fibres using a novel technique called electospinning .And also some charecterisation techniques are exained here .then some factors that governs the fibre shape and size also discussed here .
The accurate knowledge of the size distribution of
the soil clay particles (φ ≤ 2 μm) can improve the
understanding of the soil surface chemical processes,
which, in their turn, occur mainly in this smallest
sized fraction. However, there are few available
techniques for particle size evaluation at the
nanoscale.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
20180323 electrospinning and polymer nanofibersTianyu Liu
The slides for a guest lecture of a graduate course (Chem 6564) offered by the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
INSPECTION OF PROFILED FRP COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BY MICROWAVE NDEjmicro
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are employed in various applications of aerospace and defence industry. FRP composites are preferred as major structural parts due to their high stiffness strength and light weight.Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures during their manufacturing and in-service period.Different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography, etc are employed for evaluating the quality of the composite structures.Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of profiled FRP composite structures by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. Application of Microwave NDE for bond quality inspection of FRP composite structures and thickness variation of composite structures is discussed. Results of inspected profiled composite structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range of X-band and Ku-band respectively are presented
NANOFIBER SPINNING OF PAN AND PLA BLEND USING NEEDLELESS ELECTROSPINNING TECH...OUTR, Bhubaneswar
NANOFIBER SPINNING OF PAN AND PLA BLEND USING NEEDLELESS ELECTROSPINNING TECHNIQUE
INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES, MATERIALS & METHODS, RESULTS & DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, REFERENCES
To explore the possibility of replacing hazardous DMF used during spinning with eco-friendly acetone.
To standardise the process parameters to obtain the nanofiber with least possible diameter.
To evaluate the pore size of the Nano fibrous mat prepared at standardised parameter.
To combine the properties of PAN and PLA polymers and prepare a PAN & PLA blend nanofiber.
Polyacrylonitrile and polylactic acid blend nanofibre spinning using needlele...OUTR, Bhubaneswar
Polyacrylonitrile and polylactic acid blend nanofibre spinning using needleless electrospinning technique, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Spinning Solution Preparation, PAN with DMF, PAN and PLA Blend with DMF, PAN and PLA Blend with DMF and Acetone, Electrospinning, Analysis of Fibre Surface Morphology, Pore Size Analysis, Results and Discussion, Effect of PAN Concentration on Fibre Diameter, Effect of Potential Difference between Electrodes on Fibre Diameter, Effect of Distance between Two Electrodes, Effect of Relative Humidity on Fibre Diameter, Effect of Blending of PLA with PAN and DMF on Fibre Quality, Effect of Acetone on Spinnability and Fibre Diameter of PAN/PLA Blend, Pore Size Analysis of Nanofibre Mat Spun at Standardised Parameters, Conclusion, References.
New Technique for Measuring and Controlling the Permeability of Polymeric Mem...Editor IJCATR
Membranes have wide uses in industry and medicine applications. Polymer membranes are important materials because of their high chemical resistance, but they are of weak mechanical resistance against high pressures. Therefore, it was essential to modify a permeability measuring technique free from high pressure application. The current work represented a modification for the permeability measuring technique of membranes, where ionic salt was added with known concentration to water as common solvent and the electrolyte current was measured behind the membrane. The electrolysis current was correlated to the flow rate of water across a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane. Some other problems were raised such that polarization on electrodes and changes in electrolyte contents during the long time of the slow process. Pulsed potential on electrodes resolved these problems and other associated problems like rush in current and the double layer capacitance effect. An empirical equation was suggested to evaluate the permeability of polymer membranes by this modified method. Easy and accurate measurement of permeability helped authors to change the permeability of PVA membranes by adding copper nano particles in membrane to reduce its permeability, and adding silicone dioxide micro particles to the PVA membranes to increase its permeability. Authors suggested a mechanism for these permeability changes. Scanning electron microscope images for the filled PVA membranes supported the suggested mechanism.
New Technique for Measuring and Controlling the Permeability of Polymeric Mem...Editor IJCATR
Membranes have wide uses in industry and medicine applications. Polymer membranes are important materials
because of their high chemical resistance, but they are of weak mechanical resistance against high pressures. Therefore, it was
essential to modify a permeability measuring technique free from high pressure application. The current work represented a
modification for the permeability measuring technique of membranes, where ionic salt was added with known concentration
to water as common solvent and the electrolyte current was measured behind the membrane. The electrolysis current was
correlated to the flow rate of water across a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane. Some other problems were raised such that
polarization on electrodes and changes in electrolyte contents during the long time of the slow process. Pulsed potential on
electrodes resolved these problems and other associated problems like rush in current and the double layer capacitance effect.
An empirical equation was suggested to evaluate the permeability of polymer membranes by this modified method. Easy and
accurate measurement of permeability helped authors to change the permeability of PVA membranes by adding copper nano
particles in membrane to reduce its permeability, and adding silicone dioxide micro particles to the PVA membranes to
increase its permeability. Authors suggested a mechanism for these permeability changes. Scanning electron microscope
images for the filled PVA membranes supported the suggested mechanism
Fabrication of semiconductor materials by using electrospinningBecker Budwan
Semiconductor (s/c) is a materials conducts electricity more than an insulators but less than a pure conductors.
Semiconductors are usually very small and complex devices, and can be found in thousands of products such as computers, cell phones and medical equipment.
Application of Plasma finishing on Cotton FabricIJERA Editor
“Plasma” word is derived from the Greek and referring to the “something molded or fabricated”. Plasma treatments are gaining popularity in the textile industry. Plasma treatment has to be controlled carefully to avoid detrimental action of the plasma onto the substrate. Plasma surface treatments show distinct advantages, because they are able to modify the surface properties of inert materials, sometimes with environment friendly devices. For fabrics, cold plasma treatments require the development of reliable and large systems. Application of “Plasma Technology” in chemical processing of textiles is one of the revolutionary ways to boost the textile wet processing right from pre-treatments to finishing.
MODELING DEHYDRATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY MEANS OF POLYMER MEMBRANES WITH ...ceij journal
The present study analyzes the amount of water-alcohol separation by pervaporation and use of polymer membranes with help of Artificial Neural Network and COMSOL Multiphysics. The influence of such parameters as volumetric flow rate, temperature, separation factor and permeate flux over the efficiency of dehydration process was analyzed through Artificial Neural Network. The reserarcher in this study used a Feed Forward multilayer Perceptron neural network with a back propogation algorithm and LevenbergMarquardt function with two inputs and two outputs. The Tansig transfer function was used for the hudden layer and Purelin was used for the output layer; five nerons were defined for the hidden layer. After data precessing, 70 percent of the data was allocated for learning, 15 percent was allocated for validation, and 25 percent was allocated for testing. The output values of Artificial Neural Network modelling were compard with the real values of pervaporation for separation of water from Ethanol, Acetone, and butanol. The results revealed that the proposed model had a good performance. Moreover, the output of COMSOL software for pervaporation of five different alcohols were compared with the real values, and the error percentage of the actual amount of flux was calculated with the modeling value by means of related membranes. The results of COMSOL modeling showed that the error percentages of 3.049, 3.7, 3.51, 2.88, and 3.82 were respectively achieved for dehydration process of Acetone, Butanol, Ethanol, Isopropanol and Methanol
MODELING DEHYDRATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY MEANS OF POLYMER MEMBRANES WITH ...Berklin
The present study analyzes the amount of water-alcohol separation by pervaporation and use of polymer membranes with help of Artificial Neural Network and COMSOL Multiphysics. The influence of such parameters as volumetric flow rate, temperature, separation factor and permeate flux over the efficiency of dehydration process was analyzed through Artificial Neural Network. The reserarcher in this study used a
Feed Forward multilayer Perceptron neural network with a back propogation algorithm and LevenbergMarquardt function with two inputs and two outputs. The Tansig transfer function was used for the hudden layer and Purelin was used for the output layer; five nerons were defined for the hidden layer. After data
precessing, 70 percent of the data was allocated for learning, 15 percent was allocated for validation, and 25 percent was allocated for testing. The output values of Artificial Neural Network modelling were compard with the real values of pervaporation for separation of water from Ethanol, Acetone, and butanol. The results revealed that the proposed model had a good performance. Moreover, the output of COMSOL
software for pervaporation of five different alcohols were compared with the real values, and the error percentage of the actual amount of flux was calculated with the modeling value by means of related membranes. The results of COMSOL modeling showed that the error percentages of 3.049, 3.7, 3.51, 2.88, and 3.82 were respectively achieved for dehydration process of Acetone, Butanol, Ethanol, Isopropanol
and Methanol
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
Poster malasauskiene jolanta
1. The International Istanbul Textile Congress 2013
May 30th to June 1th 2013, Istanbul, Turkey
1
ESTIMATION OF STRUCTURE OF WEB FROM ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBRES
J. MALAŠAUSKIENĖ and R. MILAŠIUS
Kaunas University of Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Lithuania
jolanta.malasauskiene@stud.ktu.lt
Abstract: To produce nanofibres with uniform diameter is very sophisticated, because there are a lot of
parameters which has influence on the diameter of nanofibres. The analysis of various works shows that the
diameter of nanofibres always is distributed in different distributions. Its mean that to compare the averages
values is not correct from mathematical statistic point. The average diameter of nanofibres is the main
parameter for nanofibre characterization, but changes in average value do not suppose the changes in other
characteristics, for example modal value or wide of the value distribution and etc. For this reason the new
criterions are proposed. The percentage quantity and the modal value of the first distribution also the
average diameter of two peaks of distribution (modal value and the value of the second highest peak) can be
used for estimation of nonwoven structure, because these parameters can be used for comparing various
webs of nanofibres. Therefore, these parameters allow to estimate how various parameters influence the
structure of the web.
Keywords: electrospinning, nanofibre, diameter, distribution.
1. Introduction
Electrospinning is a simple process that spins ultrafine fibres of diameters ranging from 10 nm to several
hundred nanometers. Electrospun webs from polymer solution have attracted significant attention because of
their unique properties such as high porosity along with small pore sizes large surface area per mass ratio,
flexibility and small diameter. Due to these characteristics nonwoven materials from nanofibres are used for
medical applications, composite, filtration, and etc [1-2].
The diameter of nanofibres is one of the most important parameter related with elecrospinning process.
Electrospinning process and the morphology of electrospun nanofibres, such as fiber diameter and
uniformity, depend on the solution properties (solution concentration, solution viscosity, polymer type,
polymer molecular weight, and surface tension), technological parameters (applied voltage, volume flow rate,
distance between electrodes, and covering time of support material) and ambient conditions (temperature,
humidity, and atmosphere pressure). Sometimes the influence of these parameters is visible very well, but
not always. Many researches work in this area, but until this day there is no common agreement about the
influence of the same parameter on the structure of nanofibres [1-6]. It is possible that the differences
between the results occur because there is no common methodology for nanofibre diameter
characterization.
The analysis of various works shows that the web of nanofibres usually consists from nanofibres with
different diameters. Sometimes the distributions of nanofibres diameter are closes to log normal distribution,
but this distribution does not have the theoretical basic, because all nanofibres are manufactured at the
same time. Describing the diameter of nanofibres by means of normal distribution, when the distribution of
nanofibres differs from this one is not appropriate too. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the averages
values when the character of dispersions of nanofibres differs [7-9]. Only the average value can not
characterise nanofibres and the new criterions are needed. The goal of this article is to study the influence of
the speed of support material on the structure of electrospun webs from PA 6.6 and to propose the new
criterions for the quality of nonwoven structure estimation.
The mathematical analysis and comparison with well known statistical distributions shows that distribution of
nanofibres diameter is very close to compound distribution from several normal distributions. It means that
the web in electrospinning process usually consists from several nanofibres with different diameter. The
reasons of this phenomenon by different authors are explained in some ways [10-12].
2. The International Istanbul Textile Congress 2013
May 30th to June 1th 2013, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Various polymers can be successfully electrospun into nanofibres. The most often polymers used in this
process are nylon, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, PEO, water-soluble polymers and others. PA6.6 is a
commonly polymer used due to its mechanical strength, thermal dimensional stability and higher moisture
absorption.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
The spinning solution was prepared by dissolving a weighed amount of PA6.6 granules in formic acid (85 %)
under constant stirring for 12 hours to attain solution with concentration of 8 %. The solution was stirred at
the temperature of the room.
2.2 Electrospinning technique
The web of PA6.6 nanofibres was prepared by electrospinning equipment of “NanospiderTM
” (Elmarco,
Chech Republic). This equipment consists of rotating electrode to spin fibers directly from the polymer
solution. The roller spinning electrode is partially submerged in polymer solution. A grounded collector
electrode is fitted at the top of the spinner. By increasing electrostatic forces between electrodes, many
Taylor cones from the polymer solution are formed on the rotating electrode. Only when the electrostatic
charge overcomes the surface tension a charged jet of polymer solution ejected from the Taylor cone. A jet
is moving toward upper electrode and lay on substratum material. During the experiments, webs from
nanofibres were formed only using electrodes with tines.
During all the experiments, the distance between electrodes was 13 cm; the applied voltage was 70 kV. The
temperature of environment was T = 24 ± 2° C and the relative air humidity was φ = 50 ± 2 %. The speed of
support material was changed. The first part of experiment was carried out when the speed of support
material was v = 0.010 m/s, the time of covering was t = 25 s. The second: v = 0.006 m/s, t = 42 s, and the
third: v = 0.002 m/s, t = 125 s.
2.3 Characterisation of nanofibre morphology
The structure of electrospun PA6.6 web was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) SEM - FEI
Quanta 200 (Netherlands). The diameter of nanofibres was measured using the analysis system LUCIA
Image 5.0, with an accuracy ± 0.01 nm. All nanofibres were measured from 5 different SEM images.
3. Results
The SEM images of the web at the different speed of support material are presented in Figure 1. It is evident
that the speed of support, herewith the covering time has a significant influence on the structure of PA6.6
nanofibres. At the lowest speed, hense at the highest covering time, mostly nanofibres were formed on the
support material. During the experiment 5 SEM images for each variant has been made. The 165 diameters
of PA6.6 nanofibres for the first variant, 200 diameters of nanofibres for the second variant and 288
nanofibres for the thirst variant were found and measured.
a. b. c.
Figure 1. SEM images of PA6.6 webs, when the speed of support material: a) v = 0.010 m/s (t = 25 s); b) v = 0.006 m/s
(t = 42 s); c) v = 0.002 m/s (t = 125 s)
3. The International Istanbul Textile Congress 2013
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After the analysis of experimental data it was observed that the speed of support material has not a
siignifficant influence on the average diameter of PA6.6 nanofibres. The average diameter of the first,
second and third parts of experiment is d̅ = 357 nm, d̅ = 373 nm and d̅ = 382 nm, respectively. The difference
between average values is less than ± 3.5 %.
For the deeper analysis of the structure of nowoven web, the frequency distributions of all parts of
experiment are presented in Figure 2.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25-75
75-125
125-175
175-225
225-275
275-325
325-375
375-425
425-475
475-525
525-575
575-625
625-675
675-725
725-775
775-825
Diameter of nanofibres, nm
Frequencydistribution,%
I part of experiment
II part of experiment
III part of experiment
Figure 2. Frequency distributions of PA6.6 nanofibres
From Figure 2 it is evident that at higher covering time, hense at lower speed of support material thicker
nanofibres were formed. In the range from 0 to 275 nm, 32.2 % of nanofibres was measured at the highest
speed and only 21 % of nanofibres was measured at the lowest speed. Up to 325 nm, 50 % was measured
at the highest speed of support material, while at the lowest speed 66 % of nanofibres was measured. It is
possible that thicker nanofibres are formed when several nanofibres stick together and do not separate
before reaching the upper electrode.
Analyzing the histograms in Figure 2 we can observe that the distribution of the third part of experiment has
only one obvious peak. For this reason this distribution is very close to normal distribution. However, the
histograms of the first and of the second series of experiment have several peaks, so in both cases we can
state that diameter of nanofibres is distributed by compoud distribution from several normal distributions.
When the diameter of nanofibres is distributed in compound distribution, the average value of diameter can
not estimate the structure of the web exactly. With the average value of nanofibres the modal value and the
percentage quantity of the first distribution are proposed. The percentage quantity of nanofibres distributed in
the first distribution is 32.2 % (first part of experiment). The percentage quantity of the second variant is only
24.04 %. Higher percentage quantity means more unique structure of the web. The modal value in both
cases is 200 nm. Finally, the of distribution is proposed for estimation of nonwoven structure. From the
histograms presented in Figure 2 the average diameter of two peaks has been calculated: dˈ = 375 nm (third
part of experiment); dˈ = 350 nm (second part of experiment) dˈ = 250 nm (first part of experiment).
According to all results it was decided that at the higher speed of support material more unique structure and
thinner nanofibres are formed.
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4. Conclusions
The distributions of electrospun PA6.6 nanofibres diameter are closes to compound distribution,
consisted of several normal distributions.
At the lower covering speed more unique structure and thinner nanofibres are formed.
The speed of support material does not have a significant influence on the average value of PA6.6
nanofibres diameter but have a significant influences on the structure of nanofibre web.
The percentage quantity, the modal value of measurements of the first distribution and the average
diameter of two peaks of distribution can be used for comparison of nanofibres diameter.
References
[1] Mazoochi, T. et al: Investigation on the morphological characteristics of nanofiberous membrane as
electrospun in the different processing parameters, International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 3 (2012)
2, 1-8, ISSN 2228-5547
[2] Banuškevičiūtė, A. et al: Formation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Nano/Micro Fibers by
Electrospinning Process Using Electrode with Tines, Materials Science (Medžiagotyra), 17 (2011) 3 287-
292, ISSN 1392-1320
[3] Zhang, C. et al: Study and Morphology of Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol) Mats, European Polymer
Journal, 41 (2005) 3, 423-432, ISSN 0014-3057
[4] Adomavičiūtė, E.: Milašius, R.: The Influence of Applied Voltage on Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) Nanofibre
Diameter, Fibres &Textiles in Eastern Europe, 15 (2007) 5-6, 69-72, ISSN 1230-3666
[5] Dosunmu, O.O. et al: Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibres from Multiple Jets on a Porous Tubular
Surface, Nanotechnology, 17 (2006), 1123-1127, ISSN 0957-4484
[6] Mo, X.M. et al: Electrospun P(LLA-CL) Nanofibre: a Biomimetic Extracellular Matrix for Smooth Muscle
Cell and Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Biomaterials, 25 (2004), 1883-1890, ISSN 0142-9612
[7] Leaf, G.A.V.: Practical Statistics for the Textile Industry: Part I, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1984.
[8] Ellison, C.J. et al: Melt Blown Nanofibers: Fiber Diameter Distributions and Onset of Fiber Breakup,
Polymer, 48 (2007) 3306-3316, ISSN 0032-3861
[9] Tsimpliaraki, A. et al: Optimizing the Nanofibrous Structure of Non-Woven Mats of Electrospun Bio-
Degradable Polymer Nanocomposites, Proceeding of Latest Advances in High Tech Textiles and Textile-
Based Materials, 128-133, September 2009, Ghent, Belgium
[10]Malašauskienė, J.: Milašius, R.: Mathematical Analysis of the Diameter Distribution of Electrospun
Nanofibres, Fibres &Textiles in Eastern Europe, 18 (2010) 6, 45-48, ISSN 1230-3666
[11]Malašauskienė, J.: Milašius, R.: Short-cut Method of Electrospun Nanofibres Diameter Distribution
Estimation, Proceedings of Magic World of Textiles: 6th International Textile Clothing & Design
Conference, Dragčevic, Z., 522–525, ISSN 1847-7275, October 2012, Faculty of Textile Technology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb,Croatia, Dubrovnik, 2012
[12]Malašauskienė, J.: Milašius, R.: Investigation and Estimation of Structure of Web from Electrospun
Nanofibres, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013, Article ID 416961, 6 pages, (2013), doi:
10.1155/2013/416961.
![The International Istanbul Textile Congress 2013
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1
ESTIMATION OF STRUCTURE OF WEB FROM ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBRES
J. MALAŠAUSKIENĖ and R. MILAŠIUS
Kaunas University of Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Lithuania
jolanta.malasauskiene@stud.ktu.lt
Abstract: To produce nanofibres with uniform diameter is very sophisticated, because there are a lot of
parameters which has influence on the diameter of nanofibres. The analysis of various works shows that the
diameter of nanofibres always is distributed in different distributions. Its mean that to compare the averages
values is not correct from mathematical statistic point. The average diameter of nanofibres is the main
parameter for nanofibre characterization, but changes in average value do not suppose the changes in other
characteristics, for example modal value or wide of the value distribution and etc. For this reason the new
criterions are proposed. The percentage quantity and the modal value of the first distribution also the
average diameter of two peaks of distribution (modal value and the value of the second highest peak) can be
used for estimation of nonwoven structure, because these parameters can be used for comparing various
webs of nanofibres. Therefore, these parameters allow to estimate how various parameters influence the
structure of the web.
Keywords: electrospinning, nanofibre, diameter, distribution.
1. Introduction
Electrospinning is a simple process that spins ultrafine fibres of diameters ranging from 10 nm to several
hundred nanometers. Electrospun webs from polymer solution have attracted significant attention because of
their unique properties such as high porosity along with small pore sizes large surface area per mass ratio,
flexibility and small diameter. Due to these characteristics nonwoven materials from nanofibres are used for
medical applications, composite, filtration, and etc [1-2].
The diameter of nanofibres is one of the most important parameter related with elecrospinning process.
Electrospinning process and the morphology of electrospun nanofibres, such as fiber diameter and
uniformity, depend on the solution properties (solution concentration, solution viscosity, polymer type,
polymer molecular weight, and surface tension), technological parameters (applied voltage, volume flow rate,
distance between electrodes, and covering time of support material) and ambient conditions (temperature,
humidity, and atmosphere pressure). Sometimes the influence of these parameters is visible very well, but
not always. Many researches work in this area, but until this day there is no common agreement about the
influence of the same parameter on the structure of nanofibres [1-6]. It is possible that the differences
between the results occur because there is no common methodology for nanofibre diameter
characterization.
The analysis of various works shows that the web of nanofibres usually consists from nanofibres with
different diameters. Sometimes the distributions of nanofibres diameter are closes to log normal distribution,
but this distribution does not have the theoretical basic, because all nanofibres are manufactured at the
same time. Describing the diameter of nanofibres by means of normal distribution, when the distribution of
nanofibres differs from this one is not appropriate too. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the averages
values when the character of dispersions of nanofibres differs [7-9]. Only the average value can not
characterise nanofibres and the new criterions are needed. The goal of this article is to study the influence of
the speed of support material on the structure of electrospun webs from PA 6.6 and to propose the new
criterions for the quality of nonwoven structure estimation.
The mathematical analysis and comparison with well known statistical distributions shows that distribution of
nanofibres diameter is very close to compound distribution from several normal distributions. It means that
the web in electrospinning process usually consists from several nanofibres with different diameter. The
reasons of this phenomenon by different authors are explained in some ways [10-12].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/postermalasauskienejolanta-130711110500-phpapp02/85/Poster-malasauskiene-jolanta-1-320.jpg)
