The document summarizes the structure and reproduction of Agaricus, a saprophytic fungus commonly known as the white button mushroom. It has a vegetative mycelium that grows underground and produces a fruiting body above ground containing gills. The gills contain basidia that produce basidiospores for reproduction. Agaricus reproduces through three methods - vegetative reproduction by mycelium, asexual reproduction via chlamydospores, and sexual reproduction where two mycelial strains fuse and produce basidiospores in the fruiting bodies.
Puccinia is a genus of fungi that contains over 4000 species, including Puccinia graminis-tritici which causes the black stem rust disease in wheat. P. graminis-tritici is an obligate parasitic fungus that completes its life cycle on two living hosts - wheat and barberry. On wheat, it produces two types of spores, urediniospores and teleutospores. On barberry, it produces pycnial and aecial spores through sexual reproduction, allowing the fungus to spread from barberry back to wheat.
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
Polyporus is a genus of wood-rotting fungi that causes decay in trees. It has a vegetative mycelial stage that exists in two phases - a primary monokaryotic mycelium and a secondary dikaryotic mycelium. The secondary mycelium develops underground and secretes enzymes to digest wood. Fruiting bodies called basidiocarps form above ground on wood surfaces. Basidiocarps are shelf-like or bracket-shaped structures with pores on their undersides containing basidia that undergo karyogamy and meiosis to produce haploid basidiospores for reproduction.
Puccinia graminis is a fungus that causes black stem rust disease on wheat and other grass crops. It has a heteroecious life cycle requiring two hosts, wheat and barberry plants. On wheat, it produces urediniospores that spread the disease and later teleutospores which overwinter. Teleutospores produce basidiospores on germination which infect barberry plants. On barberry, it produces pycniospores and then aeciospores which infect wheat to complete the life cycle. The disease symptoms and stages on both hosts are described in detail in the document.
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
The pigment is one of the most important criteria used in differentiation of classes in algae, as algae were initially and primarily separated on the basis of colour e.g., green algae, red algae, brown algae or blue-green algae. Also the nature of reserve food can be a criterion for distinction of different groups of algae. Along with this the presence or absence of sexual reproduction, complexity of reproductive organs, method of sexual reproduction i.e., isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy are important criteria of classification in algae.
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
The document summarizes the structure and reproduction of Agaricus, a saprophytic fungus commonly known as the white button mushroom. It has a vegetative mycelium that grows underground and produces a fruiting body above ground containing gills. The gills contain basidia that produce basidiospores for reproduction. Agaricus reproduces through three methods - vegetative reproduction by mycelium, asexual reproduction via chlamydospores, and sexual reproduction where two mycelial strains fuse and produce basidiospores in the fruiting bodies.
Puccinia is a genus of fungi that contains over 4000 species, including Puccinia graminis-tritici which causes the black stem rust disease in wheat. P. graminis-tritici is an obligate parasitic fungus that completes its life cycle on two living hosts - wheat and barberry. On wheat, it produces two types of spores, urediniospores and teleutospores. On barberry, it produces pycnial and aecial spores through sexual reproduction, allowing the fungus to spread from barberry back to wheat.
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
Polyporus is a genus of wood-rotting fungi that causes decay in trees. It has a vegetative mycelial stage that exists in two phases - a primary monokaryotic mycelium and a secondary dikaryotic mycelium. The secondary mycelium develops underground and secretes enzymes to digest wood. Fruiting bodies called basidiocarps form above ground on wood surfaces. Basidiocarps are shelf-like or bracket-shaped structures with pores on their undersides containing basidia that undergo karyogamy and meiosis to produce haploid basidiospores for reproduction.
Puccinia graminis is a fungus that causes black stem rust disease on wheat and other grass crops. It has a heteroecious life cycle requiring two hosts, wheat and barberry plants. On wheat, it produces urediniospores that spread the disease and later teleutospores which overwinter. Teleutospores produce basidiospores on germination which infect barberry plants. On barberry, it produces pycniospores and then aeciospores which infect wheat to complete the life cycle. The disease symptoms and stages on both hosts are described in detail in the document.
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
The pigment is one of the most important criteria used in differentiation of classes in algae, as algae were initially and primarily separated on the basis of colour e.g., green algae, red algae, brown algae or blue-green algae. Also the nature of reserve food can be a criterion for distinction of different groups of algae. Along with this the presence or absence of sexual reproduction, complexity of reproductive organs, method of sexual reproduction i.e., isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy are important criteria of classification in algae.
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
This document summarizes the morphology, anatomy, and life cycle of the moss species Funaria. Key points include:
- Funaria is a small, green moss that grows in dense patches in moist, shady areas.
- It has a radial body plan with an upright stem bearing spirally arranged leaves. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual.
- Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia on the same plant. Fertilization results in a diploid sporophyte that produces haploid spores.
- Upon germination, spores form a filamentous protonema that develops into upright gametophyte plants, completing the life cycle
This document provides information about the Fusarium wilt disease of pigeon pea plants. It discusses the causal fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. udum, including its vegetative structure, reproduction through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, and disease cycle. The fungus is a soilborne pathogen that infects young pigeon pea roots and root hairs, spreading through the vascular system and producing wilt symptoms like yellowing and wilting leaves. The disease cycle involves the fungus surviving as mycelium or spores in the soil until new host plants are infected through their roots.
Zygomycota includes common bread molds. It reproduces sexually through the fusion of gametangia to form zygospores, and asexually through non-motile sporangiospores formed in sporangia on sporangiophores. Rhizopus stolonifera is a common example. The mycelia have rhizoids that absorb food below ground, sporangiophores that bear sporangia above ground, and stolons that connect rhizoids and sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia from opposite mating types to form a zygote, which undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to produce spores in a sporangium.
General features and structure of cyanobacteriaRAMESHVELCHAMY
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
This document provides an overview of the phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. It discusses their key characteristics including habitat, morphology, mode of nutrition, reproduction and life cycles. Chytridiomycota are unique among fungi in having flagellated cells. They are mostly parasites or saprobes in freshwater. Zygomycota form coenocytic hyphae and reproduce sexually via zygospores. Examples discussed are Rhizopus stolonifer bread mold. Both phyla play important ecological roles in decomposition but some species are pathogens of plants, animals or other fungi.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are fungus-like protists that feed by absorbing nutrients through their cellulose cell walls. They reproduce both sexually, through oogonia and antheridia forming oospores, and asexually via biflagellate zoospores. While commonly found in water, many oomycetes are terrestrial. Some are parasitic on animals, plants, and crops, causing diseases like late blight of potato. They have characteristics like diploid nuclei, cellulose cell walls, and two flagella per motile spore that distinguish them from true fungi.
The document discusses the classification of fungi according to Ainsworth (1973). It begins by outlining the key characteristics of fungi and discussing their evolutionary success. It then provides a schematic outline of Ainsworth's classification system, which places fungi in the kingdom Mycota. The major divisions are Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Key characteristics and classes are described for each subdivision, including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. The document also discusses early fungal evolution and the terrestrialization of fungi.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LICHENS (NEW).pptxsiddharthPM1
Lichens play important ecological roles such as increasing biodiversity and serving as indicators of air pollution. They are also useful for humans in ways such as being a traditional food source, having medicinal properties, and being used for dyes, tannins, and perfumes. However, lichens can also negatively impact buildings and structures and some species contain toxic compounds or cause allergic reactions in humans.
Cyanobactaria its growth, reproduction and Economic importanceHamzaRauf121
Cyanobacteria are classified in the kingdom Monera, division Myxophyta, and class Cyanophyceae. They are commonly known as blue-green algae due to their blue pigmentation. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including lakes, soils, and hot springs. They reproduce asexually through various methods like hormogones, heterocysts, and akinetes. While similar to bacteria in several structural features, cyanobacteria also share some characteristics with algae like presence of chlorophyll and ability to photosynthesize.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts etc.
The defining feature of bryophytes is that they do not have true vascular tissue. Although some do have specialized tissues for the transport of water, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue since they do not contain lignin.
There are about 25,000 different species of bryophytes in the world today.
Even though these plants are small in size, they are one of the largest groups of land plants and can be found almost everywhere in the world.
This document discusses the economic importance of fungi. It describes how fungi are used beneficially in food, industry, medicine, and agriculture. Fungi provide edible mushrooms and yeast, are used in brewing, baking, cheese production, and to produce antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other chemicals. Fungi also act as decomposers and form important symbiotic relationships with plants.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Algal pigments structure and function (2)Moumita Paul
Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
1) Saprolegnia is a genus of aquatic fungi that can be parasites on fish or their eggs, causing disease.
2) It has coenocytic, branching hyphae and reproduces asexually through zoospores formed in sporangia.
3) Sexually, it produces male antheridia and female oogonia, with fertilization occurring through fertilization tubes, forming thick-walled oospores.
This document discusses two theories that explain the evolution of sporophytes in bryophytes:
1. Bower's Theory of Sterilization proposes that sporophyte complexity increased through the progressive sterilization of potentially fertile cells. Simple sporophytes like in Riccia had few sterile cells, while in more complex forms like Funaria, most cells were sterile, forming supporting tissues.
2. The Reduction Theory proposed by Kashyap and others argues that sporophyte evolution occurred through simplification and reduction of organs. The simplest sporophyte of Riccia represents the most advanced form, while more complex sporophytes resulted from reductions like of dehiscence mechanisms and photosynthetic tissues.
Classification of fungi proposed by Ainsworth (1971)vaishalidandge3
Ainsworth proposed a more natural system of classification of fungi in 1971 based on morphology, especially of reproductive structures. He treated fungi as a separate kingdom. The classification has seven divisions: Myxomycota, Eumycota, Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. It provides details on the classes, orders, and characteristics used to differentiate each taxonomic level within this system.
This document provides information about Oomycota, including its taxonomy, characteristics, life cycle, and the late blight disease of potatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans. It discusses how Oomycota are water molds that differ from true fungi in having cell walls containing cellulose rather than chitin. Late blight is a devastating disease of potatoes that overwinters in infected tubers. The fungus spreads via zoospores produced in sporangia under wet conditions, causing leaf blight and rotting of tubers. Controlling factors like temperature and moisture are important for disease development.
Fungus is a eukaryotic organism classified in the fungi kingdom. It has cell walls composed of chitin, lacks chlorophyll, and stores energy as glycogen. Fungi obtain nutrients through absorption as heterotrophs. They can be unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous and are divided into sac fungi, club fungi, and thread-like fungi. Fungi reproduce through spores and have complex structures like mushrooms' caps, gills, stems, and mycelium. They can be saprophytes, parasites, symbionts, or predacious and play both useful and harmful roles.
This document summarizes the morphology, anatomy, and life cycle of the moss species Funaria. Key points include:
- Funaria is a small, green moss that grows in dense patches in moist, shady areas.
- It has a radial body plan with an upright stem bearing spirally arranged leaves. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual.
- Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia on the same plant. Fertilization results in a diploid sporophyte that produces haploid spores.
- Upon germination, spores form a filamentous protonema that develops into upright gametophyte plants, completing the life cycle
This document provides information about the Fusarium wilt disease of pigeon pea plants. It discusses the causal fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. udum, including its vegetative structure, reproduction through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, and disease cycle. The fungus is a soilborne pathogen that infects young pigeon pea roots and root hairs, spreading through the vascular system and producing wilt symptoms like yellowing and wilting leaves. The disease cycle involves the fungus surviving as mycelium or spores in the soil until new host plants are infected through their roots.
Zygomycota includes common bread molds. It reproduces sexually through the fusion of gametangia to form zygospores, and asexually through non-motile sporangiospores formed in sporangia on sporangiophores. Rhizopus stolonifera is a common example. The mycelia have rhizoids that absorb food below ground, sporangiophores that bear sporangia above ground, and stolons that connect rhizoids and sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia from opposite mating types to form a zygote, which undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to produce spores in a sporangium.
General features and structure of cyanobacteriaRAMESHVELCHAMY
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
This document provides an overview of the phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. It discusses their key characteristics including habitat, morphology, mode of nutrition, reproduction and life cycles. Chytridiomycota are unique among fungi in having flagellated cells. They are mostly parasites or saprobes in freshwater. Zygomycota form coenocytic hyphae and reproduce sexually via zygospores. Examples discussed are Rhizopus stolonifer bread mold. Both phyla play important ecological roles in decomposition but some species are pathogens of plants, animals or other fungi.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are fungus-like protists that feed by absorbing nutrients through their cellulose cell walls. They reproduce both sexually, through oogonia and antheridia forming oospores, and asexually via biflagellate zoospores. While commonly found in water, many oomycetes are terrestrial. Some are parasitic on animals, plants, and crops, causing diseases like late blight of potato. They have characteristics like diploid nuclei, cellulose cell walls, and two flagella per motile spore that distinguish them from true fungi.
The document discusses the classification of fungi according to Ainsworth (1973). It begins by outlining the key characteristics of fungi and discussing their evolutionary success. It then provides a schematic outline of Ainsworth's classification system, which places fungi in the kingdom Mycota. The major divisions are Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Key characteristics and classes are described for each subdivision, including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. The document also discusses early fungal evolution and the terrestrialization of fungi.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LICHENS (NEW).pptxsiddharthPM1
Lichens play important ecological roles such as increasing biodiversity and serving as indicators of air pollution. They are also useful for humans in ways such as being a traditional food source, having medicinal properties, and being used for dyes, tannins, and perfumes. However, lichens can also negatively impact buildings and structures and some species contain toxic compounds or cause allergic reactions in humans.
Cyanobactaria its growth, reproduction and Economic importanceHamzaRauf121
Cyanobacteria are classified in the kingdom Monera, division Myxophyta, and class Cyanophyceae. They are commonly known as blue-green algae due to their blue pigmentation. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including lakes, soils, and hot springs. They reproduce asexually through various methods like hormogones, heterocysts, and akinetes. While similar to bacteria in several structural features, cyanobacteria also share some characteristics with algae like presence of chlorophyll and ability to photosynthesize.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts etc.
The defining feature of bryophytes is that they do not have true vascular tissue. Although some do have specialized tissues for the transport of water, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue since they do not contain lignin.
There are about 25,000 different species of bryophytes in the world today.
Even though these plants are small in size, they are one of the largest groups of land plants and can be found almost everywhere in the world.
This document discusses the economic importance of fungi. It describes how fungi are used beneficially in food, industry, medicine, and agriculture. Fungi provide edible mushrooms and yeast, are used in brewing, baking, cheese production, and to produce antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other chemicals. Fungi also act as decomposers and form important symbiotic relationships with plants.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Algal pigments structure and function (2)Moumita Paul
Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
1) Saprolegnia is a genus of aquatic fungi that can be parasites on fish or their eggs, causing disease.
2) It has coenocytic, branching hyphae and reproduces asexually through zoospores formed in sporangia.
3) Sexually, it produces male antheridia and female oogonia, with fertilization occurring through fertilization tubes, forming thick-walled oospores.
This document discusses two theories that explain the evolution of sporophytes in bryophytes:
1. Bower's Theory of Sterilization proposes that sporophyte complexity increased through the progressive sterilization of potentially fertile cells. Simple sporophytes like in Riccia had few sterile cells, while in more complex forms like Funaria, most cells were sterile, forming supporting tissues.
2. The Reduction Theory proposed by Kashyap and others argues that sporophyte evolution occurred through simplification and reduction of organs. The simplest sporophyte of Riccia represents the most advanced form, while more complex sporophytes resulted from reductions like of dehiscence mechanisms and photosynthetic tissues.
Classification of fungi proposed by Ainsworth (1971)vaishalidandge3
Ainsworth proposed a more natural system of classification of fungi in 1971 based on morphology, especially of reproductive structures. He treated fungi as a separate kingdom. The classification has seven divisions: Myxomycota, Eumycota, Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. It provides details on the classes, orders, and characteristics used to differentiate each taxonomic level within this system.
This document provides information about Oomycota, including its taxonomy, characteristics, life cycle, and the late blight disease of potatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans. It discusses how Oomycota are water molds that differ from true fungi in having cell walls containing cellulose rather than chitin. Late blight is a devastating disease of potatoes that overwinters in infected tubers. The fungus spreads via zoospores produced in sporangia under wet conditions, causing leaf blight and rotting of tubers. Controlling factors like temperature and moisture are important for disease development.
Fungus is a eukaryotic organism classified in the fungi kingdom. It has cell walls composed of chitin, lacks chlorophyll, and stores energy as glycogen. Fungi obtain nutrients through absorption as heterotrophs. They can be unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous and are divided into sac fungi, club fungi, and thread-like fungi. Fungi reproduce through spores and have complex structures like mushrooms' caps, gills, stems, and mycelium. They can be saprophytes, parasites, symbionts, or predacious and play both useful and harmful roles.
The document discusses the cell wall composition and nutrition of fungi. It states that fungi cell walls are composed of chitin and glucan, which are polysaccharides. It also describes the different types of fungi based on their nutrition - saprophytes, which feed on dead organic matter; parasites, which feed on living hosts; and symbiotic fungi, which have a mutually beneficial relationship with their hosts. Finally, it outlines some of the economic importance of fungi in areas like food, medicine, nitrogen fixation, and various industries.
The kingdom Fungi includes a vast variety of organisms such as mushrooms, yeast, and mold, made up of feathery filaments called hyphae (collectively called mycelium). Fungi are multicellular and eukaryotic. They are also heterotrophs, and gain nutrition through absorption.
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls composed of chitin. They digest food outside their bodies by absorbing nutrients from decaying matter as decomposers or from hosts as parasites. Fungi are multicellular with thin filaments called hyphae that form a tangled mycelium. They reproduce both sexually, requiring two mating types, and asexually via spores. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, parasites, and in symbiotic relationships with plants and algae.
NUTRITION IN PLANTS-2 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION CLASS-VII CBSE CHAPTER-1BIOLOGY TEACHER
Most of the plants have green pigment called chlorophyll and can make their own food. Some plants do not have chlorophyll and cannot synthesize their own food and are known as Heterotrophic plants
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that possess rigid cell walls containing chitin. They reproduce through spores and have filamentous hyphae that make up their mycelium. Fungi are classified based on their morphology and genetic analysis, with the four main groups being zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and glomeromycetes. Certain fungi like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Candida can be opportunistic pathogens in humans, with Aspergillus causing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals and Candida causing infections like oral thrush and invasive candidiasis.
The document summarizes key characteristics of fungi. Fungi can be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. They are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or living matter. Their cell walls contain chitin and they reproduce both sexually and asexually via spores. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form relationships with plants and algae, and occasionally as parasites that can cause disease. The four main fungal phyla are Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
The document summarizes key characteristics of fungi. Fungi can be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. They are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or living matter. Their cells contain hyphae that branch to form a mycelium and absorb nutrients. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and parasites. They reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through budding or fragmentation. There are several divisions of fungi classified based on their reproductive structures and life cycles.
This document discusses nutrition in fungi. It covers the essential elements fungi require, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and various minerals. Fungi obtain these elements from organic and inorganic sources in their environment. The document explores the different modes of nutrition fungi use, including saprophytism and parasitism. It also examines the mechanisms fungi employ to absorb nutrients, such as secreting enzymes and forming specialized feeding structures called haustoria. Finally, the document discusses mutualistic relationships fungi engage in for nutrition, including lichens and mycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
This document discusses different types of parasitism relationships. It defines a parasite as an organism that lives on or in another organism, known as the host, and obtains nutrients from the host. Parasites are classified as either ectoparasites, which live on the external surface of the host, or endoparasites, which live inside the host. Endoparasites can be either intercellular, living between host cells, or intracellular, living inside host cells. Parasites are also classified based on their relationship with the host, including destructive parasites, balanced parasites, facultative parasites, and facultative saprophytes. Examples of different parasite types are provided.
This document discusses fungi, including their key features, structures, characteristics and classification. Some of the main points covered include:
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Mycology 2 converted
1. WELCOME TO FUNGI
Fungal Nutrition & Classification
By
N. Sannigrahi, Associate Professor,
Deptt. Of Botany,
Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
2. Nutrition of fungi is the process of procuring nourishment or
nutrient and is the principal function of the vegetative
phase(mycelium).The fungi, like all other organisms , require
in fairly large amounts for their mineral nutrition and other
constituents for growth. To basic nutritional needs of fungi
are-
i. A suitable organic compounds as source of carbon and
energy,
ii. A suitable source of nitrogen,
iii. Inorganic ions of sulphur, phosphorous, potassium and
magnesium in significance amounts,
iv. Inorganic ions of iron, zinc, copper, manganese and
molybdenum in trace amounts,
v. Certain amount of growth factors in trace amounts.
3. NUTRITION
Fungi are heterotrophic in nutrition as they can not
synthesize their own food. They can not get inorganic food
due to their simple structure. They can utilize organic and
inorganic compounds as their nutrients.
They are chlorophyll deficient plants and hence they
cannot manufacture carbohydrates using carbon dioxide,
water and sunlight
Fungi are with simple structural organization, thus they
always depends on dead or living organic matter for their
energy requirements. They are chemoautotroph.
On the basis of mode of nutrition, fungi are classified into
four groups:
Saprophytes- depends on dead and decay matters
Parasites- grow on the tissues of living plants and animals
Symbionts- mutual cooperation between two groups
Predacious fungi- developed mechanisms to capture small animals
4. SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI
Saprophytic fungi obtain nutrition from dead organic matter called
saprophytes.,
These fungi lives on dead organic matter or excreta of both plant and
animal origin
Examples: Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium and Aspergillus
Vegetative hyphae of these fungi directly absorb food materials from
organic matter
Saprophytic fungi may be of two types:-
Ectophytic saprophytes: grown on the surface of organic matter
Endophytic saprophytes: grown inside the organic matter
In some ectophytic fungi such as Rhizopus, special absorptive structures
such as rhizoids are developed for the easy absorption of food materials
Saprophytic fungi produce exoenzymes (enzymes which acts outside the
cell)
These enzymes digest the complex organic matter in the substratum into
simpler compounds to facilitate easy absorption by the hyphae
6. PARASITIC FUNGI
Parasitic fungi take food from other living plants or animals
called parasites
The living organism on which the fungi parasitize are called
host
Parasitic fungi are harmful to the host and they produce
disease condition in host organisms
The relationship of host and parasite in pathology is known
as parasitism
Parasitic fungi are of three types:-
Obligate parasites: these fungi can live only as parasite
on a living host Obligate parasites cannot live on dead
organic matter Example: Puccinia which cause rust disease
in several crop plants including wheat
Facultative saprophytes: They are parasites, but they
can also survive on dead organic matter in the absence of
living host Example: Taphrina
Facultative parasites: these fungi usually follow
saprophytic mode of nutrition Under certain conditions,
7. PARASITIC FUNGI
On the basis of location of parasite in host organism, the
parasites may be:
Endoparasite: parasite live inside the host tissue
Ectoparasite: parasite fungi which live on the outside surface
of host
Parasitic fungi possess specialized absorptive structures-
branched or unbranched called haustoria for the absorption of
nutrients from the host cells
Haustoria are specialized hyphal modifications either rounded
or button like structure
Haustoria may be intercellular (occupy between two cells) in
intracellular (occupy within the cell)
Size and shape of haustoria varies in different fungal groups.
The mycelia spread between the cells are called intercellular
mycelia and those enter the host tissues called intracellular.
9. SYMBIOTIC NUTRITION
These fungi grow on or with other living organism but both of them
are mutually benefited called symbionts
Lichens(algae-fungi) and mycorrhiza( root fungus) are examples
Lichens are the symbiotic association between algae and fungi
Here both fungi and algae are mutually benefited
Algae synthesize carbohydrates where as the fungi provides shelter
for algae
Mycorrhizae are the symbiotic association between fungi and roots
of some higher plants
Mycorrhizae helps in the absorption of nutrients by the host plant
Mycorrhiza may be ectophytic or endophytic
Ectophytic mycorrhiza are external mycorrhiza and they are
confined to the outer region of the roots
Endophytic mycorrhiza are internal mycorrhiza and they are found
deeply in the root cells
VAM or vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae are endotrophic because
of large vesicles and arbuscules within plant cell.
11. PREDACIOUS FUNGI
They are animal capturing fungi (predators) called predacious
fungi.
These types of fungi possess special hyphal traps called snares
to tap and capture small animals such as nematodes and
protozoa
They usually inhabit in the soil
They possess rapidly constricting hyphal traps which hold the
captive for long time
They also have haustoria which directly inserted into the tissue
of the prey
Some predacious fungi also produce sticky secretions for
capturing nematodes
Examples of predator fungi: Arthrobotrys, Dactylella,
Dactylaria
13. THANKS FOR YOUR JOURNEY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Google for images and information
A text book of Botany- Hait, Bhattacharya, Ghosh
Botany for degree students(Fungi)-Vasistha & Sinha
Mycology & Phytopathology-Mishra & Dash
This PPT has been developed for the academic interest of the undergraduate students of India & abroad without any business interest.