This document summarizes a study that evaluated water quality in the Ganga River within the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. 13 monitoring stations were selected along the river to test various water quality parameters like BOD, TH, PO4, NO3, EC and pH. A water quality index was calculated using a C++ program based on WHO drinking water quality standards. The results found that concentrations of several parameters exceeded acceptable limits. Maintaining water quality in the Ganga is important as it supports the livelihoods of millions of people living in its basin.
This document discusses the pollution of the Ganges River in India and potential remedies. It notes that the Ganges is revered in Hinduism but has become heavily polluted due to waste from municipalities, industries, agriculture, and religious practices along its banks. Major factors contributing to pollution include sewage, industrial waste, use of pesticides, and solid waste. The Ganges Action Plan was launched in 1986 to help address this, including water quality monitoring. Technological solutions like water treatment plants and awareness campaigns are needed along with strict enforcement of laws and participation of local communities to successfully clean the river. Pollution has negatively impacted aquatic life and biodiversity in the river ecosystem.
Geographical coverage is the largest – 26% of India’s land mass
Most populated basin – hosts 43% of India’s population
Annual surface water potential – 28% of India’s total
38% of India’s total estimated utilizable water comes from Ganga Basin – highest amongst all
Estimated utilizable surface water in Ganga is 48%
Nearly 40% of India’s total estimated replenishable ground water resources comes from Ganga Basin
The document discusses the pollution of the Ganga River and efforts to clean it. It notes that despite decades of programs and funding, pollution levels in the Ganga remain high and are even increasing in some areas. Key issues contributing to the pollution are inadequate water flows, large amounts of untreated sewage from cities, and industrial pollution. To truly address the problem, the river's ecological flows must be restored and all sewage and industrial waste must be fully treated before being discharged into the river. Comprehensive solutions are needed that consider the entire river basin and balance water usage with maintaining water quality.
This document provides an overview of water allocation practices in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with reference to future demands on the Ganga River. It notes that the Ganga River basin supports over 400 million people but faces stresses of over-abstraction and pollution. In the upper Ganga stretch, historical canals withdraw large amounts of water for irrigation, while population growth and industrialization have increased domestic and industrial demands. As a result, the upper stretch has become water starved, especially in lean seasons, leaving little water for the river's ecology. The document examines current allocation and future needs to balance human and environmental needs in a sustainable manner.
The Ganga River is deeply sacred in Indian culture but has become severely polluted over time. The Ganga Action Plan (GAP), launched in 1986, aimed to clean up the Ganga but failed to achieve its objectives despite spending over $300 million. Key reasons for the GAP's failure include mismanagement, corruption, lack of enforcement, and dilution of water quality standards. A critical examination found that GAP needs an overhaul with concrete action plans and committed leadership to restore the health of the Ganga River.
Teesta River presentation by Dhaka University Students Akib Raihan
The Teesta River's water discharge has decreased significantly since the construction of the Gazaldoba Barrage by India in 1982. Historically, the Teesta's peak discharge was around 5,000 cubic meters per second but it has fallen to around 2,200 cubic meters per second and even down to 500 cubic meters per second during droughts, impacting agriculture and livelihoods in Bangladesh. While discharge increases slightly during the monsoon months, in dry months post-barrage discharge has decreased by around 88%, exacerbating seasonal variations. Long-term impacts include the potential for 25% of northern Bangladesh to become wastelands and for 6 million lives to be affected through environmental and economic damage totaling over $500
Measures for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga and to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga.
This document discusses the pollution of the Ganges River in India and potential remedies. It notes that the Ganges is revered in Hinduism but has become heavily polluted due to waste from municipalities, industries, agriculture, and religious practices along its banks. Major factors contributing to pollution include sewage, industrial waste, use of pesticides, and solid waste. The Ganges Action Plan was launched in 1986 to help address this, including water quality monitoring. Technological solutions like water treatment plants and awareness campaigns are needed along with strict enforcement of laws and participation of local communities to successfully clean the river. Pollution has negatively impacted aquatic life and biodiversity in the river ecosystem.
Geographical coverage is the largest – 26% of India’s land mass
Most populated basin – hosts 43% of India’s population
Annual surface water potential – 28% of India’s total
38% of India’s total estimated utilizable water comes from Ganga Basin – highest amongst all
Estimated utilizable surface water in Ganga is 48%
Nearly 40% of India’s total estimated replenishable ground water resources comes from Ganga Basin
The document discusses the pollution of the Ganga River and efforts to clean it. It notes that despite decades of programs and funding, pollution levels in the Ganga remain high and are even increasing in some areas. Key issues contributing to the pollution are inadequate water flows, large amounts of untreated sewage from cities, and industrial pollution. To truly address the problem, the river's ecological flows must be restored and all sewage and industrial waste must be fully treated before being discharged into the river. Comprehensive solutions are needed that consider the entire river basin and balance water usage with maintaining water quality.
This document provides an overview of water allocation practices in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with reference to future demands on the Ganga River. It notes that the Ganga River basin supports over 400 million people but faces stresses of over-abstraction and pollution. In the upper Ganga stretch, historical canals withdraw large amounts of water for irrigation, while population growth and industrialization have increased domestic and industrial demands. As a result, the upper stretch has become water starved, especially in lean seasons, leaving little water for the river's ecology. The document examines current allocation and future needs to balance human and environmental needs in a sustainable manner.
The Ganga River is deeply sacred in Indian culture but has become severely polluted over time. The Ganga Action Plan (GAP), launched in 1986, aimed to clean up the Ganga but failed to achieve its objectives despite spending over $300 million. Key reasons for the GAP's failure include mismanagement, corruption, lack of enforcement, and dilution of water quality standards. A critical examination found that GAP needs an overhaul with concrete action plans and committed leadership to restore the health of the Ganga River.
Teesta River presentation by Dhaka University Students Akib Raihan
The Teesta River's water discharge has decreased significantly since the construction of the Gazaldoba Barrage by India in 1982. Historically, the Teesta's peak discharge was around 5,000 cubic meters per second but it has fallen to around 2,200 cubic meters per second and even down to 500 cubic meters per second during droughts, impacting agriculture and livelihoods in Bangladesh. While discharge increases slightly during the monsoon months, in dry months post-barrage discharge has decreased by around 88%, exacerbating seasonal variations. Long-term impacts include the potential for 25% of northern Bangladesh to become wastelands and for 6 million lives to be affected through environmental and economic damage totaling over $500
Measures for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga and to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga.
"WATER" - 'Essence to life' by - ARYA DATTAAryaDatta3
I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
Traditional water harvesting structures in India have sustainably met local needs for centuries. These structures range from simple to complex and include systems like bamboo pipes in the eastern Himalayas, ghuls in the western Himalayas, zabos and cheo-ozihis in northeast India, dongs and garhs in the Brahmaputra valley, and kunds, khadins and talabs in the Thar desert and western India. These traditional systems efficiently collected, stored, and distributed water, ensuring adequate availability for communities while supporting development and prosperity. Reviving these ancient sustainable practices could help address modern water stress issues.
Ganga is the only river in the world that contains Mystery Factor X which it derives from Himalayan Rocks, River bed ,Herbal plants throughout its course .......still unknown.
The document discusses regional planning in the Himalayan region and reviews a report on dam building. It summarizes the key characteristics of the Himalayas, including that it is home to major river systems and has significant hydroelectric potential. However, dam building risks damaging the region's fragile ecology and indigenous communities. Climate change is increasing risks to dam safety from floods and sedimentation. Alternative energy approaches are recommended over large dam projects due to their severe social and environmental impacts.
This presentation summarizes research on sustainable water use in India, with a focus on water-stressed areas. It includes two case studies on water quality and quantity: the Ganges River Basin in Varanasi and the Godavari River Basin in Rajahmundry. For the Ganges, results show high levels of pollution from religious activities and industry. For the Godavari, a river festival leads to heavy metal contamination. The presentation also outlines government sustainable water programs and policies aimed at improving access and quality.
This document summarizes water resources in India. It discusses that India receives adequate annual rainfall on average but experiences water scarcity due to uneven rainfall distribution and lack of conservation efforts. The major sources of water are rainwater, surface water from rivers, and groundwater. India's major river systems include the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna system which has the largest catchment area. Groundwater meets irrigation, drinking, and other domestic needs. Wells irrigate over 60% of India's total irrigated area. The document then provides specifics on water resources in the state of Maharashtra, noting its semi-arid climate and sources of irrigation including wells and micro-irrigation systems.
The document discusses the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), a project between India and Japan to clean up the Yamuna River in Delhi. YAP was implemented in phases from the early 1990s to address sewage pollution in the river by building wastewater treatment infrastructure. Phase I from 1993-2003 involved constructing 29 sewage treatment plants across 8 towns in Uttar Pradesh, 12 towns in Haryana, and Delhi. However, the river remains heavily polluted due to gaps between sewage generation and treatment capacity.
The document discusses conservation strategies for climate change adaptation in Yunnan Province, China through integrated watershed management of the Panlong River. It outlines issues affecting water quality in the urban reach of the river, including pollution from garbage, sewage, and solid waste. The objectives of sustainable watershed management are presented, along with conceptual models and a functional layout integrating natural conditions, public participation, ecosystem factors, and economic and infrastructure considerations to realize flooding mitigation and pollution control.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to clean the Ganges River and restore it to its original condition. Phase I aimed to treat 882 million liters per day of wastewater generated in towns along the Ganges but failed to achieve this goal. Phase II expanded the project to include tributaries but still only treated a small portion of the total waste. Despite efforts, pollution levels in the river remain high due to untreated sewage and industrial waste entering the water. Better treatment technology is still needed to properly clean the river without negatively impacting biodiversity or human health.
powerpoint presentation on Ganga action plan. it consists details about ganga, source of pollution, about the plan, all the data and analysis along with latest statics.
This document discusses infrastructure planning and management of water resources in India. It summarizes key statistics on water access globally and in rural vs. urban areas. It then discusses various natural and man-made sources of water in India, inter-state water disputes, standards for water quality based on pH, different irrigation systems used in India, and pricing of water for different land uses. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
The present water crisis has many components of an
environmental, economic and social origin; over uses of water,
pollution, changes in availability, and water mismanagement are
some of the current problems. To cope with these problems and
enhance strategies for long term management, the following
programmes and approaches are presented: (a) A watershed
approach, integrating research, monitoring, database and
management; (b) An improved water governance system based
on participation of stakeholders and the public and private
sectors; (c) Strategic studies considering water and the economy,
water and metropolitan region, water and energy; (d) A
framework for international cooperation on shared watersheds;
(e) An economic evaluation of water resources services (surface
and underground lakes, rivers and reservoirs); (f) A capacity
building program for managers, with an integrated, predictive
and hydrographic basin approach.
This is a presentation done on 15th July, 2017, at a Seminar on "Making River Musi an Example", at Government City College, Hyderabad. River Musi flows through Hyderabad, capital city of Telangana State in India. Problems of River Musi are related to Hyderabad's modern growth and development.
we have come with an idea of restoring the cooum river and also the buckingham canal in chennai.
we are now doing a study on the flow of the sewage in our city and will surely come up with a solution which can be implemented by the government.
willing to join us
contact:
vishnu raj : 9940142057
Inter Linking of Rivers_Shripad, Manthan Adhyayan Kendra_July 16,2014India Water Portal
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to transfer water from "surplus" river basins to "deficit" basins to increase irrigation and reduce regional imbalances. It is proposed to link 30 river basins through a network of reservoirs and canals. However, the concepts of surplus and deficit are problematic as they do not consider environmental flows or the needs of local communities and ecosystems. The project would require numerous dams and canals and faces huge financial and social costs as well as interstate and international issues. Real solutions are needed that do not rely on large inter-basin water transfer projects.
Global and Indian water resources by Shayiq RashidshayiqRashid
Water is essential for life and sustainable development. Globally, only 2.5% of water is fresh, with just 0.3% available as surface water. In India, approximately 4% of the world's fresh water is available. However, increasing water usage means India is becoming water stressed. India's water resources include precipitation, rivers, lakes, and groundwater aquifers. Major rivers include the Ganges, Yamuna, Indus, and Brahmaputra. Groundwater provides over 80% of irrigation needs and 90% of rural drinking water. Conservation of water resources through reduced pollution and efficient usage is critical.
The document discusses pollution of the Ganges River in India. It provides background on the river's importance in Hinduism and as a source of life. The river is now heavily polluted due to population growth, urbanization, and industrial/agricultural waste. Studies over the decades show increasing pollution levels, with the most recent finding that Ganges water at Haridwar exceeds standards for drinking, bathing, and agriculture due to high coliform levels from human and industrial waste. The river's holiness has not prevented overuse and pollution that now threatens its ability to support life.
Himalayan rivers –perspective on regional collaboration jagat k. bhusalJagat K. Bhusal
The document summarizes information about the Himalayan rivers and their importance for the regional countries of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Tibet, and Bangladesh. It discusses the geography and hydrology of each country, including their reliance on the Himalayan rivers for water resources, agriculture, hydropower potential, and other factors. In particular, it notes that the Himalayan rivers provide irrigation for the highly populated Indo-Gangetic plain and that regional cooperation could help harness the rivers' hydropower potential to benefit vast populations in the region.
"WATER" - 'Essence to life' by - ARYA DATTAAryaDatta3
I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
Traditional water harvesting structures in India have sustainably met local needs for centuries. These structures range from simple to complex and include systems like bamboo pipes in the eastern Himalayas, ghuls in the western Himalayas, zabos and cheo-ozihis in northeast India, dongs and garhs in the Brahmaputra valley, and kunds, khadins and talabs in the Thar desert and western India. These traditional systems efficiently collected, stored, and distributed water, ensuring adequate availability for communities while supporting development and prosperity. Reviving these ancient sustainable practices could help address modern water stress issues.
Ganga is the only river in the world that contains Mystery Factor X which it derives from Himalayan Rocks, River bed ,Herbal plants throughout its course .......still unknown.
The document discusses regional planning in the Himalayan region and reviews a report on dam building. It summarizes the key characteristics of the Himalayas, including that it is home to major river systems and has significant hydroelectric potential. However, dam building risks damaging the region's fragile ecology and indigenous communities. Climate change is increasing risks to dam safety from floods and sedimentation. Alternative energy approaches are recommended over large dam projects due to their severe social and environmental impacts.
This presentation summarizes research on sustainable water use in India, with a focus on water-stressed areas. It includes two case studies on water quality and quantity: the Ganges River Basin in Varanasi and the Godavari River Basin in Rajahmundry. For the Ganges, results show high levels of pollution from religious activities and industry. For the Godavari, a river festival leads to heavy metal contamination. The presentation also outlines government sustainable water programs and policies aimed at improving access and quality.
This document summarizes water resources in India. It discusses that India receives adequate annual rainfall on average but experiences water scarcity due to uneven rainfall distribution and lack of conservation efforts. The major sources of water are rainwater, surface water from rivers, and groundwater. India's major river systems include the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna system which has the largest catchment area. Groundwater meets irrigation, drinking, and other domestic needs. Wells irrigate over 60% of India's total irrigated area. The document then provides specifics on water resources in the state of Maharashtra, noting its semi-arid climate and sources of irrigation including wells and micro-irrigation systems.
The document discusses the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), a project between India and Japan to clean up the Yamuna River in Delhi. YAP was implemented in phases from the early 1990s to address sewage pollution in the river by building wastewater treatment infrastructure. Phase I from 1993-2003 involved constructing 29 sewage treatment plants across 8 towns in Uttar Pradesh, 12 towns in Haryana, and Delhi. However, the river remains heavily polluted due to gaps between sewage generation and treatment capacity.
The document discusses conservation strategies for climate change adaptation in Yunnan Province, China through integrated watershed management of the Panlong River. It outlines issues affecting water quality in the urban reach of the river, including pollution from garbage, sewage, and solid waste. The objectives of sustainable watershed management are presented, along with conceptual models and a functional layout integrating natural conditions, public participation, ecosystem factors, and economic and infrastructure considerations to realize flooding mitigation and pollution control.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to clean the Ganges River and restore it to its original condition. Phase I aimed to treat 882 million liters per day of wastewater generated in towns along the Ganges but failed to achieve this goal. Phase II expanded the project to include tributaries but still only treated a small portion of the total waste. Despite efforts, pollution levels in the river remain high due to untreated sewage and industrial waste entering the water. Better treatment technology is still needed to properly clean the river without negatively impacting biodiversity or human health.
powerpoint presentation on Ganga action plan. it consists details about ganga, source of pollution, about the plan, all the data and analysis along with latest statics.
This document discusses infrastructure planning and management of water resources in India. It summarizes key statistics on water access globally and in rural vs. urban areas. It then discusses various natural and man-made sources of water in India, inter-state water disputes, standards for water quality based on pH, different irrigation systems used in India, and pricing of water for different land uses. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
The present water crisis has many components of an
environmental, economic and social origin; over uses of water,
pollution, changes in availability, and water mismanagement are
some of the current problems. To cope with these problems and
enhance strategies for long term management, the following
programmes and approaches are presented: (a) A watershed
approach, integrating research, monitoring, database and
management; (b) An improved water governance system based
on participation of stakeholders and the public and private
sectors; (c) Strategic studies considering water and the economy,
water and metropolitan region, water and energy; (d) A
framework for international cooperation on shared watersheds;
(e) An economic evaluation of water resources services (surface
and underground lakes, rivers and reservoirs); (f) A capacity
building program for managers, with an integrated, predictive
and hydrographic basin approach.
This is a presentation done on 15th July, 2017, at a Seminar on "Making River Musi an Example", at Government City College, Hyderabad. River Musi flows through Hyderabad, capital city of Telangana State in India. Problems of River Musi are related to Hyderabad's modern growth and development.
we have come with an idea of restoring the cooum river and also the buckingham canal in chennai.
we are now doing a study on the flow of the sewage in our city and will surely come up with a solution which can be implemented by the government.
willing to join us
contact:
vishnu raj : 9940142057
Inter Linking of Rivers_Shripad, Manthan Adhyayan Kendra_July 16,2014India Water Portal
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to transfer water from "surplus" river basins to "deficit" basins to increase irrigation and reduce regional imbalances. It is proposed to link 30 river basins through a network of reservoirs and canals. However, the concepts of surplus and deficit are problematic as they do not consider environmental flows or the needs of local communities and ecosystems. The project would require numerous dams and canals and faces huge financial and social costs as well as interstate and international issues. Real solutions are needed that do not rely on large inter-basin water transfer projects.
Global and Indian water resources by Shayiq RashidshayiqRashid
Water is essential for life and sustainable development. Globally, only 2.5% of water is fresh, with just 0.3% available as surface water. In India, approximately 4% of the world's fresh water is available. However, increasing water usage means India is becoming water stressed. India's water resources include precipitation, rivers, lakes, and groundwater aquifers. Major rivers include the Ganges, Yamuna, Indus, and Brahmaputra. Groundwater provides over 80% of irrigation needs and 90% of rural drinking water. Conservation of water resources through reduced pollution and efficient usage is critical.
The document discusses pollution of the Ganges River in India. It provides background on the river's importance in Hinduism and as a source of life. The river is now heavily polluted due to population growth, urbanization, and industrial/agricultural waste. Studies over the decades show increasing pollution levels, with the most recent finding that Ganges water at Haridwar exceeds standards for drinking, bathing, and agriculture due to high coliform levels from human and industrial waste. The river's holiness has not prevented overuse and pollution that now threatens its ability to support life.
Himalayan rivers –perspective on regional collaboration jagat k. bhusalJagat K. Bhusal
The document summarizes information about the Himalayan rivers and their importance for the regional countries of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Tibet, and Bangladesh. It discusses the geography and hydrology of each country, including their reliance on the Himalayan rivers for water resources, agriculture, hydropower potential, and other factors. In particular, it notes that the Himalayan rivers provide irrigation for the highly populated Indo-Gangetic plain and that regional cooperation could help harness the rivers' hydropower potential to benefit vast populations in the region.
The Ganges river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from the large population living along its banks, as well as untreated industrial and agricultural runoff. Various initiatives have been launched by the Indian government to clean the river, including the Ganga Action Plan in the 1980s and a $4 billion campaign beginning in 2010, but pollution remains a major problem. The pollution has negatively impacted marine life in the river and has caused health issues for humans who use the water.
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The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows south and east through North India and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. At over 2,500 km long, it is the longest river in India and second longest in the world. Millions depend on the Ganges for drinking water, bathing, agriculture, and other uses. The river is also highly revered in Hinduism and considered holy. However, the Ganges is now severely polluted due to waste from over 30 cities and towns along its banks, with efforts to clean it up through previous action plans having limited success.
Water pollution in the Ganges River is a major problem caused by human and industrial waste from the large population in its basin, as well as infrastructure issues like dams. The Ganges Action Plan attempted to address this but had limited success in reducing pollution levels. Current efforts focus on improving waste treatment plants, stormwater management, and repairing sewer systems.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes In Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations over time. The study analyzed physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, BOD, DO, COD, total hardness, TDS, and alkalinity of water samples collected from three locations on the river in different seasons. The results showed deterioration of water quality with increasing pollution from domestic and industrial waste discharged through drains into the river downstream. Parameters like DO, TDS, and pH indicated severe water quality issues at some sites. Urgent action is needed to restore water quality and protect the aquatic ecosystem of the Gomti River.
The Ganges river is highly polluted due to sewage and industrial waste from cities along its banks, as well as religious offerings and bodies that are placed directly into the river according to Hindu traditions. This pollution has created severe health issues for those who live near the river. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to address this pollution but failed due to issues like a lack of cooperation between government bodies and technical experts, as well as insufficient monitoring and public awareness campaigns. Stronger measures are needed going forward, such as improved sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, public education, and inter-governmental cooperation to successfully restore the Ganges river.
The Ganges river is highly polluted due to sewage and industrial waste from cities along its banks, as well as religious offerings and bodies that are placed directly into the river according to Hindu traditions. This pollution has created severe health issues for those who live near the river. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to address this pollution but failed due to issues like a lack of cooperation between government bodies and technical experts, as well as insufficient monitoring and public awareness campaigns. Stronger measures are needed like improved sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, public education, and inter-governmental cooperation to successfully restore the Ganges river.
The Ganges River is one of India's most polluted rivers due to waste from cities, industries, agriculture, and religious practices being dumped into it. This pollution threatens many species and causes waterborne diseases in humans. The Namami Gange program aims to clean the Ganga through sewage treatment plants, industrial monitoring, afforestation, and more, but significant pollution from cities like Kanpur, Varanasi, and Allahabad continues to endanger both aquatic life and humans who rely on the river.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
This document summarizes a research paper on pollution in the Ganga River in India. It discusses the significance of cleaning the Ganga, which is an important religious site. It outlines the objectives of examining pollution issues and finding ways to reduce pollution. The methodology involved collecting information from government websites. The analysis finds that human and industrial waste are causing high levels of toxins in the river. It also discusses the Ganga Action Plan's strengths, like creating institutions to address the issue, and weaknesses, like continued domestic and industrial pollution. World Bank assistance is now providing funds to address wastewater treatment, industrial pollution, and solid waste management.
The document discusses various topics related to pollution of the Ganga River in India. It begins with an introduction to the Ganga's significance as a sacred river and its current polluted state. It then discusses the main sources of pollution as industrial and domestic waste, and the effects of pollution including declining fish populations and health risks. The document outlines past efforts to clean the Ganga including the Ganga Action Plan and proposes new technologies that could help purify the river such as biogas generation and wastewater treatment systems. It stresses the importance of community involvement and sustainable agricultural practices to preserve the river.
The Ganges River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to sewage and industrial waste from cities, religious offerings wrapped in plastic, and bodies burned or unburned entering the river. This pollution threatens humans and wildlife and causes diseases. Efforts under the Ganges Action Plan to reduce pollution spent over $1 billion but failed due to lack of modern environmental planning and management, inappropriate siting of sewage plants, and insufficient political will. Future efforts must address these issues, expand volunteer cleanup, and ensure complete cremation of bodies before releasing into the river.
The document provides information about the Ganga River Basin and the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). Some key points:
- The Ganga River Basin covers over 1 million square kilometers across several states in India and neighboring countries. It supports over 40% of India's population.
- The GAP was launched in 1986 with the objective of reducing pollution in the Ganga River and improving its water quality. This included intercepting and treating domestic sewage and industrial waste.
- Despite efforts under the GAP, the Ganga remains one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to continued disposal of untreated sewage and industrial/rural waste. Additional actions are needed to fully achieve the goal of cleaning the river
A general basic case study on the river Ganga at Varanasi covering all the aspects of Pollution, Government'r role, Treatment facilities, Future prospects, Health status of river.
The Ganges River is a holy and historically significant river that flows through India and Bangladesh. It rises in the Himalayas and flows south and east before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Pollution from human and industrial waste as well as religious practices have severely impacted the river's water quality, posing health risks. Efforts under the Ganga Action Plan to clean up the river have largely failed due to lack of environmental planning and support.
IRJET - River Pollution: A Case Study of Panchaganga RiverIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a case study on the pollution of the Panchganga River in Maharashtra, India. The river originates in Kolhapur and flows through two major cities, Kolhapur and Ichalkaranji, which house many sugar, textile and other industries that discharge untreated effluents into the river. This industrial and domestic pollution has made the river water unusable and led to increased waterborne diseases. Corrective measures proposed include requiring all industries to install effluent treatment plants and ensuring cities have functioning wastewater treatment infrastructure to reduce pollution entering the river.
The Ganges river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world. It flows through densely populated areas where sewage and industrial waste are dumped into the river. Religious practices like bathing and releasing uncremated bodies also contribute to pollution. This pollution poses major health risks and threatens aquatic life. The Ganga Action Plan launched in 1985 to reduce pollution spent over $1 billion but failed to improve conditions significantly due to lack of proper planning and political will. A stronger plan is needed with improved sewage treatment, waste removal, and restrictions on releasing uncremated bodies.
2013 my lect -wwd hotel palash-“international year of water cooperation-bra...SG PHADKE
International year of WaterCooperation-Brain stormingissues today”
The document discusses water issues in India on World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd. It summarizes the status of water and wastewater in India, including pollution issues affecting surface and groundwater sources. Key problems outlined are inadequate infrastructure, population growth, and depletion of resources. Water conflicts, diseases caused by contaminated water sources, and lack of proper sanitation are also addressed. The document advocates for improved management and cooperation to tackle India's water challenges.
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Evaluating water quality of ganga river within uttar
1. European Journal of Developing Country Studies, Vol.3 2007
ISSN(paper)2668-3385 ISSN(online)2668-3687
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Evaluating Water Quality of Ganga River Within Uttar
Pradesh State by Water Quality Index Analysis Using C++
Program
Allaa M. Aenab (Corresponding author)
PhD student, Environmental Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi,
India
S. K. Singh
Professor, Dean & HOD, Environmental Engineering Department, Delhi Technological
University (DTU), Delhi, India
Abstract
The Ganga basin accounts for a little more than one-fourth (26.3%) of the country’s total geographical area and
is the biggest river basin in India, covering the entire states of Uttarakhand (UK), Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar,
Delhi, and parts of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. In this
study we chose Uttar Pradesh (UP) as maximum area in water pollution on Ganga River. For purpose of this
study we have 13 monitoring station along with Ganga River in UP state. The present study shows evaluation of
water quality for Ganga River within UP using WQI analysis by C++ program. In the case of Ganga River the
concentrations of BOD, TH, PO4, NO3, EC and PH were found to be outside the acceptable range of WHO
standards.
Keywords: Ganga River; Water Quality; WQI; C++ Program and River Evaluation
1. Introduction
India’s water future is in danger if current trends in its use continue. The total annual surface water availability in
the country is estimated to be 1,869 billion cubic meter (bcm). Due to spatial-temporal variations, an estimated
690 bcm of surface water is utilizable. Add to this 432 bcm of replenish able groundwater, and the total utilizable
water in the country is 1,122 bcm, which appears to be just about sufficient to meet our present needs. Since the
total available water is more or less constant, rising demands due to population and economic growth will strain
the demand-supply balance. The Water Resources Group estimates that if the current pattern of demand
continues, about half of the demand for water will be unmet by 2030 (WRG, 2009).
Even the present situation is tenuous. Although at the macro level, demand and supply of water seem to balance,
there are stark differences at the basin levels. Of the 20 major river basins in India, 14 are already water-stressed
Nearly three-fourth of India’s population lives in water-stressed regions (where per capita availability is less than
2,000 cubic meters per year) of which one-third of the region is in water, scarce areas (where per capita water
availability is less than 1,000 cubic meters per year). Climate change will further aggravate the problem by
causing erratic weather patterns. More extreme rates of precipitation and evapo-transpiration will cause more
instances of droughts and floods, with disparate and complex effects at the sub-basin level (IIR, 2011).
The river Ganga occupies a unique position in the cultural ethos of India. Legend says that the river has
descended from Heaven on earth as a result of the long and arduous prayers of King Bhagirathi for the salvation
of his deceased ancestors. From times immemorial, the Ganga has been India's river of faith, devotion and
worship. Millions of Hindus accept its water as sacred. Even today, people carry treasured Ganga water all over
India and abroad because it is "holy" water and known for its "curative" properties.
However, the river is not just a legend, it is also a life-support system for the people of India (WHO/UNEP,
1997). It is important because:
• The densely populated Ganga basin is inhabited by 37 per cent of India's population.
• The entire Ganga basin system effectively drains eight states of India.
• About 47 per cent of the total irrigated area in India is located in the Ganga basin alone.
• It has been a major source of navigation and communication since ancient times.
• The Indo-Gangetic plain has witnessed the blossoming of India's great creative talent.
Water pollution is a major problem that is threatening the sustainability of water bodies. Punitive mechanisms,
such as closure of industries for non-compliance, alone have not worked. Market-based mechanisms comprising
taxes on polluting industries, and tax concessions for adoption of abatement technologies, should supplement the
current legislation. Mechanisms such as green ratings should also be promoted and eventually be made
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mandatory (IIR, 2011).
2. Objectives and Approach
The objective envisaged for this study is critical evaluation of present status of water environment and services
in Ganga River, India. For this purpose, the relevant information has been collected and analyzed as below:
1. Evaluation of Ganga River water quality.
2. Refine or create Ganga River specific water quality standards pursuant to International standards
including development of appropriate reference conditions.
3. To provide an early warning system for downstream users about adverse water quality conditions.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1 Study Area
The Ganga River has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas
and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of
north and eastern India. The Ganga basin – which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh –
accounts for 26 per cent of India‘s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its
population. The Ganga also serves as one of India‘s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance
transcends the boundaries of the basin (NGRBA, 2011).
Ganga is a perennial river which originates as a stream called “Bhagirathi” from Gaumukh in the Gangotri
glacier at 30 ° 55' N, 79 ° 7' E, some 4100 m above mean sea level. Ganga river basin is the largest among river
basins in India and the fourth largest in the world, with a basin (catchment area) covering 8, 61,404 sq km. It has
a total length of 2,525 km, out of which 1,425 km is in Uttaranchal and UP, 475 km is in Bihar and 625 km is in
West Bengal. Already half a billion people live within the river basin, at an average density of over 500 per sq
km, and this population is projected to increase to over one billion people by the year 2030 (Rakesh, 2007).
The Ganga basin is one of the most populous regions on Earth, home to 450 million people at an average density
of over 550 individuals per square kilometre. In the delta zone this rises to over 900 per square kilometre. As a
result, there is strong demand and competition for natural resources, especially water for domestic use and
irrigation, and barrages regulate most of the basin tributaries. Fisheries along the river are of considerable
economic value and their output makes a major contribution to regional nutritional needs (WWF, 2010).
There are some 30 cities, 70 towns, and thousands of villages along the banks of the Ganga. Nearly all of the
sewage from these population centres – over 1.3 billion litres per day – passes directly into the river, along with
thousands of animal carcasses, mainly cattle. Another 260 million litres of industrial wastewater, also largely
untreated, are discharged by hundreds of factories, while other major pollution inputs include runoff from the
more than 6 million tonnes of chemical fertilizers and 9,000
tonnes of pesticides applied annually within the basin. According to Hindu mythology, the Ganga River came
down to Earth from the heavens. Today, the river symbolizes purification to millions of Hindus who believe that
drinking or bathing in its waters will lead to moksha, or salvation. Many Hindus keep water from the Ganga in
glass bottles as a sacred relic, or for use in religious ceremonies. The river becomes the final resting place for
thousands of Hindus, whose cremated ashes or partially burnt corpses are placed in the river for spiritual rebirth
(WWF, 2010).
3.2 Critical stretches of the Ganga:
In different stretches the holy Ganga River is posed with different challenges (see fig.1) (CSE, 2008).
• In the upper reaches (Himalayan segment) numerous hydel projects (commissioned as well as planned)
threaten the river ecosystem by depriving it off the environmental flows
• In the stretch beyond this (till Patna) the growing cities and industrial clusters have increased the
pollution load discharged into the river. Loss of assimilative capacity has worsened the pollution woes
of the river.
• In the stretch beyond Patna, the river is relatively clean. But growing cities and lack of assimilation is
making the river dirtier.
Fig. 2 shows images for Ganga River pollution within India.
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3.3 River Water Pollution
A river is defined as a large natural stream of water emptying into an ocean, lake, or other body of water and
usually fed along its course by converging tributaries. Rivers and streams drain water that falls in upland areas.
Moving water dilutes and decomposes pollutants more rapidly than standing water, but many rivers and streams
are significantly polluted all around the world.
A primary reason for this is that all three major sources of pollution (industry, agriculture and domestic) are
concentrated along the rivers. Industries and cities have historically been located along rivers because the rivers
provide transportation and have traditionally been a convenient place to discharge waste. Agricultural activities
have tended to be concentrated near rivers, because river floodplains are exceptionally fertile due to the many
nutrients that are deposited in the soil when the river overflows.
3.3.1 Source of pollution
Farmers put fertilizers and pesticides on their crops so that they grow better. But these fertilizers and pesticides
can be washed through the soil by rain, to end up in rivers. If large amounts of fertilizers or farm waste drain into
a river the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the water increases considerably.
Algae use these substances to grow and multiply rapidly turning the water green. This massive growth of algae,
called eutrophication, leads to pollution. When the algae die they are broken down by the action of the bacteria
which quickly multiply, using up all the oxygen in the water which leads to the death of many animals (CWC,
2011).
Chemical waste products from industrial processes are sometimes accidentally discharged into rivers. Examples
of such pollutants include cyanide, zinc, lead, copper, cadmium and mercury. These substances may enter the
water in such high concentrations that fish and other animals are killed immediately.
Sometimes the pollutants enter a food chain and accumulate until they reach toxic levels, eventually killing
birds, fish and mammals.
Factories use water from rivers to power machinery or to cool down machinery. Dirty water containing
chemicals is put back in the river. Water used for cooling is warmer than the river itself. Raising the temperature
of the water lowers the level of dissolved oxygen and upsets the balance of life in the water. People are
sometimes careless and throw rubbish directly into rivers.
3.3.2 River water quality & Environmental factors
River water quality is highly variable by nature due to environmental conditions such as basin lithology,
vegetation and climate. In small watersheds spatial variations extend over orders of magnitude for most major
elements and nutrients, while this variability is an order of magnitude lower for major basins. Standard river
water for use as reference is therefore not applicable. As a consequence natural waters can possibly be unfit for
various human uses, even including drinking.
There are three major natural sources of dissolved and soluble matter carried by rivers: the atmospheric inputs of
material, the degradation of terrestrial organic matter and the weathering of surface rocks. These substances
generally transit through soil and porous rocks and finally reach the rivers. On their way, they are affected by
numerous processes such as recycling in terrestrial biota, recycling and storage in soils, exchange between
dissolved and particulate matter, loss of volatile substances to the atmosphere, production and degradation of
aquatic plants within rivers and lakes etc. As a result of these multiple sources and pathways, the concentrations
of elements and compounds found in rivers depend on physical factors (climate, relief), chemical factors
(solubility of minerals) and biological factors (uptake by vegetation, degradation by bacteria). The most
important environmental factors controlling river chemistry are (CWC, 2011):
• Occurrence of highly soluble (halite, gypsum) or easily weathered (calcite, dolomite, pyrite, olivine)
minerals.
• Distance to the marine environment which controls the exponential decrease of ocean aerosols input to
land (Na+
, CIP
, SO4P2
, and Mg+2
).
• Aridity (precipitation/runoff ratio) which determines the concentration of dissolved substances resulting
from the two previous processes.
• Terrestrial primary productivity which governs the release of nutrients (C, N, Si, K).
• Ambient temperature which controls, together with biological soil activity, the weathering reaction
kinetics.
• Uplift rates (tectonism, relief) Stream quality of unpolluted waters (basins without any direct pollution
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sources such as dwellings, roads, farming, mining etc.
3.4 Water Quality Index
3.4.1 Purpose:
Perform tests to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) of a local body of water Perform follow-up WQI tests
to establish an ongoing record and basis for possible water remediation (Molnar, 2010).
3.4.2 Background:
A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain
location and time based on several water quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water
quality data into information that is understandable and useable by the public. This type of index is similar to the
index developed for air quality that shows if it’s a red or blue air quality day. The use of an index to "grade"
water quality is a controversial issue among water quality scientists. A single number cannot tell the whole story
of water quality; there are many other water quality parameters that are not included in the index. The index
presented here is not specifically aimed at human health or aquatic life regulations. However, a water index
based on some very important parameters can provide a simple indicator of water quality. It gives the public a
general idea the possible problems with the water in the region (Mitchell, 2000). Table 1 showing Water Quality
Index Ranges (Hameed, 201; Brown, 1970).
3.4.3 Water Quality Index Calculation
The WQI was calculated using the standards of drinking water quality recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO) (Aenab, 2012). The weighted arithmetic index method was used for the calculation of WQI
of the surface water. Further, quality rating or sub index (qn) was calculated using the following expression
(Brown, 1970).
qn= 100 [Vn – Vio]/[Sn – Vn]
(Let there be n water quality parameters and quality rating or sub index (qn) corresponding to nth parameter is a
number reflecting the relative value of this parameter in the polluted water with respect to its standard, maxi-
mum permissible value).
qn = Quality rating for the nth water quality parameter
Vn = Estimated value of the nth parameter at a given sampling point.
Sn = Standard permissible value of the nth parameter.
Vio = Ideal value of nth parameter in pure water (i.e. 0 for all other parameters except the parameter pH and
Dissolve Oxygen (7.0 and 14.6 mg/L respectively).
Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely pro- portional to the recommended standard
value Sn of the corresponding parameter.
Wn = K/Sn
Wn unit weight for the nth parameters.
Sn = standard value for the nth parameters
K = constant for proportionality.
The overall WQI was calculated by aggregating the quality rating with the unit weight linearly.
WQI = ∑ qnWn / ∑ Wn
3.4.4 Parameter Selection
There are so many different parameters that can be used to measure water quality. From a global perspective it is
important to outline a few consistent measurements that can be measured easily, by all, on a regular basis, and
that are clearly correlated to biodiversity in aquatic environments. The specific parameters used to assess water
quality were chosen based on findings reported in the primary literature.
3.5 Application of C++ Program
3.5.1. Introduction
C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. C++ is
sometimes called a hybrid language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combi-
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nation of both high-level and low-level language features (Schildt, 1998). It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
starting in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C language. Originally named C with Classes, the
language was re- named C++ in 1983 (Stroustrup, 2010). C++ is one of the most popular programming
languages [(PLP, 2010),(TPCI, 2011)] with application do- mains including systems software, application
software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment
software such as video games (C++, 2010). Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++ compiler
software. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming lan- guages, most notably C# and Java.
After years of deve- lopment, the C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998 as ISO/IEC
14882:1998. The standard was amended by the 2003 technical corrigendum, ISO/ IEC 14882:2003. The current
standard extending C++ with new features was ratified and published by ISO in September 2011 as ISO/IEC
14882:2011 (informally known as C++11) [(ISO, 2011), (MPPL, 2011)].
3.5.2. Algorithms and Steps
In my work using language C++ under window to execution, and perform some steps to implementation this
program (Aenab, 2012):
• Create Project File consist of number of files.
• Create dialog boxes that perform to dialog with users.
• Read and input Data to system for all stations from users.
• Select type of process from menu (Water Quality Index).
• Execution algorithm and calculate mathematics for all process after enter data.
• Display Result with high speed (Less than 1 second). As is shown in table 2.
4. Results
The status of water quality of Ganga River in Uttar Pradesh is presented in Table 2. It is observed from the table
that, the parameters values it was BOD (6.5 mg/l), TH (421 mg/l), NO3 (11.7 mg/l), PO4 (0.068 mg/l), EC (1200
mg/l) and PH (9) all parameters values out of the WHO standard values.
5. Conclusions
Water Quality Index (WQI) in total 137.7924 for the year 2011 and this make it under category more than 100,
so it means water quality of Ganga River in Uttra Pradesh unsuitable.
References
NGRBA, 2011. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India). Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). Volume I - Environmental
and Social Analysis January 2011. http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-
information/Draft%20ESA%20Volume%20I.pdf. pp. 7-10.
Rakesh K Jaiswal, 2007. Ganga Action Plan-A critical analysis.
http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/critical%20analysis%20of%20gap.pdf. pp. 2-5.
WWF, 2010. (Ganga) Freshwater Species Freshwater & Wetland Conservation Programme WWF-India 172/B
Lodi Estate New Delhi-110 003, India. pp. 2-3.
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http://teachers.saschina.org/csmith/files/2010/08/MOLNAR-12-WQI.pdf. pp.1-2.
Mitchell Mark K. and Stapp William B. 2000. Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring. Twelfth Edition.
Allaa M. Aenab, S. K. Singh, Adil Abbas Majeed Al-Rubaye, 2012. Evaluation of Tigris River by Water Quality
Index Analysis Using C++ Program. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2012, 4, 523-527
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524-525.
R. M. Brown, N. I. McClelland, R. A. Deininger and R. G. Tozer, “A Water Quality Index—Do We Dare?” Pro-
ceedings of the National Symposium on Data and Instru-mentation for Water Quality Management, Conference
of State Sanitary Engineers and Wisconsin University, Madison, 21-23 July 1970, pp. 364-383.
WRG, 2009. Water Resources Group [WRG] (2009), ‘Charting our water future’, A report by the Water
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IIR, 2011. INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT 2011. Water: Policy and Performance for Sustainable
Development. Infrastructure Development Finance Company. Oxford University Press is a department of the
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Table (1) Water Quality Index Categories
WQI 0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 >100
Water Quality Excellent Good Poor Very poor Unsuitable
Source: Brown et al., 1970
Table 2. Water Quality Index result for Ganga River within UP by C++ Program for the year 2011
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Fig. 1 Ganga River in India (Source: Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, October 2008)
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Fig. 2 Images for Ganga River pollution