This document provides an overview of mycology, including descriptions of common fungi and how they are identified. It discusses yeast and molds, specimen collection and transport, culture media, and diagnostic methods like microscopy and staining. Key points include descriptions of dimorphic fungi like Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis, which exist in both mold and yeast forms, and Coccidioides immitis, which does not have a yeast phase. Identification of fungal structures and growth patterns on culture media are important for diagnosis.
“mykos” meaning mushroom.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
The fungi possess rigid cell walls:
Chitin and ergosterol, mannan and other polysaccharides.
Beta-glucan is most important, because it is the target of antifungal drug caspofungin.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms VS bacteria (prokaryotic).
The cell membrane of fungus contains ergosterol, unlike human cell membrane which contains cholesterol.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but none are obligate anaerobes.
The natural habitat of most fungi is environment, require a preformed organic source of carbon, association with decaying matter.
C. albicans is an exception!!!
Diagnosis of fungal disease by Dr. Manoj karkimanojj123
Early diagnosis of fungal infection is critical for effective treatment. History, clinical signs, gross pathology and in few cases intradermal skin test are all of the value in the diagnosis of clinical specimens.
A brief description on mycology in microbiology like definition and types of fungus. Emportant disease caused by fungus that are used in medical science , and lab diagnosis , treatment and symptoms that are appear in different disease of fungus etc. A brief discussion on types of fungus and many more important topic .
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Starting point
Yeast are:
• unicellular / produce budding daughter cells
• colony on solid media are usually white to beige and
appear much like bacterial colonies
• some genera produce mucoid colonies (Cryptococcus)
3. Starting point
Molds are:
• Produce filaments or hyphae
• Produce conidia [spores]
• Colonies on solid agar are downy, fluffy, cottony
• Most mold colonies produce pigment which aid in
identification
hyphae
spores
4. Specimen collection and Transport
• Fungi are very hardy organisms
• No requirement for special transport media
• Sterile containers required to prevent bacterial
contamination
• Numerous anatomic sites are appropriate for culture
• Respiratory specimens – sputum, bronchial lavage, brushings,
nasal sinuses
• Tissue biopsies
• Cutaneous - Skin scrapings, material from lesions
• Ocular
• Sterile body fluids including CSF
• Blood, bone marrow
5. Fungal Culture Media
• Sabouraud’s glucose agar (SABS)
All purpose Fungal media – No antibiotics
Best used for subculture of fungi for identification workup
Contains 2% glucose, pH @7.0
• Inhibitory mold agar (IMA)
Selective and enriched agar with chloramphenicol and gentamicin to
inhibit bacteria
Good for the primary recovery of pathogenic fungi
Saprophytic fungi and dermatophytes somewhat inhibited
6. Fungal Culture Media
• Mycosel/Mycobiotic agar
• Selective SABS agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide
• Used for selective culture of dermatophytes – fungi that cause skin,
hair and nail infections
• Brain heart infusion agar
• Primary recovery of all fungi
• Can inhibit bacterial growth by adding chloramphenicol and
cycloheximide
• Can add blood to agar to nurture systemic fungi
• Fungal cultures are incubated for 4 weeks at 30˚C
• Lower temperature than bacterial culture incubation [35˚C]
• If agar plates are used for fungal cultures the plates must be sealed
with air permeable tape to prevent spore dissemination from plates
7. What effect does Cycloheximide have
when added to media?
• Prevents rapidly growing environmental molds
from overgrowing pathogenic fungal species
• This is the good aspect of cycloheximide in media
• Beware: it is not all good, it can suppress
important fungi from growing. Inhibited fungi
include:
• Trichosporon beigelii
• Candida tropicalis
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Yeast phase of Blastomyces
• Yeast phase of Histoplasma
8. • Inoculate fungal media with specimen
• Seal plates with tape to prevent culture
contamination and escape of fungal spores
• Incubate at 30˚C for 4 wk
• If growth occurs - perform proper identification methods:
Yeast identification methods
Manual and automated biochemical reactions capable of
identifying most but not all yeast species.
Newer methods (1) Mass spectrometry – MALDI-TOF and
(2) 16 sRNA sequencing are more precise methods with
the expanding taxonomy of yeast species.
Processing of Fungal Cultures
9. Lactophenol cotton blue [LCB] adhesive tape preparation is
standard method used for mold identification.
The LCB mounting medium consists of phenol, lactic acid,
glycerol and aniline cotton blue dye.
Clear adhesive tape touches a mold colony, picking
up fungal hyphae and pressed into one drop of LCB
on a microscope slide.
Newer (better methods) for
unusual molds:
MALDI-TOF
16sRNA sequencing
Mold Identification methods
10. Safety in the Mycology Laboratory
• If a culture is growing a mold, it cannot be opened on the
bench top
• All mold work must be performed in a BSL-2 biosafety
cabinet with Hepa filtration
• Yeast identification can be performed on the bench top
11. Direct Exams used to identify fungi directly
from patient specimens
• Gram stain – Most specimen types can be Gram
stained. Reliable detection of yeast
• KOH preparation – Skin, Hair or Nails examined for
both yeast and/or hyphae
• Calcofluor white stain – Most specimen types can
be stained and examined for yeast and/or hyphae
• India ink – Primarily used on CSF for the detection of
Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii
12. • Yeast cells stain blue [Gram positive].
• Examine stain for budding cells to confirm that it is a
yeast cell and not an artifact.
• You can also detect pseudo-hyphae on Gram stain.
• Mold can be difficult to detect on a Gram stain.
pseudohyphae
mold
pseudohyphae
Gram Stain
X100 oil immersion
13. •Detect yeast and/or pseudo-hyphae in skin, hair and
nail specimens using 40X light microscopy.
•KOH dissolves keratin found in cellular material
and freeing fungal hyphae and yeast cells.
•KOH exams can be difficult to interpret!
KOH – potassium hydroxide prep
14. • Yeast, pseudo-hyphae, and mycelial fungi will bind
with the Calcofluor white stain and fluoresce.
• Read using a fluorescence microscope (40X)
• More Sensitive and Specific than KOH preparation.
Calcofluor white stain
15. One drop of black ink is placed
into one drop of CSF
On microscope slide - examined
using light microscope (40X)
It is a “negative” stain – which
stains the background not the
yeast cell.
The clearing around the yeast is
due to the polysaccharide
capsule of Cryptococcus
neoformans and C. gattii.
India Ink
16. Grocott’s Methenamine Silver Stain [GMS] – yeast
and hyphae stain grey to black. Will stain living
and dead fungi
• Observe the width of the hyphae, presence of septations
and angle of branching.
• Observe the size and budding pattern of yeast.
• Observe on later slides how these oservations can assist
in identification.
Examination of fungi in fixed tissue
17. Positive staining hyphae will appear magenta – will
also stain structures containing a high proportion
of carbohydrate macromolecules (glycogen,
glycoprotein, proteoglycans) Stains living fungi.
Periodic Acid Schiff [PAS]
18. Mucicarmine stains the polysaccharide capsule
pink for Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gatti.
Also stains mucin in fixed tissue.
Mucicarmine [Mucin] stain
21. What does Dimorphic mean?
• Depending on temperature and conditions of
environment one fungi demonstrates two forms
• Mycelial form - Hyphae and conidia (spores)
• Free living form in nature and laboratory temperature <=30˚C
• Yeast or yeast like form
• Parasitic phase found in human tissue or in the lab >= 35˚C
Histoplasma capsulatum – mold
Incubated at 30˚C
Histoplasma capsulatum – yeast
from tissue and 35˚C culture
23. Histoplasma capsulatum
• World wide distribution / In USA considered
endemic in Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi River
valleys
• Environmental source: Bat guano (Spelunker =
cave explorers) and bird droppings
24. Histoplasmosis Disease
• 95% of infections are subclinical
• 5% infections:
• Progressive pulmonary
• Chronic systemic infection with dissemination to the RES
system including bone marrow
• Acute fulminating systemic disease (fatal)
• Reactivation disease can occur in elderly and
immunosuppressed (AIDS is a good example)
• Bone marrow exam is useful in diagnosing disseminated
infections
• Mucocutaneous lesions are a unique &
common site of dissemination
25. Histoplasma capsulatum - Yeast
Intracellular within macrophages
Small 2 – 4 um, regular in size, and oval to round.
Do not have a capsule, it is a staining artifact.
H & E stain GMS
26. H & E PAS
Gram Wright’s
Histoplasma will stain with a variety of stains
27. Histoplasma rapid diagnosis
• Antigen detection in urine
• Quantitative Enzyme immunoassay
• Random urine specimen
• Most sensitive for disseminated infection and
chronic pulmonary disease
• Antigen is detectable in >=85% of these infections
• Good for diagnosis of immune suppressed patients
that do not produce a detectable antibody response
• Antibody tests are available but have been replaced
mostly by Antigen detection
28. Histoplasma
capsulatum
• Culture incubated at 30˚C
• Requires 2 – 8 weeks to grow
• Colony - white to brown and cottony
• Microscopic appearance – tuberculated macroconidia
that are large and round (8 – 16 µM) and small
microconidia (2 - 4µM)
• Microconidia are the infectious particle growing in
nature and capable of penetrating deep into the lung
• DNA probe necessary to confirm identification
• Sepedonium species looks somewhat like Histoplasma
usually a contaminate. It is not dimorphic.
30. Histoplasma capsulatum in tissue
• Granulomas are usually produced –
caseating or non-caseating
• Infection usually begins by breathing in the
microconidia and infecting the Lung
• Infection disseminates to organs of the
Reticuloendothelial System (RES) – with high % of
dissemination to the Bone Marrow
• Intracellular budding yeast (2 – 4 µM) are seen in
all tissues
31. Leishmania species
Note small round
kinetoplast next to nucleus
Toxoplasma
Histoplasma capsulatum
Beware of look alike organisms
in tissue specimens!!
32. The mold phase of H capsulatum var. duboisii is identical to
H. capsulatum.
The difference is the size of the yeast cells: Note yeast cell is
8 – 10 uM which is 2X the size of H. capsulatum yeast cell.
H. capsulatum var duboisii disease
is found in Central Africa – differs
from H. capsulatum with primary
infection in skin and bone
Unusual variant of H. capsulatum
33. Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Epidemiology
• Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
• No association with specific animal or activity
• Forrest and river banks?
• Primarily a pulmonary infection which may
disseminate primarily to the skin and bone
• Well demarcated skin lesions are
often seen in disseminated
Blastomycosis.
• Skin lesions are full of yeast cells.
34. Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Culture at 30˚C
• Grows in 2- 3 weeks
• Fluffy white – buff colored mold, prickly
• Pear shaped conidia at the end of supporting
hyphae – looks like lollipops
• Look alike fungus – Chrysosporium species
• Do DNA probe test to confirm identification
Blastomyces
Chrysosporium
35. • Slow growing yeast colony (4 weeks to
form a colony)
• Yeast cell is 8 – 20 um in size
• Unique Broad Based Budding pattern and
the double contoured wall.
Blastomyces culture at 35° C
Broad based bud
37. Coccidioides immitis
• Endemic in SW USA, Mexico,
South America, in areas known as the
Sonoran life zone/ warm and desert sands
• Infection is from inhalation of fungal
particles found in the sand
• New: Coccidioides posadasii is genetically
related to C. immitis. These two species are
located in different endemic regions, but
produce the same disease process
Coccidioidomycosis
38. Coccidioidomycosis
• 95% of infections are asymptomatic or with limited
symptoms
• The remaining 5% are focal pulmonary, progressive
pulmonary or disseminated infections.
• Dissemination to the central nervous system carries a high
fatality rate.
• Higher incidence of dissemination occurs in patients with:
• defects in cell mediated immunity (HIV),
• darker skinned ethnic groups,
• pregnancy
39. Coccidioides immitis [posadasii]
• Culture at 30˚C
• Requires 2 – 3 days to grow, colony starts waxy and
becomes wooly in around 7 – 10 days
• Under the microscope (40X) one observes foci with
septate hyphae with thick walled barrel shaped
arthroconidia - clear spaces in-between. The clear
spaces are dead arthroconidia.
• Arthroconidia are the infectious particle in nature
• Culture is very infectious to laboratory personnel
40. Coccidioides 30°C Culture
• Malbranchea species mimics C. immitis/posadasii under
the microscope
• Because of look-a-like fungi, one needs to confirm
identification of Coccidioides immitis/posadasii with DNA
probe (molecular) or similar method to be accurate
Coccidioides Malbranchea
41. Culture at 30*C and 35*C produce hyphae with barrel shaped
alternating arthroconidia.
There is no yeast phase for C. immitis [posadasii]
No yeast phase with Coccidioides!
42. Coccidioides Histopathology
• Thick walled spherules (10 – 80 uM) with endospores
are seen in tissue. This is the second form of Cocci.
No yeast cells are produced in tissue.
• Spherules are in all stages of development-
fragmented spherules to well formed with endospores
• Granulomatous inflammation with caseation is usually
observed
44. Rhinosporidium seeberi (aquatic parasite) forms spherules
but much larger than those of Cocci. Rhinosporidium
spherules are usually > 80 uM in size. Also R. seeberi
usually cause only oral or nasal mass lesions
Oral or nasal mass lesions
of Rhinosporidium seeberi
Coccidioides
spherules
Coccidioides is not the only spherule
forming organism!
45. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
• South American Blastomycosis –
endemic area Brazil, Venezuela, Columbia
• Inhale infectious particle from soil
• >95% of infections in males, possibly due to
estrogen inhibition of mycelial to yeast
transformation
• Disease presentation:
1. Pneumonia
2. Disseminated infection to 2 or more organs
3. Extrapulmonary lesions on the face and oral mucosa
46. Paracoccidioides
• Cultures at 30°C for mycelial phase are usually
not performed - due to slow growth and nonspecific
sporulation
• Culture @ 37˚C
• Slow growing yeast
• Large yeast (10 – 30uM) with multiple daughter buds
(2 – 10 uM) in size
• Unique budding yeast cell known as the Mariner’s wheel or
Pilot’s wheel yeast
47. Tissue Exam of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
• If more than 2 buds off mother yeast cell –
High likelihood it is Paracoccidioides
• Granulomatous inflammation with Giant
Cells formed in tissue
48. Sporothrix schenckii
• Sporotrichosis
• Cutaneous inoculation of fungus from penetrating injury with a
spore or thorn (rose bush)
• Begins as single skin lesion w/wo ulceration
• Lesion can progress to many lesions and lymphocutaneous
spread, possibly to bone and other organs
• Pulmonary and CNS infections are rare but reported
49. Sporothrix
schenckii
• 30*˚C culture grows in 3 -5 days as mold
• Beige colony/ turns brown to black over time
• Septate hyphae with conidia in daisy
wheel pattern
• 37˚C culture small oval yeast cells,
elongated 2 – 5 µM, described as cigar bodies
50. Sporothrix schenckii Histology
• Pyogenic to granulomatous inflammation
• Hard to find yeast cells in human tissue
• More commonly an Asteroid body known as Splendore-
Hoeppli phenomenon can be seen, but this is not specific
to Sporothrix, also seen in:
• Zygomycetes (Mucorales)
• Aspergillus
• Blastomycosis
• Candida
52. Green colony with red diffusable pigment
grows in 2 – 3 days at 30 C°
Uncommon dimorphic fungus – yeast like cells
produced in tissue
Only dimorphic species of Penicillium
Diseases: skin lesions in tropics and
Pneumonia or systemic disease in advanced
HIV
Penicillium (Talaromyces) marneffei
55. Subcutaneous Fungal Infections
Most common will be described
• Mycetoma [2 types]
• Actinomycotic – caused by higher bacteria
• Eumycotic – caused by dark pigmented molds
• Chromomycosis [Chromoblastomycosis]
• Phaeohyphomycosis
• Sporotrichosis
56. Mycetoma
• First observed in India and known
as Madura Foot or Maduromycosis
• Found in the hot temperate parts of
the world
• Three criteria define Mycetoma:
-Traumatic lesion leads to swollen extremity
-Draining sinuses evolve
-Sulfur granules observed in tissue and found in the
weeping drainage from sinus tract
• Fungus grows on organic debris in soil
• Implanted into subcutaneous tissue from trauma
57. Swollen extremity with draining sinuses that
drain sulfur granules
Sulfur Granule
Mycetoma
58. Actinomycotic Mycetoma
There are two types of Mycetoma:
1. Actinomycotic – caused by higher bacteria species
2. Eumycotic – caused by black molds
• Actinomycotic Mycetoma
• 98% of cases
• Nocardia species most common agent
• Sulfur granules formed in tissue. The granules vary in color
based on Nocardia species and contain a matrix of the
filamentous bacteria
59. Edge of granule has thin filamentous bacteria: How can
you tell if it is Nocardia?
Nocardia is modified acid fast [PAF] positive and is an
aerobic bacteria. Actinomyces is PAF negative and grows
anaerobically.
Beware! Sulfur granule caused
by Actinomyces israelii looks
identical to one formed by
Nocardia.
Actinomycotic sulfur granule
60. Gram stain = filamentous Gram positive bacilli
can be poorly staining and appear speckled.
Positive [red] on the Modified Kinyoun acid fast stain.
Modified acid-fast stain
[modified Kinyoun stain]
Gram stain of sputum
Nocardia
61. Grows in 3 – 5 days on agar media
[Sabs, 5% Sheep’s blood agar]
Colony is dry/crumbly - Musty smell
Total of 85 species:
Nocardia asteroides most common
Therapy: Trimethoprim/Sulfa
Identification by Maldi-TOF
or 16s rRNA gene
sequencing
Nocardia species – Mycetoma, Pulmonary
and Brain infections
62. Thermoactinomycetes
Gram positive filamentous rods – related to Nocardia
• Thermoactinomyces and Saccharopolyspora
• Flourish in areas of high humidity and high temperatures (40-60*C)
• Grow in agricultural environments – like stacks of hay
• Farmer’s lung – hypersensitivity pneumonitis or extrinsic
allergic alveolitis, occupational disease
• Immunologically medicated inflammatory disease of the lung
• Inhalation exposure to the thermophilic actinomycetes
• Diagnosis
• Detailed environmental history
• Serology testing
63. Eumycotic mycetoma
Caused by pigmented/black fungi due to melanin
-Numerous species found in soil
-2% of cases of mycetoma
-Traumatic implantation implants the mold into
the subcutaneous tissue
-Most common black molds include:
Cladophialophora (Cladosporium) carrionii
Cladophialophora bantiana
Phialophora verrucosa
Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Exophiala species
Wangiella species
65. Chromomycosis/Chromoblastomycosis
• Three characteristics:
• Wart like lesions in subcutaneous tissue
• Sclerotic bodies observed in tissue
• Growth of dark/pigmented fungi
• Black mold naturally found in the soil cause
infection through abrasion/ implantation
• Black molds that can cause Chromomycosis:
• Cladophialophora [Cladosporium] carrionii
• C. bantiana
• Phialophora verrucosa
• Fonsecaea pedrosoi
• Exophiala species
• Wangiella species
67. Prototheca wickerhamii – the cause of Protothecosis
• Algae without chlorophyll
• Causes skin lesions & nodules
• Most common in patients with suppressed immune
system
• Compare morula of Protothecosis to sclerotic body of
Chromomycoses
68. Phaeohyphomycosis
Traumatic implantation of dark fungi into subcutaneous
tissue
• Variety of infections but nodules/lesions most common
with/without dissemination
• Dark hyphae observed in tissue
69. Black mold also known as
Dematiaceous mold
-Black colored colonies and the
reverse [underside of colony] is also
black
-Natural-colored brown hyphae and
spores (melanin)
-One of the common molds that grow
due to water damage!
70. Black Molds – Dematiaceous fungi
• Black colonies
• Brown hyphae and spores (melanin)
• Numerous species
• Difficult to identify
• All have one of four types of sporulation
• Rhinocladiella-like
• Cladosporium-like
• Phialophora-like
• Acrotheca-like
Rhinocladiella Cladosporium
Phialophora Acrotheca
71. Exophiala species
Black Molds cause
Mycetoma/Chromomycosis/Phaeohyphomycosis plus
sinusitis, pulmonary, brain, and disseminated infections.
These fungi are difficult to identify using only
morphology – require sequencing/MALDI for speciation
Cladophialophora bantiana -
Brain infections
75. Curvularia lunata
Center cell is the largest
Opportunistic fungal pathogen
Reported in Bone Marrow
Transplantation and Aplastic anemia
Can cause unusual erythematous skin lesions
76. Exserohilum rostrum
• Outbreak associated with compounded pharmaceutical
[steroid] products contaminated with dust/dirt
• Used for infections into lumbar spine and knee joints for
pain management and led to infections:
• Meningitis
• Spinal abscess
• Synovial infections
77. Scedosporium apiospermum/Pseudallescheria boydii
Cat fur-like colony/growth in 3 – 5 days, lollipop like spores
Opportunistic pulmonary pathogen. Can be difficult to
distinguish from Aspergillus in fixed tissue stains.
79. Candida species
• Candida species (@ 10 infect humans)
• Yeast are normal flora in GI, GU and skin
• Opportunistic pathogen involving skin or mucous
membranes from excessive exposure to moisture,
antibiotics, or immune suppression
• Thrush, vaginitis, skin lesions, nail, diaper rash
• Also can cause more serious infections such as
fungemia, endocarditis, and systemic tissue
infection.
80. Candida species
• Candida albicans – most common species causing @
60% of human yeast infections
• Candida glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis are causing
higher % of infections than in the past
• Fluconazole is a very useful oral and IV anti-fungal
• These 3 species are more likely to be resistant to Fluconazole
• New species Candida auris – outbreaks in hospitals,
intrinsically resistant to most anti-fungals
• Candida parapsilosis has emerged as a pathogen of
children and common in IV line infections (forms biofilms
on plastics)
• C.parapsilosis is susceptible to fluconazole.
81. Candida species
• Grow in 24 – 48 hours 30-35*C
• Many agars: SABS, IMA, Blood agar
• Bacteria-like colony – pasty white
• Budding yeast – oval @ 7-8 um in size**
• Form pseudohyphae not true hyphae (Yeast do not
detach and form elongated hyhae)
• Identify using biochemical rxn, MALDI, or Sequencing
• Exception: **Candida glabrata is only Candida species
@ 4 µM in size and does NOT form pseudohyphae – this
species breaks all the Candida rules
pseudohyphae
82. Candida albicans
Identification
• Germ tube formation
• Incubate small amount of yeast in serum for 3-4hrs at 35 ˚C
• If incubate >4 hrs – C. tropicalis will also form germ tubes
• C. dubliniensis is also positive
• Specific ID from biochemical reactions, MALDI-TOF or
Sequencing
• Chlamydospore formation
• Growth on cornmeal agar at 48 hrs
• Rudimentary structures unique to
C. albicans
chlamydospore
83. ChromAgar for the
identification of Candida
using chromogenic
substrates.
The unique colors can
identify 4 yeast species.
Yeast with pseudohyphae
84. Candida Histopathology
• Pyogenic to granulomatous
• Usually observe yeast cells (8 um), pseudohyphae and/or hyphae-
like structures
• Candida glabrata = smaller yeast cells (4 um) and absence of
pseudohyphae
GMS stain of Candida glabrataCandida species not
glabrata
85. Cryptococcus
neoformans
• In nature forms a 2um non-encapsulated yeast cell.
• Associated with bird droppings (esp. pigeon).
C neoformans is enriched by the nitrogen in the
heaped droppings.
• Non-encapsulated yeast cells are inhaled – travel
through the pulmonary system with hematogenous
spread to brain and meninges
• Tropism to the meninges
• Infects mostly compromised hosts – one of the major
AIDS defining infections
86. Cryptococcus gattii – a close relative of C. neoformans
• Isolated from forested area of the Pacific Northwest
(British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California)
found in soil debris and tree species
• Infection of normal and immune suppressed hosts
• Primarily a pulmonary disease [Cryptococcoma] but can
develop meningitis like C. neoformans
• Culture, biochemical & staining identical to C. neoformans
• Defining reactions –
• L Canavanine glycine bromthymol blue medium –
C. gatti = blue C. neoformans = colorless
MALDI-TOF will also ID both species
87. Cryptococcus neoformans
and C. gattii
• Irregularly sized yeast cells (2 – 20 um)
• Polysaccharide capsule is the primary virulence factor
• Polysaccharide capsule is detected in diagnostic testing:
• India ink exam- CSF placed in one drop of black ink. It is a
negative staining method – background is stained not the
capsule
• Sensitive test for AIDS patients (90% sensitive)
• Cryptococcal antigen test – Titer of capsular polysaccharide
detected in either CSF or serum
• More sensitive than India ink for all patient groups
• Test for diagnosis or can follow recovery with falling titer
• Grows on mycologic agars / sensitive to cycloheximide –
• Mucoid colonies due to capsule polysaccharide formation
• Urease enzyme + Inositol assimilation +
• Brown colonies produced on bird seed agar
89. Positive India Ink
Urea medium demonstrating urease
enzyme activity of Cryptococcus
Observe
Budding cells
Variability in size
Positive
Mucoid colonies of
C. neoformans and
C. gattii
90. Mucicarmin stains the
capsular polysaccharide of
Cryptococcus Pneumocystis jiroveci (yeast like
fungus) could be confused with C.
neoformans – Careful! Central nuclear
staining in pneumocystis
C. neoformans/ C. gattii –
no nuclear staining
Cryptococcus vs. Pneumocystis
Pneumocystis froth on H & E
91. Trichosporon
• T. asahii most common – 9 species
• Commonly inhabit the soil. Colonize the skin/
gastrointestinal tract of humans.
• Rectangular shaped yeast cells
• Cause of superficial infection - white piedra,
a distal infection of the hair shaft,
• Second most commonly reported cause of
disseminated yeast infections in humans
• Rare, even among patients with impaired host defenses:
• Corticosteroid use, solid tumors, HIV/AIDS, and intravascular
devices, including catheters and prosthetic heart valves
• Mortality 50 – 80%
93. Malassezia furfur
• Most superficial of the dermatomycoses
• Normal flora on the skin,
• More common on oily skin or high use of skin oils
• Diseases:
• Skin: macules, papules, patches, plaques on chest back
and shoulders with either hypo or hyper pigmentation –
does not invade into deeper tissues – known as
pityriasis versicolor
• Fungemia: caused by skin flora tunneling in with IV lipid
feeding lines (parenteral nutrition) – in neonates or rarely
adults
94. Malassezia furfur
• Lipophilic yeast – oil required for growth
• Media for isolation must contain oil or us an oil overlay
• Small budding yeast 2 – 4 µM with collarette (appears like
necklace at junction of mother and daughter yeast cell)
• In tissue described as “Spaghetti and Meatballs”
Spaghetti and meatballs
95. Size range for Yeast
• Candida glabrata/Histoplasma capsulatum/
M. furfur
• 2 – 4 um
• Candida species
• 8 – 10 um plus pseudohyphae
• Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii
• 2 – 20 um
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• 8-15 um
96. Dermatophytes – Ringworm infections
• Hair, skin and nail infections
• 3 genera of fungi
• Microsporum species (many)
• Epidermophyton floccosum
• Trichophyton species (many)
• Disease described by area of the body infected:
For example: tinea capitis (head), t. pedis (foot)
• Usually a clinical diagnosis not requiring culture
• KOH prep or Calcofluor white prep can be used to
visualize fungal hyphae from skin scrapings
97. Positive KOH prep
Showing thin septate
fungal hyphae
Calcofluor white stain
with fluorescence –
thin fungal hyphae
98. Microsporum canis
Ringworm acquired from dog and cat
White colony/ yellow on backside of colony
Tuberculate thick walled macroconidia [spiny
projections] Few if any microconidia
99. Microsporum gypseum – skin infection from
exposure to contaminated soil, sandy colored
colony, large macroconidia are produced.
102. Epidermophyton floccosum
Beaver tail large macroconidia – no microconidia
Khaki green colored colony – most often cause infections
in skin and nails.
104. Opportunistic Fungi - hyaline
• Hyaline – no color to the hyphae
• Regular septations (walls) in the hyphae
• Branching of hyphae in stains of fixed tissue –
angle of branching can be helpful in
identification
• Usually grow in 3 – 5 days at 35 or 30˚C
• ??? of species in the thousands– taxonomy
changing daily
105. Aspergillus species
• Hyphae - Hyaline with septations
• Numerous round conidia produced
• In tissue - Branching at 45 degree angle
• Usually pulmonary infection but can disseminate
• Invade vessels, cause thrombosis & infarctions
Septation
107. Aspergillus species
Four species most common in human infections:
1. Aspergillus fumigatus
2. Aspergillus flavus
3. Aspergillus niger
4. Aspergillus terreus – unique and important – intrinsic
resistance to Amphotericin B
Aspergillus Galactomannan Enzyme immunoassay –
detects circulating Aspergillus antigen in the blood
and/or bronchial lavage fluid
Low sensitivity and specificity
False positive reaction from therapy with Piperacillin/Tazobactam,
infection with Histoplasma capsulatum
111. Aspergillus terreus Sandy colored colony
Colorless conidia supported
by phialids headed upward
Aleurioconidia produced
Intrinsic resistance to
Amphotericin B
112. Aspergillus – fruiting head seldom seen in fixed
tissue usually only dichotomous (continuous) branching
septate hyphae which branch at a 45° angle
Can appear much like that
of Pseudallescheria boydii
(Scedosporium) Growth in
culture can differentiate the
two fungi.
113. Fusarium species –
Common in nature/plants
Disease related to immune
status of host
Infections reported:
Disseminated in bone marrow
transplants
Corneal infections in contact lens
wearers
117. Mucormycosis/Zygomycosis
• Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
• Infections in diabetics, the elevated glucose
enriches fungal growth
• Sinus – orbit of eye - brain
• Sinus and pulmonary infection in the immune
suppressed host
• Broad, hyaline, aseptate hyphae produced
• Cultures grow in 24 hrs, producing coarse aerial
hyphae
• Mince infected tissue and place on agar
• Do not grind tissue – grinding will kill the
aseptate hyphae
118. Order Mucorales – coarse, aerial hyphae
after 24 hours on SABS agar at 30˚C