IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
The on-board energy storage system plays a key role in electric vehicles since it directly affects their performance and autonomy. The lithium-ion battery offers satisfactory characteristics that make electric vehicles competitive with conventional ones. This article focuses on modeling and estimating the parameters of the lithium-ion battery cell when used in different electric vehicle drive cycles and styles. The model consists of an equivalent electrical circuit based on a second-order Thevenin model. To identify the parameters of the model, two algorithms were tested: TrustRegion-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt. To account for the dynamic behavior of the battery cell in an electric vehicle, this identification is based on measurement data that represents the actual use of the battery in different conditions and driving styles. Finally, the model is validated by comparing simulation results to measurements using the mean square error (MSE) as model performance criteria for the driving cycles (UDDS, LA-92, US06, neural network (NN), and HWFET). The results demonstrate interesting performance mostly for the driving cycles (UDDS and LA-92). This confirms that the model developed is the best solution to be integrated in a battery management system of an electric vehicle.
Fabrication of Prototype Model of Infrared Sensor Based Regenerative Braking...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to stored the kinetic energy dissipated in the brakes to accelerate
the vehicle. This project is based on prototype model of Regenerative braking system using electromagnetic
clutch. Regenerative braking results in an increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle,
the efficiency is improved. The amount of work done by the engine of the vehicle is reduced, in turn
reducing the amount of prime energy required to propel the vehicle. In order for a regenerative braking
system to be cost effective the prime energy saved over a specified lifetime must offset the initial cost, size
and weight penalties of the system. The energy storage unit must be compact, durable and capable of
handling high power levels efficiently. The energy can be directly provided to dynamo itself to generate
current and will be displayed on the Ammeter installed in the set up. This set up also consists of an Infrared
Sensor which helps to prevent the frequency of accidents increasing due to inefficient braking system and
therefore can be considerably avoided using IR sensors. The vehicle instantly stops as any object appears
in front of it where IR Sensors are installed.
Automatic wiper using piezoelectric materialeSAT Journals
Abstract
‘Piezoelectric Material’ is a boon to the modern world where scarcity of resources is major problem. The project is all about
running the wiper of a vehicle by using piezoelectric effect. In this process, a circuit is build using components like piezoelectric
material, capacitor, relay and wiper motor. The circuit runs automatically when the rain drops presses the piezoelectric material
which generates electricity, which in turn is stored in capacitor till a required voltage, is reached to close the relay system to run
the wiper motor. This process helps us to utilize the kinetic energy of the rain drops which would otherwise have gone wasted in
the form of heat energy, sound energy and vibratory energy.
Key Words: Piezoelectric Effect, Transducer, Sensor, Wiper.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
The on-board energy storage system plays a key role in electric vehicles since it directly affects their performance and autonomy. The lithium-ion battery offers satisfactory characteristics that make electric vehicles competitive with conventional ones. This article focuses on modeling and estimating the parameters of the lithium-ion battery cell when used in different electric vehicle drive cycles and styles. The model consists of an equivalent electrical circuit based on a second-order Thevenin model. To identify the parameters of the model, two algorithms were tested: TrustRegion-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt. To account for the dynamic behavior of the battery cell in an electric vehicle, this identification is based on measurement data that represents the actual use of the battery in different conditions and driving styles. Finally, the model is validated by comparing simulation results to measurements using the mean square error (MSE) as model performance criteria for the driving cycles (UDDS, LA-92, US06, neural network (NN), and HWFET). The results demonstrate interesting performance mostly for the driving cycles (UDDS and LA-92). This confirms that the model developed is the best solution to be integrated in a battery management system of an electric vehicle.
Fabrication of Prototype Model of Infrared Sensor Based Regenerative Braking...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to stored the kinetic energy dissipated in the brakes to accelerate
the vehicle. This project is based on prototype model of Regenerative braking system using electromagnetic
clutch. Regenerative braking results in an increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle,
the efficiency is improved. The amount of work done by the engine of the vehicle is reduced, in turn
reducing the amount of prime energy required to propel the vehicle. In order for a regenerative braking
system to be cost effective the prime energy saved over a specified lifetime must offset the initial cost, size
and weight penalties of the system. The energy storage unit must be compact, durable and capable of
handling high power levels efficiently. The energy can be directly provided to dynamo itself to generate
current and will be displayed on the Ammeter installed in the set up. This set up also consists of an Infrared
Sensor which helps to prevent the frequency of accidents increasing due to inefficient braking system and
therefore can be considerably avoided using IR sensors. The vehicle instantly stops as any object appears
in front of it where IR Sensors are installed.
Automatic wiper using piezoelectric materialeSAT Journals
Abstract
‘Piezoelectric Material’ is a boon to the modern world where scarcity of resources is major problem. The project is all about
running the wiper of a vehicle by using piezoelectric effect. In this process, a circuit is build using components like piezoelectric
material, capacitor, relay and wiper motor. The circuit runs automatically when the rain drops presses the piezoelectric material
which generates electricity, which in turn is stored in capacitor till a required voltage, is reached to close the relay system to run
the wiper motor. This process helps us to utilize the kinetic energy of the rain drops which would otherwise have gone wasted in
the form of heat energy, sound energy and vibratory energy.
Key Words: Piezoelectric Effect, Transducer, Sensor, Wiper.
Design Document - Remote Solar Monitoring and Bateery Optimzation SystemMamoon Ismail Khalid
• Developed a Battery & Solar Photo Voltaic Monitoring System as part of Senior Year undergraduate project
• Ranked among Top 5 projects departmentally
• Through the use of real time data analysis (battery current,voltage, total load, battery capacity) via MATLAB /C++ script, we were able to increase the battery usage life of a standard 100 W battery by up to 100%, which would almost half the costs of any renewable energy system.
Efficient Energy Management System with Solar EnergyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
making a review seminar on the topic of flywheel energy storage system. For easy to learn about the flywheel energy storage system . this presentation making from the one ieee standard research paper on the flywheel energy storage system
eTracer Network MPPT Solar Charge Controller ET2415N,ET3415N,ET4415N,ET6415N
Available at http://shop.ultisolar.com
About Ultisolar: Ultisolar is focus on MPPT Controller, PWM Controller, SWH Controller, SWH Station, Hall Flow Sensor
Design Document - Remote Solar Monitoring and Bateery Optimzation SystemMamoon Ismail Khalid
• Developed a Battery & Solar Photo Voltaic Monitoring System as part of Senior Year undergraduate project
• Ranked among Top 5 projects departmentally
• Through the use of real time data analysis (battery current,voltage, total load, battery capacity) via MATLAB /C++ script, we were able to increase the battery usage life of a standard 100 W battery by up to 100%, which would almost half the costs of any renewable energy system.
Efficient Energy Management System with Solar EnergyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
making a review seminar on the topic of flywheel energy storage system. For easy to learn about the flywheel energy storage system . this presentation making from the one ieee standard research paper on the flywheel energy storage system
eTracer Network MPPT Solar Charge Controller ET2415N,ET3415N,ET4415N,ET6415N
Available at http://shop.ultisolar.com
About Ultisolar: Ultisolar is focus on MPPT Controller, PWM Controller, SWH Controller, SWH Station, Hall Flow Sensor
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
Advance Solar charge controller with lot of benefits. An advantage over common PWM Solar charge controller. Double Boost Technique is used to get a desired output.
solar battery Charger using adapter or solar panelSwedel D'souza
For Circuit diagram ,kindly use this site,though we made few modification please refer to slide as well
also download proteus 8 for simulation of circuit
http://electrical-engineering-world1.blogspot.in/2015/02/how-to-make-6v-solar-battery-charger.html
refer this site for project
http://swedeljennifer.simplesite.com/
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
Mobile cellphone battery charging circuit with explanationelprocus
The aim of this project is to automatically disconnect a battery from the mains when the battery gets fully charged.This system can be used to charge partially discharged cells as well.The circuit is simple and consists of AC-DC converter, relay drivers and charge stations.
Prototype solar power plant in laboratory electrical energy conversioneSAT Journals
Abstract Continuity and availability of electrical energy have to maintained, the government appealed for saving electrical energy. The lack of electrical energy conversion research centers in universities lead to knowledge conversion of electrical energy to the campus community is still limited.These problems will be conducted research design and test of Solar Power Plant in Electrical Energy Research Center UKI Paul Makassar. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy obtained through Solar Power Slant System (photovoltaic).The purpose of this research is to design and analyze the amount of energy produced by Solar Power Plant to study the electrical energy at laboratoty of the electrical energy conversion UKI Paulus Makassar. This study used a method of literature study, system design, and analysis. Characteristics of the solar panels used capacity of 9 units x 50 = 450 Wp are connected in parallel, Vmax = 25.5 Volts, Iout = 14 A, the operating time of 6 hours each day. Capacity of the accumulators 2 x 12 Volt units = 24 Volt, 65 Ah. Current capacity of the battery charge regulator (BCR) 40 A. Capacity of 10 kW power inverter Testing of solar systems to use solar insolation data is lowest at 3:51 days/ hours. Key Words: Solar Power Plant (SPP), Solar Panels, Solar Energy
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid conne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Design and development of advanced microcontroller based solar battery charger and solar tracking system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 35
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED MICROCONTROLLER
BASED SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER AND SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
Maruti Pammar1
, Santosh Chavan2
1
M.Tech Student Department of ECE, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore (Karnataka), India
2
Assistant Professor E&C Dept RRCET Bangalore
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is blooming across the world, and it is being used for variety of applications; storing the electricity generated
from the sunshine for future use is one among these.
Batteries are the main components used in off grid solar power harvesting systems to store the power generated from sun light. For
storing the electricity into the batteries, we need charge controllers which will control the amount of current flowing into a battery.
Conventional battery chargers may fail in monitoring the battery health and are not so intelligent to decide when to charge battery,
and are unable to detect faults in a battery charging circuit. Most of time solar panels are mounted on a roof or on poles; due to this
the solar modules will not get the enough sunshine to generate electricity throughout the day. And hence the conversion efficiency will
be very less. If we use some mechanism to make solar panels to be facing the sun always, we can maximize the incidence of sun
radiation on the panel surface and hence the efficiency; this mechanism that makes the solar panel to move according to the sun
position is known as solar tracker. In this paper design of an efficient battery charger and smart single axial solar tracker is proposed
and developed; that will take care of battery health and monitor the charging and discharging of battery (like deep discharging,
overcharging protection, and control of external loads).And also has an option to charge battery using AC supply in case of low light
intensity (during rainy seasons and night hours). The single axis solar tracker will track the sun moment throughout the day and rolls
back to the east position once sun sets, and waits for sun to rise. This makes solar panel always facing the sun and enhances the
overall system efficiency. The battery charger and solar tracker control programs are implemented in an advanced microcontroller–
ARM7 (LPC2148) which has most advanced features compared to other microcontrollers.
Keywords:ARM7 microcontroller, battery, charger (charge controller), conversion efficiency, deep discharging,
overcharging, low light intensity, off-grid solar power harvesting system, solar energy, solar tracker.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The change in atmosphere and environmental pollution is now
not a topic of discussion and debate but it is an actual
consequence what we are facing in our day today life; this is as a
result of extensive fossil fuel exploitation in almost all human
activities. These impacts made earth’s environment wormer and
depletion in ozone layer, acid rain, and green house effects etc.
One of the best solutions to overcome all these ill effects is to go
for renewable energy resource such as solar energy, wind energy,
Geo thermal energy etc.
Among the various renewable energies, solar energy is usually
the best choice for the following reasons [1]:
A solar power system has no moving parts; it has as better
reliability and 25 year warranty ;it requires less monitoring, no
much expensive maintenance; totally silent in operation; less
susceptible to lightning damage and high wind damage; no much
space is required, in most cases the panels can be installed on a
roof; Energy output is predictable, and quick installation can be
done with less cable required.
A solar Power system is as shown in figure 1
Fig-1: Solar energy harvesting system’s components
It consists of solar panels, charge controllers, battery backup or
Inverters. To controls the charging and discharging of battery
backups we need Charge controllers, hence charge controller is a
main part of the solar power system where solar energy is used to
charge UPS systems or vehicle batteries.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 36
2. PRESENT METHEDOLOGIES &ISSUES
Batteries are used to store the energy as an energy bank for
emergency and night hour usage in domestic and also in
industrial applications. To charge these batteries from the sun
light we have to give rated amount of current for rated time
duration. If we supply excess current, that may damage the
battery and if we overcharge it for long duration of time the
batteries life span will come down.
The conventional battery chargers available in market have
limited features. And some time they do not monitor the battery
health properly, and may let the battery to undergo deep
discharge or overcharge. If a battery undergoes into deep
discharge, it is very difficult to recharge it using normal battery
charger; since the electrode plates of battery will be fully
sulfated, this resists the charging. To charge a deep discharged
battery we need to supply a very large current to reverse the
chemical reactions which took place during discharging. If we
supply huge current to a deep discharged battery, battery will get
damaged. And if we let a battery to be in charging process for a
long duration (over charging), gassing of hydrogen and oxygen
occurs at the electrode plates and wash away the active material
coated on the plates this again leads failure of battery hence an
intelligent battery charger is necessary to take care of these
problems.
A Monocrystaline silicon PV cell has higher conversion
efficiency (aprox22%) but higher cost hence these are not
affordable for commercial applications. For most of domestic
and commercial applications poly silicon cells are preferred but
the conversion efficiency (7-8%) is very low as compared to
monocrystaline[1].
To enhance the efficiency of a PV power system we have to
• Improve Conversion efficiency of PV cells
• Improve Battery storage Technology
• Use solar ray concentrators
• Use solar trackers
• Use algorithms like maximum power point tracking
• Use sophisticated Battery chargers.
First two options mentioned above are ongoing research; we can
improve the efficiency using combination of last three options.
Most of time solar cells are fixed on a roof or on pole. Solar
radiation is not same throughout the day and it varies with
seasons hence the conversion efficiency is always less. This can
be improved by employing some mechanism where the solar
panels are made always facing the sun. This technique is called
solar tracking.
There are some algorithms known as Maximum Power point
Tracking algorithms such as fuzzy logic algorithms (Perturb and
observe algorithms and its variants), biological swarm chasing
algorithms, Incremental conductance method etc can improve the
efficiency; But these are very complex and require lot of
processing and also each of these have their own merits and
demerits. Therefore in this paper a simple solar tracker and a
smart battery charger is proposed to enhance the system overall
efficiency.
3. CHARACTERISICS OF PV PANEL
An electrical equivalent model to explain the behavior of a solar
cell is as shown in figure 2
Fig-2: Electrical equivalent of a solar cell [2,17]
The current equation of solar cell is given as
Iph = ID + Ish + I …………………. (1)
OR
I = Iph − Io(exp
q V + IRs
nKT
− 1 −
V + IRs
Rsh
Where
I: Output current (Amp)
Iph: Photo generated current (Amp)
ID: Diode current (Amp)
Ish: Shunt current (Amp)
Io: Reverse saturation Current (Amp)
q: Electron charge
V: Voltage across the diode
K: Boltzmann's constant
T: Junction temperature
N: Ideality factor of the diode
Rs: Series resistance
Rsh: Shunt resistance of the cell
4. LIST OF COMPONENTS
List of components used for the implementation are as listed in
Table1
Table-1: List of Component
Sl.
No
Component Specification Q’ty
1 ARM7-Development
Board
MCB2140-
Evaluation Board
1
2 Solar Panel 10W, 21.5V(VOC),
0.65A (ISC)
1
3 Battery 12V, 6Ah Lead 1
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 37
Acid Battery
4 Stepper Motor 15Kg
torque,4A/phase
1
5 Motor Driver L298 kit 1
6 LDRs 4
7 LCD Display 16X2 1
8 Relays SPDT,DPDT 2,1
9 Buck converter IC LM2596 1
Other miscellaneous components: Inductor-77µH,
C1=47µF, C2=330µF,CFF=1nF, R1=4.6KΩ, R2=39KΩ,
ULN2003,Schottky Diode-1N5822.
4.1 ARM7-LCP2148 Kit
The microcontroller used for development of this project is
NXP’s LPC2148 microcontroller [13,14,15].It is a 32bit
microcontroller with advanced features. It has two ADCs(ADC1-
6chanels and ADC0-8Chanels, a total 14 ADC pins). 40 KB of
on-chip static RAM and 512 KB of on-chip flash program
memory. In-Application/In-System Programming is possible via
on-chip boot-loader software.CPU operating voltage ranges
from1.3 to 3.3V (3.3 V ± 10 %)with 5 V tolerant I/O pads. Up to
45, 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP 64
package.
Fig- 3: NXPs MCB2140-Evaluation Board with feature as
highlighted[13]
4.2 Stepper Motor and Motor Driver
Stepper motor runs on amount of current flowing through its
windings [9, 10]. By supplying appropriate current and voltage in
a specified sequence we can control the rotation of the stepper
either in clockwise or in anticlockwise direction. We can control
the speed of the stepper by changing the frequency of the input
sequence and also we can stop the stepper in a particular angle
(at a particular step) to achieve a desired angle of rotation using
control circuitry. The control circuit can be a microcontroller.
But when we employ microcontroller as a control circuit, the
output of the controller is about 3.3V and current will be in terms
of micro Amps this is a negligible current which is not sufficient
for the coils to generate required torque. Hence Motor drivers are
usually employed to achieve minimum current for stepper motor
to work properly. The IC L298 is one such driver [12]used to
drive a stepper motor. When we consider a stepper motor for an
application, Torque plays a very important role. Here a 15Kg
torque Stepper motor is used.
Fig- 4: L298 IC & stepper motor diver kit [11]
The kit in figure 4 works on 12V power supply. It has 4 inputs
In1, In2, In, In4 (connected to controller). Four outputs C1, C2,
C3, and C4 (to stepper motor). It can drive up to 4A load has
Diodes to protect control circuit from back emf.
4.3 LDRs
Light Dependent Resisters are used for sensing the light
intensity. LDRs [8] are connected as a part of voltage Divider
circuit and output is given to the ADC pins of the µcontroller.
4.4 Relays
Relays are used for switching the charging of battery either from
solar panel or from AC source. These are also used to disconnect
battery from charging; to prevent battery from overcharging (a
DPDT relay is used) and reconnect battery when the battery
voltage drops below the specified limit. Relays are controlled by
the microcontroller.
5. ANALYSIS OF BUCK CONVERTER
Buck converter [3] is one type of DC-DC converter, which
converts the DC input level to some lower DC voltage level
hence this is a step down converter. It is a SMPS type converter
employs MOSFET, Diode, Inductors and capacitors to achieve
the voltage conversion[3, 4, 5]. A simple switch working as a
buck converter is as shown in figure5 and related output
waveforms in figure 6
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 38
Fig-5:Buck convertor: Switches as building block[4].
Fig-6: Output voltage wave form of buck convertor (of fig5.1)
Where switch S1 will be a MOFET and S2 be a Diode(Schottky
diode).The Input and output voltages are related with Ton and Toff
times of switches is given by the below equation (2)
Vs2 =
1
Tsw ,avg
Vs2 t dt =
Ts1.Vin +Ts2.0
Tsw
= D. Vin
Tsw
0
… (2)
Equation (2) tells us that by controlling/varying the Duty cycle of
the switches we can get a desired level of output. For example
suppose if input is 24V from a solar panel if the duty cycle is
50% then we will get 12V as our output voltage.
The actual circuit diagram of buck converter is as shown in
figure 7. The inductor and capacitor acts as low pass filter which
removes the high frequency components from the input.
Fig-7: Buck converter
Buck converter with Transistor and Diode are main switching
components Inductor along with capacitor acts as a filter to
remove spurious frequency components.
Many Self regulated buck converters are available, which takes a
variable DC as input and give a fixed DC voltage. One of such
regulator is the LM2596. It is monolithic ICs that provide the
entire active functions for a step-down (buck) switching
regulator; this is capable of driving a 3A load with excellent line-
load regulation. And it is available in fixed output voltages
of3.3V, 5V, 12V, and also in adjustable output version. Figure8
shows the circuit diagram of an adjustable output buck converter.
Fig-8: Circuit diagram of an Adjustable Output Voltage buck
convertor [6].
Designing the buck convertor for 12V output:
The design equation for Vout using LM2596 is
Vout = Vref(1 +
𝑅2
R1
)……….. (3)
Where Vref =1.23V
If R1=4.6KΩ, 1% resistor, then value of R2 is found as
R2 = R1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
Vref
− 1 = 4.6KΩ
12𝑉
1.23V
− 1 = 39KΩ
Notice that to charge a 12V battery the source voltage has to be
at least higher than the battery voltage and the charging current
has to be at least 10% of specified capacity (i.e., Ampere Hours)
of the battery, keeping this in mind, R2 can be
R2 = R1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
Vref
− 1 = 4.6KΩ
13𝑉
1.23V
− 1 = 44KΩ
Selections of other components are made by referring the data
sheets. L=77µH inductor. Cin=47µF, Cout=330µF both are
electrolytic type. CFF=1nF ceramic capacitor used as a feedback
which in parallel with R2 which removes the spurious high
frequency components. A Schottky Rectifier diode is used
(1N5822) as a second switch of buck converter.
The solar panel output is connected to the buck converter. Buck
converter gives a fixed 12.5V that can be used to charge a 12V
battery.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 39
6. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE INTEGRATION
The circuit diagram of proposed system is as shown in figure 9
Fig-9: Block Diagram of proposed System
The Keil µVision4 software was usedfor the development and
implementation of control program using embedded C for battery
charger and solar tracker.
6.1 Flowchart
The flow chart of the control program for battery charger and
solar tracker are as given in figure 10 and 11.
Fig-10: Flowchart of Solar Battery Charge Controller
Fig-11: Flowchart of Solar Tracker
Where Ve, Vm, Vw are the corresponding output voltages of
LDR kept to sense the sun position when it is in east, middle
(noon) and west position respectively.
7. RESULTS
Fig-12: Final set up of battery charger
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 40
Fig-13: Solar tracker set up
Fig-14: Solar tracker final set up
Fig-15a: System display when started first time or on reset
Fig-15b: Reading LDR1 value
Fig-15c: Various Outputs displayed on LCD
8. CONCLUSIONS
For this project a 10W PV panel is used to charge a 12V, 6Ah
battery. The work can be carried out further to charge a large
battery backup using higher Wattage PV panels; for such cases
the battery charger should be designed to handle large current
and voltage range. The same battery charger designed here can
be used with some modifications to handle the large current from
both PV modules and Battery backup. Since the microcontroller
which is the main part of the battery charger, takes a few µAmps
of current, hence even if you let a few milliamps of current into
the µcontroller’s ADC pins, which may damage the pins
permanently. Hence, care should be taken before giving anything
to the ADC pins of the microcontroller.
The solar tracker designed here is a Single axial solar tracker,
which tracks the sun moment in east-west direction. The design
is suitable for a single PV panel and for roof mounted
applications. The same can be carried out for multiple PV panels
connected together and also for pole mounted PV panels; for
those kinds of applications we require very high torque stepper
motors (stepper motor driver has to be designed to handle large
current required to drive these motors).And we need to design
gear mechanisms to handle the weight which the stepper motor
couldn’t handle directly.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/articles/god/renewable_ener
gy.pdf
[2] The physics of solar cells-
www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/p276.
[3] Buck_boost_basics.pdf
[4] Jaycar Electronics Reference Data Sheet:
DCDCCONV.PDF
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 41
[5] LM2596 SIMPLE SWITCHER-Power Converter 150
kHz 3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator
[6] Batteries- www.autoshop101.com/forms/h6.pdf
[7] Solar Trackers - www.prlog.org/11668462-solar-trackers-
single-vs-dual-axis.htm
[8] Photo resistor-www.wikipedia.com
[9] Stepper motors- www.wikipedia.com
[10] Stepper Motor Hi-torque 15 Kg.cm-57BYGH311-01
[11] Motor diver kit- www.solarbotics.com/products/k_cmd
[12] L289-stepper motor Driver.
[13] UM10139 Volume 1: LPC214x User Manual
[14] LPC2141/42/44/46/48 datasheet.
[15] Introduction to LPC200- lpc-arm-book rev10-screen.pdf
[16] Solar cells and their applications 2nd
Edition-LEWIS
FRAAS and LARRY PARTAIN
[17] Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Modules and Their
Applications- G. N. Tiwari and SwapnilDubey-Centre for
Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Delhi, India
BIOGRAPHIES:
Maruti Pammar, I am from Gajendragad
(Rona Tq, GadagDist, Karnataka), I have
completed M.Tech in Digital Electronics and
Communication from MS Ramaiah Institute of
Technology Bangalore in Sept 2013 with
Distinction. Presently I am working as a
Physics Tutor in a private Institute (ASAP Tutor Pvt Ltd
Bangalore).
Area of Interest: Power Electronics, Smart Grid Systems,
Supper Conductors, Renewable Energy Resources, Micro-
Electro Mechanical Systems(MEMS), Embedded Systems-
Microcontrollers (ARM7, MSP430, 8051), Logic design,
HDL/Verilog programming.
Contact Details: +91 9611251241
e-mail: marutip36@gmail.com
Santosh Chavan, I am from Bijapur
(Ramatirth, Atharga post, Indi Tq, BijapurDist,
Karnataka). I have done M.Tech in Digital
Electronics and Communication from MS
Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bangalore in
Sept 2013 with Distinction. I am currently
working as an Asst. Professor in RajaRajeswari Collage of
Engineering Bangalore.
Area of Interest: Embedded Systems-Microcontrollers (ARM7,
8051), Logic design, HDL/Verilog programming, computer
communication and networking, Circuit analysis, Optical fiber
communication, wireless communication, Linear integrated
circuits.
Contact Details: +91 9739736421 e-mail: san.mpsc@gmail.com