Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. Direct Fluorescent antibody (DFA) stain
Collect cells from base of fresh vesicular lesion
Stain with DFA specific for HSV and/or VZV
Look for fluorescent cells (virus infected) using fluorescence microscope
More sensitive & specific method than Tzanck prep (DFA 80% vs. Tzanck
50%)
Tzanck prep= Giemsa stained cells from lesion -/examine for
multinucleated giant cells of Herpes
Tzanck
Tzanck
DFA
4. • Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) –
Antigen/antibody complex formed – then bound to a color
producing substrate
Used most often for:
Detection of non culturable viruses like Rotavirus
Point of Care: Influenza A /B , & Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Membrane lateral flow EIA Liquid/well EIA
5. • Inner tube wall of tube coated with monolayer of cells in liquid
growth media
• Three types of cell lines:
Primary cell lines – direct from animal or human organ into culture tube ,
will only survive one subculture
Rhesus monkey kidney-RMK
Diploid – semi continuous cell lines– Can survive 20 – 50 subcultures into
new vials –
Human diploid fibroblast cells,
Example: MRC-5-Microbiology Research Council 5
Continuous cell lines – survive continuous passage into new vials,
Tumor lineages, HEp-2 and HeLa
6. Patient specimens inoculated into cell culture tubes, incubated,
then read under light microscopy for “Cytopathic effect” – the
effect the virus has on the cell monolayer
• The pattern of destruction of the cell monolayer is specific for
each virus type
7. Spin Down Shell Vial Culture –
•Speed up viral cell culture
•Cell monolayer is on a coverslip
•Specimen inoculated into vial with coverslip
•Centrifuge vial to induce virus invasion into cells
•Incubate @ 35C, 24-72 hours
•Direct fluorescent antibody stain of cells – target early virus
antigens (those first formed )
Cover slip
8. Molecular Amplification (for DNA or RNA)
• Rapid/Sensitive/Specific for numerous viruses
• Exceeds sensitivity of culture/ Standard of Practice for:
Respiratory viruses
Meningitis/Encephalitis
Lesions - HSV
• Tests of diagnosis not cure – can continue to shed residual
virus for 7 – 30 days after initial positive test
Molecular quantitative assays
• CMV - Quantitative assays in transplant patients
• Hepatitis B and C detection and viral load
• HIV viral load
9. Viral transport media (VTM) - Hanks balanced salt
solution with antibiotics, cell protective
• Also known as Universal Transport Media (UTM)
• Transport of lesions, mucous membranes, nasal & throat
specimens collected with swab
Short term transport storage 4˚C
Long term transport(>72hours) storage -70˚C
VTM specimens filtered (45nm filter) to eliminate
bacteria in specimen prior to being placed onto cell
monolayer
10.
11. Double stranded DNA virus
Eight human Herpes viruses
• Herpes simplex 1
• Herpes simplex 2
• Varicella Zoster
• Epstein Barr
• Cytomegalovirus
• Human Herpes 6, 7, and 8
Latency (hallmark of Herpes viruses) occurs within small
numbers of specific kinds of cells, the cell type is different
for each Herpes virus
13. Herpes simplex 1 & 2
• Produce CPE within 24-48 hrs
• Human diploid fibroblast (MRC-5)
• Observe for characteristic CPE
Negative
fibroblast
Cell line
HSV CPE – cell
rounding starting on the
edge of the monolayer.
Histology/Cytology
Multinucleated Giant Cells
Cannot Differentiate from VZV
Molecular Amplification
Serology – best for past
infections
14. Transmission: close contact
Latency: dorsal root ganglia
Diseases:
• Chickenpox (varicella)
• Shingles (zoster – latent infection)
Serious disease in adults and immune suppressed with
progression to pneumonia and/or encephalitis
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome – facial nerve / facial paralysis
Histology – multi-nucleated giant cells
Serology useful for immune status check
Cell culture – growth 5-7 days, fibroblasts
Sandpaper like appearance with rounded cells
Amplification useful for disease diagnosis
Effective vaccine has lowered the incidence of VZV in
children
15. Transmitted by blood transfusion , vertical and horizontal
transmission to fetus, or close contact
Latency: Macrophages
Disease: Infection asymptomatic in most
• Congenital – most common cause of TORCH
• Perinatal
• Immunocompromised – 1° disease most serious
Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Cell culture CPE (Human diploid fibroblast)
• PCR and quantitative PCR (best method)
Due to persistent shedding - do quantitative PCR
to detect high viral loads, most consistent
with ongoing infection
• Histopathology – Intranuclear and
intracytoplasmic inclusions (Owl eye)
Treatment: ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir
16. Transmission - close contact, saliva
Latency - B lymphocytes –
• cell receptor CD21
Diseases include:
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Lymphoreticular disease
• Oral hairy leukoplakia
• Burkitt’s lymphoma
• Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
• 1/3 Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Will not grow in cell culture
Serology – Heterophile antibody – patient serum reacts
with horse and cattle rbcs (Monospot test)
PCR techniques developed
EBV infection with B cell
transformation
17. VCA IgM VCA IgG EBNA-1 IgG
Negative Negative Negative No immunity
Positive Negative Negative Acute infection
Positive Positive Negative Acute infection
Negative Positive Positive Past infection
Negative Positive Negative Acute or past infection
Positive Positive Positive Late primary infection
Negative Negative Positive Past infection
VCA = viral capsid antibody
Serologic Diagnosis of EBV
19. DNA - non enveloped/ icosahedral virus
Latent: lymphoid tissue
Transmission: Respiratory and fecal-oral route
Diseases:
• Pharyngitis (year round epidemics)
• Pneumonia
• Gastroenteritis in children
Adenovirus types 40 & 41
• Kerato-conjunctivitis – red eyes for @ 2 weeks
• Disseminated infection in transplant patients
• Hemorrhagic cystitis in immune suppressed
20. Diagnosis
• Cell culture (CPE)
• Amplification (PCR)* superior for respiratory infection
• Stool antigen detection by EIA (40/41 strains)
• Supportive treatment only – no specific viral therapy
• Histology - Intranuclear inclusions / smudge cells – membranes become
blurred
Round cells 2 – 5 days
with Stranding – HeLA
or Hep-2 cells
21. DNA virus - humans only
Parvovirus B19
• Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease) – headache rash and
cold-like symptoms in the child
• Hydrops fetalis - in pregnant, infection in 1st
trimester, leading
to miscarriage
• Aplastic crisis in pre-existing bone marrow stress
• Chronic hemolytic anemia HIV/AIDS
• Arthritis and Arthralgias
• Histology - virus infects
mitotically active erythroid
precursor cells in bone marrow
• Molecular and Serologic methods
to aid diagnosis
Slapped face appearance
of fifth disease
22. Diseases:
Skin and anogenital warts,
Benign head and neck tumors,
Cervical and anal intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer
HPV types 16, 18, & 45 = 94% Cervical CA
HPV types 6 and 11 = 90% Genital warts
Pap Smear
PCR – Detection with typing of many HPV types
Guidelines suggest both PAP and HPV PCR for women
30 - 65 years of age / 5 years
Three vaccines - 1°to guard against HPV 6,11,16,18
Pap smear
23. • JC virus [John Cunningham]
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy -
PML -Encephalitis of immune suppressed
Destroys oligodendrocytes in brain
• BK virus
Causes latent virus infection in kidney
Progression due to immune suppression
Hemorrhagic cystitis
• Histology
• PCR to aid diagnosis
Giant Glial Cells of JCV
24. Enveloped DNA virus
Spectrum of the Hepatitis B symptomatology
• Acute phase - disease varies from subclinical hepatitis to
icteric hepatitis fulminant, acute, and subacute hepatitis
• Chronic phase - chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during the chronic phase
• Vaccinate to prevent
• Therapies available to treat
• PCR and Serology for diagnosis
25. Surface Antigen Positive
• Active Hepatitis B or Chronic Carrier, if detected
Do Hep B Quantitation
Do Hep e antigen – if positive, Chronic carrier and worse
prognosis
Core Antibody Positive
• Immune due to prior infection, acute infection or chronic
carrier
Surface Antibody Positive
• Immune due to prior infection
or vaccine
26. Parenteral transmission - drug abuse, blood products or organ
transplants (prior to 1992), poorly sterilized medical
equipment, sexual
Effects humans and chimpanzees
Approx 3.2 mil persons in US have chronic HepC
Seven major genotypes (1-7)
• Acute self limited disease that progresses to a disease that
mainly affects the liver
• Type 1 virus most common in USA
• Infection persists in @ 75-85%/ no symptoms
• 5 - 20 % develop cirrhosis
• 1-5 % associated with hepatocellular CA
Can lead to liver transplantation
27. Diagnosis:
• Hepatitis C antibody test
If Hep C antibody detected perform
RNA quantitative assay for viral load
Genotype of virus for proper therapy
selection/duration
Assessment of liver disease - ? cirrhosis
No vaccine available
Antivirals currently FDA cleared that can cure >=
85% of patients infected with Hepatitis C
28. •Dengue – “breakbone fever”
•Vector Aedes mosquito / Asia and the Pacific
•Disease
Fever, severe joint pain, rash
Small % progress to hemorrhagic fever
•Serology -IgM for acute infection
Zika virus
•Vector: Aedes mosquito
•2016 outbreak began in South America (Brazil) and spread to central America,
Caribbean and US (Miami)
•Clinically a milder disease than Dengue in most adults
•Neurologic tropism
Microcephaly in fetuses borne to infected moms
Potential developmental issues in infected children
Guillain- Barre syndrome
•Diagnosis: Serum antibody IgM / PCR serum, urine, amniotic fluid and CSF
29. Yellow fever
Vector – Aedes aegypti
Most cases mild with 3-4 days fever, headache, chills,
back pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting
15% cases toxic phase with jaundice due to liver
damage, hemorrhagic issues, with 20 – 50% fatality rate
Diagnosis confirmed by serum PCR
Outbreaks possible when large numbers of infected
mosquitoes are introduced into a heavily populated
area, endemic in Africa, Central and South America
• Large outbreak in Brazil 2018
No specific anti-viral drugs
Vaccine – life long immunity
30. • West Nile
Vector Aedes and Culex mosquito
Common across the US
Bird primary reservoir, horses at risk
Disease
80% asymptomatic
Fever, Headache, Muscle weakness
Small % progress to encephalitis, meningitis, flaccid
paralysis
Serology and PCR, molecular testing for West Nile has low
sensitivity, both are necessary
Cross reactions occur in serologic testing for Dengue, Zika and
West Nile virus, present diagnostic problems
31. Powassan (POW) virus
Transmitted to humans by infected ticks (Ixodes)
Approximately 100 cases of POW virus disease were reported in the
United States over the past 10 years.
• Most cases have occurred in the Northeast and Great Lakes region
Fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, seizures, and memory
loss, can cause significant swelling in the brain
Long-term neurologic problems may occur.
There is no specific treatment
32. Chikungunya virus
Vector Aedes mosquito
Origin in Asia and African continents with recent migration to the
Caribbean and SE USA
Acute febrile illness with rash followed by extreme joint pain,
No hemorrhagic phase
When screening for ZIKA – need to rule out infection with Dengue and
Chikungunya. Similar diseases with very different sequelae
33. >20 outbreaks since discovery in 1976
• Most recent Dec 2013 - West Africa
• Prolonged outbreak due to area effected had high
population with limited medical resources
Transmission direct contact with bodily fluids – fatality
rate 55%
• Animal reservoir (?) fruit bats
Asymptomatic not contagious
Fever, weakness, myalgia, headache, travel history
• Also consider malaria and typhoid in the differential
Susceptible to hospital disinfectants
Testing (EIA, PCR) at CDC – positive >= 4 days of
illness
Level A agent of Bioterrorism
34. SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome –
Outbreak in China 2003 – spread to 29 countries
Dry cough and/or shortness of breath with development of
pneumonia by day 7-10 of illness Lymphopenia in most cases
Laboratory testing public health laboratories (CDC) -antibody
testing enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and PCR tests for respiratory,
blood, and stool specimens.
• MERS - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
• Arabian peninsula (2012)
• Direct contact with infected camels
• Close human to human contact can spread infection –
no outbreaks – 30% fatality rate respiratory failure
• Fever, rhinorrhea, cough, malaise followed by shortness of breath
35.
36. Diverse group of > 60 viruses – SS RNA
• Infections occur most often in summer and fall
• Polio virus - paralysis
Salk vaccine Inactive Polio Vaccine (IPV)** recommended
• Coxsackie A – Herpangina – vesicular oral lesions
• Coxsackie B – Pericarditis/Myocarditis
• Enterovirus – Aseptic meningitis in children, hemorrhagic
conjunctivitis, Acute flaccid myelitis EV-D68
• Echovirus – various infections, intestine
• Rhinoviruses – common cold
Grow in cell culture * 5-7 days
• Teardrop or kite like cells formed
PCR superior for diagnosis
37. Fecal – oral transmission, contaminated food or person to person
Traveler’s disease
Recent outbreaks in homeless populations without adequate
sanitary facilities
80% develop symptoms – jaundice & elevated aminotransferases
Usually – short incubation (15- 50 days), abrupt onset, low
mortality, no carrier state
Diagnosis – serology, IgM positive in early infection to differ from
other Hepatitis viruses
Antibody is protective and lasts for life
Vaccine available
38. Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase are glycoprotein spikes on
outside of viral capsid
• Gives Influenza A the H and N designations – such as H1N1 and
H3N2
Antigenic drift - minor change in the amino acids of either the H
or N glycoprotein
Cross antibody protection will still exist so an epidemic will
not occur
Antigenic shift - genome re assortment with a “new” virus
created/usually from a bird or animal/ this could create a potential
pandemic
H5N1 = Avian Influenza
H1N1 = 2009 Influenza A
39. Disease: fever, malaise …. Death from respiratory complications or
secondary bacterial infection
Yearly H and N types dominate, most recently H1N1 and H3N2
Diagnosis
• Cell culture obsolete [RMK]
• Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) lateral flow membrane can be used in point of
care testing
• Amplification (PCR) gold standard for detection
Treatment: Amantadine and Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)
• Seasonal variation in susceptibility but Tamiflu sensitive currently
Influenza B
• Milder form of Influenza like illness
• Usually <=10% of cases /year
Vaccinate – Trivalent vaccine -2 A viruses/1 B virus
40. Disease
• Fever, Rash, Dry Cough, Runny Nose, Sore throat,
inflamed eyes (photosensitive)
Can invade lung
• Respiratory spread - very contagious
• Koplik’s spot – bluish discoloration inner
lining of the cheek is pathognomonic
• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis [SSPE]
Rare chronic degenerative neurological disease
Persistent infection with a mutated measles virus,
due to mutated virus there is total lack of an
immune response
Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms, PCR nasal or throat is best,
IgM serology can have false positive reactions
Vaccinate – MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine
Treatment: Not specific, Immune globulin, vitamin A
H and E stain/ lung
41. Types 1,2,3, and 4
Person to person spread
Disease:
• Upper respiratory tract infection in adults and
children with fever, runny nose and cough
• Lower respiratory tract infection - Croup,
bronchiolitis and pneumonia more likely in
children, elderly and immune suppressed
PCR** methods standard of practice
Supportive therapy
42. Person to person contact
Parotitis, other sites less common:
Testes/ovaries, Eye, Inner ear, CNS
Diagnosis: clinical symptoms and
serologic tests
Prevention: MMR vaccine
No specific therapy, supportive
43. Respiratory disease - common cold to pneumonia, bronchiolitis to
croup, serious disease in infants and immune suppressed
• Classic disease: Young infant with bronchiolitis
Transmission by contact and respiratory droplet
Diagnosis: EIA (point of care), cell culture (heteroploid,
continuous cell lines), PCR is gold standard**, and lung biopsy
Treatment: Supportive, ribavirin
Classic CPE =
Syncytium formation
heteroploid cell line
Syncytium formation
In lung tissue
44. 1st
discovered in 2001 – community acquired respiratory
tract disease in winter
• 95% of cases in children <6 years of age
• Upper respiratory tract disease
• Lower respiratory tract disease –
2nd
only to RSV in the cause of bronchiolitis
Will not grow in cell culture
Amplification (PCR) for detection
Treatment: Supportive
45. Winter - spring seasonality
• Gastroenteritis with vomiting and fluid loss – most common
cause of severe diarrhea in children 6m – 2 yrs
• Fecal – oral spread
Major cause of childhood death in 3rd
world countries
Diagnosis – cannot grow in cell culture
• Enzyme immunoassay, PCR
Vaccine available
Rota = Wheel
EM Pix
46. Spread by contaminated food and water, feces & vomitus – takes
<=20 virus particles to spread infection – so highly contagious
Tagged the “Cruise line virus” – numerous reported food borne
outbreaks aboard cruise liners
Leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis – worldwide on land or
sea
• Fluid loss from vomiting can be debilitating
Disease course usually limited, 24-48 hours
PCR for diagnosis
• Cannot be grown in cell culture
47. CD4 primary receptor site
for entry of HIV into the lymphocyte
Reverse transcriptase enzyme
converts genomic RNA into DNA
Transmission - sexual, blood and blood product exposure, perinatal
Non infectious complications:
• Lymphoma, KS, Anal cell CA, non Hodgkins Lymphoma
Infectious complications:
• Pneumocystis, Cryptococcal meningitis, TB and Mycobacterium
avium complex, Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, STD’s , Hepatitis
B and C
48. Antibody EIA with Western Blot confirmation (old way)
Positive tests must be confirmed with a Western blot test
Western blot detects gp160/gp120 (envelope proteins), p 24 (core), and
p41(reverse transcriptase)
Must have at least 2 solid bands on Western blot to confirm as a positive
result
New test - Antigen/antibody combination (4th generation) immunoassay* that
detects IgG and IgM HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and HIV-1 p24 antigen to screen
for established and acute infection
Detects infection earlier @ 2- 4 weeks
Positive patients require additional testing:
HIV viral load quantitation >= 100 copies
Resistance Testing – report subtype to optimize therapy
Most isolates in USA type B
•Monitor CD4 counts for infection severity
50. Known as the “Three day measles” or German measles
Rash, low grade fever, cervical lymphadenopathy
Respiratory transmission
Congenital rubella –
• occurs in a developing fetus of a pregnant women
who has contracted Rubella, highest % (50%) in the
first trimester pregnancy
• Prior to Zika it was the neurotropic virus of the fetus
Deafness, eye abnormalities, congenital heart disease
Diagnosis - Serology in combination with clinical
symptoms
Live attenuated vaccine (MMR) to prevent
52. 1993 - Outbreak on Indian reservation in the four
corner states (NM,AZ,CO,UT) brought attention to
this virus
Source - urine and secretions of wild deer mouse
and cotton rat
Recent outbreak from transmission from pet rats to
humans/ Yosemite National Park cabins
Myalgia, headache, cough and respiratory failure
Found in states west of the Mississippi River
Diagnosis by serology
Supportive therapy
54. Variola virus – agent of Smallpox, eradicated in 1977
Vaccinia virus - active constituent in the Smallpox
vaccine, it is immunologically related to smallpox,
• Vaccinia can cause disease in the immune suppressed, which
prevents vaccination of this population
Disease begins as maculopapular rash
progresses to vesicular rash -
• all lesions in same stage of development in one body area – rash
moves from central body outward
Category A Bioterrorism agent
Requires BSL4 laboratory (self contained lab)
Reported to public health department for investigation
56. Worldwide in animal populations
• Bat and raccoons primary reservoir in US
• Dogs in 3rd
world countries
Post exposure shots PRIOR to the development of symptoms prevent infection
progression
Rabies is a neurologic disease – classic symptom is salivation, due to paralysis of
throat muscles
Detection of viral particles in the brain by Histologic staining known as Negri
bodies and detection of rabies genetic material by PCR in saliva
Public health department should be contacted to assist with diagnosis
Intracytoplasmi
Negri bodies
In brain biopsy
57. Rare, degenerative fatal brain disorder
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) name
established from the microscopic appearance of infected brain
Caused by type of protein - prion
Confirmation by brain biopsy
Safety – prevent transmission
• Universal Precautions
• Use disposable equipment
when possible
Spongiform change in the
Gray matter