In his seminar at ICRAF on Nov 28, Meine van Noordwijk, describes “Concepts, methods and experience with supporting negotiations and incentives for trees in multifunctional landscapes
This document discusses re-wilding strategies and nature-based solutions as a way to address environmental challenges and preserve biodiversity. It argues that focusing on nature-based solutions and improving green infrastructure can help maintain healthy ecosystems, reconnect fragmented natural areas, and restore damaged habitats. The document provides an introduction to nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, and discusses key opportunities around enhancing sustainable urbanization, improving ecosystem restoration, developing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and improving risk management and resilience. It recommends further research and innovative actions in these areas.
CONSERVATION X LABS CONCEPT_VERSION 4.11_110514Alex Dehgan
The document discusses the concept of Conservation X Labs, which aims to address the global conservation crisis through technological and financial innovation. It seeks to dramatically increase the efficacy, speed, sustainability and scale of conservation efforts by harnessing advances in science, technology, connectivity, and behavioral change. Specifically, Conservation X Labs focuses on engineering biological resilience against environmental changes, changing conservation incentives and demand structures, and improving understanding of species threats and biology. The goal is to develop breakthrough solutions that can help end human-induced extinction.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
It is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed or deteriorated (society for Ecological restoration definition).
..................the assignment of this was approved by mohamud abadir( specialist of ecological science and Biodiversity), who is lecturer in jigjiga university, east ethiopia.
Topic 2.1 for the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course
Species
Habitat
Niche
Joseph Connells Barnacle experiment
Abiotic and Biotic factors
Populations
What regulates populations
Predator Prey relationships
Biotic interactions
Population growth
Competition and population growth
This document discusses key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines relationships between living and non-living components.
2) Organisms exist within different ecological levels from cells to the biosphere. Food chains and webs show how energy flows between organisms as herbivores, carnivores and omnivores feed.
3) Populations grow over time according to exponential, logistic, or S-curve models until limited by carrying capacity due to factors like predation, competition, and crowding. Human population growth poses challenges for global carrying capacity.
The document summarizes a new initiative by Save the Redwoods League to study how climate change is affecting redwood forests and how the forests can be protected. The initiative involves four scientists conducting research over multiple years on 13 forest plots to monitor the trees' responses to environmental changes. The goal is to develop strategies to help redwoods survive rapid climate change and focus conservation efforts. The initiative aims to give the trees the best chance to survive unprecedented threats from factors like increased temperatures and changes to rainfall and snowpack.
Understandings:
The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors
Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species
Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species
Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect
Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical
This document discusses re-wilding strategies and nature-based solutions as a way to address environmental challenges and preserve biodiversity. It argues that focusing on nature-based solutions and improving green infrastructure can help maintain healthy ecosystems, reconnect fragmented natural areas, and restore damaged habitats. The document provides an introduction to nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, and discusses key opportunities around enhancing sustainable urbanization, improving ecosystem restoration, developing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and improving risk management and resilience. It recommends further research and innovative actions in these areas.
CONSERVATION X LABS CONCEPT_VERSION 4.11_110514Alex Dehgan
The document discusses the concept of Conservation X Labs, which aims to address the global conservation crisis through technological and financial innovation. It seeks to dramatically increase the efficacy, speed, sustainability and scale of conservation efforts by harnessing advances in science, technology, connectivity, and behavioral change. Specifically, Conservation X Labs focuses on engineering biological resilience against environmental changes, changing conservation incentives and demand structures, and improving understanding of species threats and biology. The goal is to develop breakthrough solutions that can help end human-induced extinction.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
It is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed or deteriorated (society for Ecological restoration definition).
..................the assignment of this was approved by mohamud abadir( specialist of ecological science and Biodiversity), who is lecturer in jigjiga university, east ethiopia.
Topic 2.1 for the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course
Species
Habitat
Niche
Joseph Connells Barnacle experiment
Abiotic and Biotic factors
Populations
What regulates populations
Predator Prey relationships
Biotic interactions
Population growth
Competition and population growth
This document discusses key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines relationships between living and non-living components.
2) Organisms exist within different ecological levels from cells to the biosphere. Food chains and webs show how energy flows between organisms as herbivores, carnivores and omnivores feed.
3) Populations grow over time according to exponential, logistic, or S-curve models until limited by carrying capacity due to factors like predation, competition, and crowding. Human population growth poses challenges for global carrying capacity.
The document summarizes a new initiative by Save the Redwoods League to study how climate change is affecting redwood forests and how the forests can be protected. The initiative involves four scientists conducting research over multiple years on 13 forest plots to monitor the trees' responses to environmental changes. The goal is to develop strategies to help redwoods survive rapid climate change and focus conservation efforts. The initiative aims to give the trees the best chance to survive unprecedented threats from factors like increased temperatures and changes to rainfall and snowpack.
Understandings:
The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors
Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species
Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species
Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect
Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical
Understandings:
Most species occupy different trophic levels in multiple food chains
A food web shows all the possible food chains in a community
The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent upon the respiration rate
The type of stable ecosystem that will emerge in an area is predictable based on climate
In closed ecosystems energy but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings
Disturbance influxes the structure and rate of change within ecosystems
Applications:
Conversion ratio in sustainable food production practices
Consideration of one example how humans interfere with nutrient cycling
Skills:
Comparison of pyramids of energy from different ecosystems
Analysis of a climograph showing the relationship between temperature, rainfall and the type of ecosystem
Construction of Gersmehl diagrams to show the inter-relationships between nutrient stores and flows between taiga, desert, and tropical rainforest.
Analysis of data showing a primary succession
An investigation into the effect of an environmental disturbance on an ecosystem
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a partnership between three organizations seeking to establish guidelines for sustainable landscape design, construction, and maintenance. The Initiative's guidelines in "The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009" provide best practices aligned with healthy ecosystem functions to preserve natural resources for future generations, as defined by the United Nations. These voluntary guidelines are modeled after the LEED green building rating system and offer credits for practices that enhance environmental, economic, and social sustainability of landscapes according to ten guiding principles.
Restoration of the World's Degraded Forest LandscapesSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Permaculture: Cooperation, Climate Change and Peak Debt Garden2bounty
This document discusses permaculture and climate change solutions. It proposes a "10,000 Trees" planetary permaculture strategy to address climate change through increasing carbon sinks like trees and soil. Permaculture is presented as a movement working on sustainability through cooperation and design principles like earth care, fair share, and people care. Related movements discussed include transition towns, natural sequence farming, and organic farming. The document outlines permaculture applications in areas like urban food, schools, and broad-acre farming as well as permaculture networks and institutions around the world.
Odds and ends of rehabilitating (restoring) degraded landscapesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Lalisa A. Duguma at "Odds and ends for restoring landscapes through agroforestry" Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
The document discusses sustainable development from global to local scales. It advocates adopting a multi-scale approach and considers sustainable development from global, analytical, political, and epistemological perspectives. At the local scale, relationships between energy systems and territories are explored, comparing fossil fuel and renewable energy sources. Renewable resources can generate more localized forms of organization where local actors play important roles.
This document introduces key concepts in environmental systems, including defining environmental issues and sustainability. It discusses major environmental problems like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, which are caused by factors such as population growth and resource overuse. Sustainability is defined as meeting needs without depleting natural resources, and a sustainable society achieves this balance. The ecological footprint measures an individual's environmental impact.
Be Guided by the Landscape (Analog Forestry Principle #7)belipola
A short presentation on Analog Forestry principle #7 - Be guided by the landscape. The presentation outlines the methods and usefulness of this principle. It is especially informative in understanding what "landscape" is.
1) An ecosystem is formed by the interaction between a community of living organisms and their non-living physical environment. It includes biotic factors like organisms and abiotic factors like water, soil, and temperature.
2) Ecosystems rely on matter, which is either inorganic or organic, and energy from the sun. Producers use inorganic matter and energy to produce organic matter. Consumers obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers, and decomposers recycle organic matter.
3) Food chains and webs show how energy flows through ecosystems from producers to different trophic levels of consumers. Trophic pyramids illustrate biomass and numbers at each level, with less at higher levels due to
This PhD project examines the spatial expansion of the oil industry in Ecuador and resulting environmental conflicts. The student will analyze the case study of Yasuni National Park in Ecuador using a framework that views territories as complex systems of material and immaterial relationships between societies and the environment. A literature review covers topics like biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and integrating environmental sustainability into models of local development.
This document summarizes a study that examined how to influence climate adaptation processes among cattle producers in northern Australia. The researchers assessed the adaptive capacity of 240 cattle producers using four dimensions and investigated the association between adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity. They found that occupational identity, employability, networks, strategic approach, environmental awareness, dynamic resource use, and use of technology were positively correlated with adaptive capacity, while place attachment was negatively correlated. This suggests adaptation could be influenced by focusing on these aspects of adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity. Managing individual resilience is critical to adaptation at higher levels and needs more attention to shape adaptation processes.
This document provides summaries of key topics related to systems and models, ecosystems, and human population dynamics.
1) It defines systems, models, laws of thermodynamics, and equilibrium concepts. It also discusses feedback, transfers and transformations of matter and energy.
2) It defines ecosystem components and processes like biotic and abiotic factors, trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. It also summarizes different biomes and their characteristics.
3) It discusses human population dynamics concepts like exponential and logistic growth models, r/K selection strategies, and factors affecting population size. It also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food supply.
1) Ecosystems have trophic structures that determine energy flow and nutrient cycling through feeding relationships between species organized into trophic levels.
2) Producers, which include photosynthetic plants, algae, and bacteria, occupy the first trophic level and support all other levels by harnessing solar or chemical energy.
3) Consumers are organisms that feed on producers or other consumers and are ranked according to the trophic level they occupy, such as herbivores on the first level or carnivores on higher levels.
Fire can be used for ecosystem maintenance, by triggering normal successional processes, or restoration, to repair degradation and reinstate conditions to enable recovery. Maintenance uses fire to avoid excessive senescence, while restoration uses fire to revive declining diversity, reduce fire-sensitive species, and trigger recovery. Shifting a site to alternative fire-sensitive vegetation is a last resort that should only be considered under specific conditions. Cultural burning can also restore cultural practices and landscapes when combined with ecological restoration goals.
Christo Fabricius: Ecological Infrastructure and its implications for catchme...Christo Fabricius
Ecological infrastructure: landscape features that support ecosystem services. Their functions: Buffering the system against disturbances, e.g. riparian and wetland vegetation;
soils; floodplains; coastal dunes. Nature’s infrastructure has a positive impact on human resilience by :
Protecting human lives
Protecting engineered infrastructure
Enabling multiple land uses
When EI is degraded, land use options reduced, resulting lock-ins into single land use options
Navigating a new, sustainable future for the catchment
Developing a shared vision with stakeholders
Supported by good science
Developing and implementing a local management plan
Collaborative governance through a Catchment Forum
Adaptive co-management: learning, experimentation, reflection, adaptation
“Getting our act together for sustainable catchment management for resilient ecological infrastructure”
Rebuilding the Relationship between People and Nature: The SATOYAMA Initiative
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document summarizes a meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. It discusses how the Commission's recommendations can help guide CGIAR research to achieve food security amidst climate change. The 7 recommendations include integrating agriculture and food security into policies, sustainably intensifying production while reducing emissions, targeting vulnerable populations, reshaping food access and consumption, and reducing loss and waste in food systems. Specific CGIAR research programs are highlighted that align with each recommendation.
1) Climate change, population growth, and unsustainable resource use are intensifying pressures on the global food system.
2) Business as usual will not achieve food security or environmental sustainability. Major interventions are needed to transform food production, distribution, and consumption.
3) The Commission reviewed evidence and identified a pathway to achieving food security amidst climate change through sustainable agriculture, efficient resource use, resilient production systems, and healthy food choices and diets.
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
This document summarizes the objectives, activities, targets, and partnerships of a project focused on soybean production in Sub-Saharan Africa. The project's main objective was to increase soybean productivity and incomes through improved varieties, good agronomic practices, and market access. Key activities included baseline studies, surveys, capacity building, and backstopping national agricultural research systems. Intended targets included reports on production constraints, adoption of innovations, and number of staff trained. The project partnered with national agricultural research institutions and development organizations in Nigeria, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique.
This document outlines collaborations between various seed alliances and projects in West and East Africa. It discusses the West Africa Seed Alliance (WASA) and its goal of establishing a sustainable commercial seed industry. WASA has an institutional framework established through a memorandum of understanding. The Seeds Project provides USAID support to WASA. Activities undertaken through these collaborations include quality seed production, agro-dealer training programs, seed policy workshops, and variety release guidelines. Opportunities also exist to apply lessons from the Tropical Legumes II project to scale out decentralized seed production and market access models.
Understandings:
Most species occupy different trophic levels in multiple food chains
A food web shows all the possible food chains in a community
The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent upon the respiration rate
The type of stable ecosystem that will emerge in an area is predictable based on climate
In closed ecosystems energy but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings
Disturbance influxes the structure and rate of change within ecosystems
Applications:
Conversion ratio in sustainable food production practices
Consideration of one example how humans interfere with nutrient cycling
Skills:
Comparison of pyramids of energy from different ecosystems
Analysis of a climograph showing the relationship between temperature, rainfall and the type of ecosystem
Construction of Gersmehl diagrams to show the inter-relationships between nutrient stores and flows between taiga, desert, and tropical rainforest.
Analysis of data showing a primary succession
An investigation into the effect of an environmental disturbance on an ecosystem
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a partnership between three organizations seeking to establish guidelines for sustainable landscape design, construction, and maintenance. The Initiative's guidelines in "The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009" provide best practices aligned with healthy ecosystem functions to preserve natural resources for future generations, as defined by the United Nations. These voluntary guidelines are modeled after the LEED green building rating system and offer credits for practices that enhance environmental, economic, and social sustainability of landscapes according to ten guiding principles.
Restoration of the World's Degraded Forest LandscapesSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Permaculture: Cooperation, Climate Change and Peak Debt Garden2bounty
This document discusses permaculture and climate change solutions. It proposes a "10,000 Trees" planetary permaculture strategy to address climate change through increasing carbon sinks like trees and soil. Permaculture is presented as a movement working on sustainability through cooperation and design principles like earth care, fair share, and people care. Related movements discussed include transition towns, natural sequence farming, and organic farming. The document outlines permaculture applications in areas like urban food, schools, and broad-acre farming as well as permaculture networks and institutions around the world.
Odds and ends of rehabilitating (restoring) degraded landscapesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Lalisa A. Duguma at "Odds and ends for restoring landscapes through agroforestry" Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
The document discusses sustainable development from global to local scales. It advocates adopting a multi-scale approach and considers sustainable development from global, analytical, political, and epistemological perspectives. At the local scale, relationships between energy systems and territories are explored, comparing fossil fuel and renewable energy sources. Renewable resources can generate more localized forms of organization where local actors play important roles.
This document introduces key concepts in environmental systems, including defining environmental issues and sustainability. It discusses major environmental problems like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, which are caused by factors such as population growth and resource overuse. Sustainability is defined as meeting needs without depleting natural resources, and a sustainable society achieves this balance. The ecological footprint measures an individual's environmental impact.
Be Guided by the Landscape (Analog Forestry Principle #7)belipola
A short presentation on Analog Forestry principle #7 - Be guided by the landscape. The presentation outlines the methods and usefulness of this principle. It is especially informative in understanding what "landscape" is.
1) An ecosystem is formed by the interaction between a community of living organisms and their non-living physical environment. It includes biotic factors like organisms and abiotic factors like water, soil, and temperature.
2) Ecosystems rely on matter, which is either inorganic or organic, and energy from the sun. Producers use inorganic matter and energy to produce organic matter. Consumers obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers, and decomposers recycle organic matter.
3) Food chains and webs show how energy flows through ecosystems from producers to different trophic levels of consumers. Trophic pyramids illustrate biomass and numbers at each level, with less at higher levels due to
This PhD project examines the spatial expansion of the oil industry in Ecuador and resulting environmental conflicts. The student will analyze the case study of Yasuni National Park in Ecuador using a framework that views territories as complex systems of material and immaterial relationships between societies and the environment. A literature review covers topics like biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and integrating environmental sustainability into models of local development.
This document summarizes a study that examined how to influence climate adaptation processes among cattle producers in northern Australia. The researchers assessed the adaptive capacity of 240 cattle producers using four dimensions and investigated the association between adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity. They found that occupational identity, employability, networks, strategic approach, environmental awareness, dynamic resource use, and use of technology were positively correlated with adaptive capacity, while place attachment was negatively correlated. This suggests adaptation could be influenced by focusing on these aspects of adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity. Managing individual resilience is critical to adaptation at higher levels and needs more attention to shape adaptation processes.
This document provides summaries of key topics related to systems and models, ecosystems, and human population dynamics.
1) It defines systems, models, laws of thermodynamics, and equilibrium concepts. It also discusses feedback, transfers and transformations of matter and energy.
2) It defines ecosystem components and processes like biotic and abiotic factors, trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. It also summarizes different biomes and their characteristics.
3) It discusses human population dynamics concepts like exponential and logistic growth models, r/K selection strategies, and factors affecting population size. It also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food supply.
1) Ecosystems have trophic structures that determine energy flow and nutrient cycling through feeding relationships between species organized into trophic levels.
2) Producers, which include photosynthetic plants, algae, and bacteria, occupy the first trophic level and support all other levels by harnessing solar or chemical energy.
3) Consumers are organisms that feed on producers or other consumers and are ranked according to the trophic level they occupy, such as herbivores on the first level or carnivores on higher levels.
Fire can be used for ecosystem maintenance, by triggering normal successional processes, or restoration, to repair degradation and reinstate conditions to enable recovery. Maintenance uses fire to avoid excessive senescence, while restoration uses fire to revive declining diversity, reduce fire-sensitive species, and trigger recovery. Shifting a site to alternative fire-sensitive vegetation is a last resort that should only be considered under specific conditions. Cultural burning can also restore cultural practices and landscapes when combined with ecological restoration goals.
Christo Fabricius: Ecological Infrastructure and its implications for catchme...Christo Fabricius
Ecological infrastructure: landscape features that support ecosystem services. Their functions: Buffering the system against disturbances, e.g. riparian and wetland vegetation;
soils; floodplains; coastal dunes. Nature’s infrastructure has a positive impact on human resilience by :
Protecting human lives
Protecting engineered infrastructure
Enabling multiple land uses
When EI is degraded, land use options reduced, resulting lock-ins into single land use options
Navigating a new, sustainable future for the catchment
Developing a shared vision with stakeholders
Supported by good science
Developing and implementing a local management plan
Collaborative governance through a Catchment Forum
Adaptive co-management: learning, experimentation, reflection, adaptation
“Getting our act together for sustainable catchment management for resilient ecological infrastructure”
Rebuilding the Relationship between People and Nature: The SATOYAMA Initiative
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document summarizes a meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. It discusses how the Commission's recommendations can help guide CGIAR research to achieve food security amidst climate change. The 7 recommendations include integrating agriculture and food security into policies, sustainably intensifying production while reducing emissions, targeting vulnerable populations, reshaping food access and consumption, and reducing loss and waste in food systems. Specific CGIAR research programs are highlighted that align with each recommendation.
1) Climate change, population growth, and unsustainable resource use are intensifying pressures on the global food system.
2) Business as usual will not achieve food security or environmental sustainability. Major interventions are needed to transform food production, distribution, and consumption.
3) The Commission reviewed evidence and identified a pathway to achieving food security amidst climate change through sustainable agriculture, efficient resource use, resilient production systems, and healthy food choices and diets.
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
This document summarizes the objectives, activities, targets, and partnerships of a project focused on soybean production in Sub-Saharan Africa. The project's main objective was to increase soybean productivity and incomes through improved varieties, good agronomic practices, and market access. Key activities included baseline studies, surveys, capacity building, and backstopping national agricultural research systems. Intended targets included reports on production constraints, adoption of innovations, and number of staff trained. The project partnered with national agricultural research institutions and development organizations in Nigeria, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique.
This document outlines collaborations between various seed alliances and projects in West and East Africa. It discusses the West Africa Seed Alliance (WASA) and its goal of establishing a sustainable commercial seed industry. WASA has an institutional framework established through a memorandum of understanding. The Seeds Project provides USAID support to WASA. Activities undertaken through these collaborations include quality seed production, agro-dealer training programs, seed policy workshops, and variety release guidelines. Opportunities also exist to apply lessons from the Tropical Legumes II project to scale out decentralized seed production and market access models.
Malawi's maize market is characterized by a majority of farmers either selling maize only or both buying and selling as net sellers, with only a small percentage acting as net buyers. The role of the Malawian government in intervening in the maize market includes supporting private sector infrastructure and regulation, engaging in rules-based market interventions using criteria like price bands, and discretionary interventions which discourage private sector involvement and increase price volatility. Current maize prices in Malawi for the 2014/15 season have been far outside expectations, reflecting the thin and unpredictable nature of the market. Recommendations are made to reverse uncertainty through private sector investment incentives and predictable, rules-based government interventions to stabilize prices while still allowing intervention when
The document discusses the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) project, which aims to promote the use of hermetic storage bags (PICS bags) for storing cowpeas in West and Central Africa. The project plans to reach 50% of cowpea storage in the region using non-chemical hermetic methods by 2012. It outlines the project's approach of training farmers, demonstrating the technology, and ensuring bag availability. It also provides examples of project activities in Nigeria, including demonstrations held in villages, and research to evaluate the technology's effectiveness under farmers' conditions.
This is a study undertaken on nutrient compositions of and processed products development from Son Tra (Docynia indica. The in-depth study of some bioactive substances of son tra fruit and its processed product development was undertaken as part of understanding existing market value chains, and identifying the necessary interventions to improve the performance of son tra.
Palm trees tapped for their sap (10-20% sugar) can feed people and livestock. Very efficient converters of solar energy to sugar. Tapping Mangrove Palms (Nypa fruticans) is an ancient technique, practiced for centuries in the Philippines. The innovation is low input, suitable for smallholders and Climate-smart.
This document summarizes a study on youth engagement in agricultural policy processes and community development forums in Malawi. The study found that (1) there are very few direct connections between youth organizations and agricultural policymakers, with youth occupying a peripheral role in policy networks; (2) factors hindering youth participation at the community level include lack of access to information, amenities, and remoteness, with remote rural communities less likely to include youth; and (3) barriers to effective youth participation include lack of awareness, support mechanisms, financial resources, and negative attitudes towards farming. The document recommends deliberate engagement and support of youth, strengthening local systems, and multi-sectoral initiatives to improve youth inclusion.
Richard Record congratulates Malawi and its partners for organizing a conference to find innovative solutions to improve resilience and beat famine on the continent. He highlights the World Bank's efforts through programs like TerrAfrica to build resilience of ecosystems and livelihoods by tackling the interlinkages between climate change, degradation, drought, food insecurity, and instability. TerrAfrica has secured $3 billion for sustainable land investments and brought these issues to policy discussions. The Resilient Landscapes Initiative joins the World Bank, TerrAfrica, and others to promote sustainable natural resource use focused on social, economic, and environmental welfare at scale.
Evaluating land management practices under fertilizer subsidy or carbon seque...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes a presentation on evaluating land management practices under fertilizer subsidies or carbon sequestration compensation in Kenya. The presentation addresses research questions on the best ways to organize input support systems, the role of subsidies and integrated soil fertility management, and whether carbon sequestration markets could provide additional revenue streams. Key points discussed include requirements for agricultural carbon markets such as verifiability, additionality, and permanence. Indicative findings show impacts of sustainable land management practices on yields and revenues as well as net present values of integrated soil and landscape management practices. The presentation concludes by discussing the role carbon revenues could play in supporting integrated soil fertility management and addresses future research directions.
Presentation by Henry Neufeldt at Our Common Future Under Climate Change session on Land-based Mitigation: Agriculture, Forests and Bio-energy. Paris, France, 8 July 2015
This document discusses developing seed systems to maximize impact for poor, drought-prone regions through the Tropical Legumes II project. It outlines 4 objectives for the current phase: 1) analyzing the costs and benefits of different seed production and delivery models, 2) studying early adoption of new varieties, 3) assessing different media for promotion, and 4) monitoring costs and impacts. The document proposes expanding the project in a second phase to take a more integrated value chain approach across crops, strengthen targeting of drought-prone areas, and develop sustainability plans to phase out external support over time.
Not forgetting the forests for the trees: The art and science of useful impac...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This presentation from the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) was part of ICRAF's Agroforestry Development Impact Seminar (ADIS) series.
GENERAL: MIBOSQUE contributes to the reduction of local causes of climate change and environmental vulnerability by promoting governance of natural resources and self-sufficiency among populations in order to improve their living conditions
Objective 1 for 2009: That 110 communities and 11 municipalities manage and administer their renewable natural resources in a sustainable manner
Objective 2 for 2009: Build capacity in 11 local governments to administer the natural resources in their jurisdictions
Objective 3 for 2009: That 2200 families served by the project improve their incomes from activities related to forestry and agroforestry
Innovations by COMACO, Zambia. www.itswild.org. Fertilizer trees gliricidia and maize agroforestry yields food, fuel and myriad other products for farmers in Zambia
Landscape restoration. By ICRAF-J Cornelius, L Duguma, A Widayati & Jianchu XuWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The restoration agenda is not about tree-counting or “blanket reforestation”. It is about recuperating ecosystem functions needed to support specific desired land-use objectives or trajectories, the end-point of which may or may not be “nature restored”. Tree planting, nurturing, and facilitation of natural regeneration —AGROFORESTRY—have central roles to play, because of the ES associated so closely with trees and forests
This document summarizes a presentation on sustainable tree-based bioenergy in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that 80% of energy in Africa comes from fuelwood and charcoal currently. There is significant potential for tree-based bioenergy to provide renewable energy through improved cooking technologies, biomass gasification for electricity, and biofuels. However, knowledge gaps remain around sustainable production levels and models, as well as effects on climate change. Policy reforms are needed to support tree-based energy and develop markets for wood for energy. Partnerships and global platforms could help promote renewable tree-based energy solutions.
Unequal participation of smallholder farmers in coffee certification programs...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This study examines unequal participation of smallholder farmers in coffee certification programs in Central Kenya. Through interviews and surveys of certified and non-certified farmers, the study finds that participation is not equal and farmers are pre-selected based on quality of coffee and relationships with cooperative officials. Certified farmers tend to have larger land sizes and are more educated than non-certified farmers. Key determinants of inclusion in certification include education level, farm size, and knowledge of certification standards. The study concludes that certification focuses on select "good" farmers and greater farmer training and participation is needed for certification to be more inclusive and sustainable.
Managing Ecosystems to improve resilience (UNDP presentation)UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses managing ecosystems to improve resilience in the face of climate change and other disturbances. It defines ecosystem resilience as the ability to withstand disturbances without shifting to a new state. Resilience is important to prevent ecosystem collapse from tipping points. The document recommends managing landscapes by maintaining diversity, connectivity, natural disturbances, and controlling invasives to bolster resilience of forests, grasslands, and other ecosystems.
To achieve the goal of restoration/ rehabilitation in landscapes, it is crucial to articulate:
What we want to achieve, what processes are in it, what resources are required.
How we want to do it
Who should be engaged
Why we do it
Introduction To Permaculture Weekend CourseKat Szuminska
An introduction to Permaculture Course first given at the Hawkesbury Earthcare Centre in April 2009
http://www.earthcare.org.au/intropermcourse by Penny & Karim http://caughtintheart.blogspot.com/
& Kat http://twitter.com/katska
The course is based on Bill Mollison's "Introduction to Permaculture" http://www.tagari.com/item.php?itemid=156
The document discusses challenges related to agrobiodiversity research, specifically sustainable intensification, landscape buffers and filters, and land sharing versus land sparing. It notes divergent models of territorial configuration and examines landscape variability, climate variability, and human vulnerability. Adaptation strategies are discussed in relation to reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience through filters, buffers, and building adaptive capacity. Different landscape intensification pathways are presented ranging from fully intensified to extensively used landscapes. Key research challenges are identified around quantifying buffer and filter functions under different intensification approaches and climate variability, as well as supporting social and economic institutions to achieve sustainable weighting of economy-ecology tradeoffs.
The document discusses environmental science and engineering topics that will be covered in a course. It includes 5 units: Environment, Ecosystem and Biodiversity; Environmental Pollution; Natural Resources; Social Issues and the Environment; and Human Population and the Environment. The course will examine relationships between humans and the environment and how to develop environmental protection plans. It will provide awareness of problems and the need for conservation to identify and solve issues.
The document defines environment and environmental science. It states that environment includes all physical and biological factors surrounding organisms and their interactions. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field concerning conservation of nature and resources, pollution control, population issues, and more. The document also discusses ecosystems, including their components, functions, types of food chains and webs, ecological succession, and ecological pyramids.
Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”. It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our planet and the impact of human life upon the environment.
Thus environment is actually global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history, economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology etc. Scope of Environmental Science Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance to every section of the society.
Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new dimension to nation’s security. Importance of Environmental Science Environment belongs to all the living beings and thus is, important for all.
Each and every body of whatever occupation he or she may have, is affected by environmental issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc.
Environment study deals with the analysis of the processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for establishing standard,Environment and Ecology for safe, clean and healthy natural ecosystem.
It also deals with important issues like safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air, fertility of land, healthy food and development. Sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental protection, management and environmental engineering are immerging as new career opportunities for environment protection and managements.
Need for Public Awareness With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves.
To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have high-lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have attracted the general public towards the...
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
The final piece of D. Michael Edelstein's 3 part presentation on Ramapo College's pioneer Alternative Energy Center. Dedicated to Bill Makofske, who guided the 25 year development of the site and to the thousands of students who worked and learned there. And to achieving what we all worked for.
This document discusses the need to redefine education in the context of climate change. It covers topics such as the causes and impacts of climate change, the ethical implications, and actions individuals and communities can take. The key points are:
1) Unsustainable development has led to climate change through environmental degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. A paradigm shift is needed to understand sustainable development through an ecosystem lens.
2) Education must incorporate science, the political economy of decision making, ethics around climate justice, and opportunities for relevant individual and community action on mitigation and adaptation.
3) Education should follow the four pillars of learning - learning to know, do, be, and live sustainably - to foster critical thinking and
Permaculture dissertation 'A garden for the future'Leen Gorissen
We need to rethink the way in which we produce food. Permaculture designs edible systems in harmony with #nature instead of at the expense of nature. And the beauty of this approach is: everyone can do it!
While forests provide essential resources and renewable energy, deforestation is a major global problem that increases the risks of climate change. Demand for wood products is rising, contributing to over 4% of global trade. Deforestation destroys animal habitats and reduces atmospheric oxygen. The main driver of deforestation is clearing land for agriculture and development, as cities and populations grow. Efforts to end deforestation could generate economic benefits up to $80 million by restoring forests, while preserving resources, habitats, and a stable climate.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
1. The document discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, including its scope and importance.
2. It covers the key components of the environment, as well as the various disciplines that contribute to environmental science like biology, physics, social sciences, and more.
3. Sustainable development is introduced as development that meets current needs without compromising future generations, balancing economic, environmental and social factors.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and agroforestry:
1. It outlines two research groups focusing on adaptation and mitigation of climate change through agroforestry.
2. It summarizes some of the impacts of climate change on agroforestry species and economic activities as well as limits to adaptation.
3. It also briefly discusses the contributions of agriculture and land use to greenhouse gas emissions and benefits of trees on farms.
Planetary boundaries are nine Earth system processes identified as being critical for human society and the planet. Three of the nine boundaries cited in the document are biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution. Biodiversity refers to genetic diversity within species, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity, and it underpins crucial ecosystem services that humans rely on. The current rate of species extinction is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of times higher than the natural background rate, constituting a sixth mass extinction. Five drivers of biodiversity loss are discussed: land-use change, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. Business impacts and relies on biodiversity through its activities and value chains, so it must consider both mitigating
This document discusses environmental problems, their causes, and sustainability. It explains that human activities can degrade natural capital by overusing renewable resources. Environmentally sustainable societies must protect natural capital and live within its limits to ensure resources are available for future generations. The main causes of environmental degradation are population growth, unsustainable resource use, poverty, and the exclusion of environmental costs from market prices.
Presentation from Salman Hussain, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describing TEEB Agriculture and Food, a study designed to provide an economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Frediani Wakehurst tree diversity 2015 final Kevin Frediani
The document discusses the need for education on sustainable urban forest management in the face of threats from climate change, population growth, and development pressures. It emphasizes the importance of diversifying tree species selection and prioritizing resilience to make urban forests better able to withstand future changes. The document also provides resources for choosing climate-appropriate tree species and developing sustainable management strategies.
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
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Concepts: Trees in Landscapes
1. ICRAF Seminar, Nairobi 27 November, 2009 Concepts, methods and experience with supporting negotiations and incentives for trees in multifunctional landscapes Meine van Noordwijk
9. The Bali roadmap (2006): focus on ‘Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA)’. Which form of RED/REDD/REDD + /REDD ++ would be a NAMA for Indonesia ? 4 th most popu-lous country, high per-capita emissions, mostly due to AFOLU … occur in between sectoral responsibilities Large parts of emissions … are ‘planned’ for development … are in breach of rules AFOLU = Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use … High vulnera-bility of coastal zones Need for adaptation, due to … Landslides, floods and droughts … Still rural, primary resource-based economy … Discrepancies in wealth and power
11. intensive agriculture natural forest integrated, multifunctional landscape: crops, trees, meadows and forest patches Tree plan- tations intensive extensive conservation protection production Agroforestry Agriculture Forestry Segregate Integrate functions Current legal, institutional & educational paradigm Current reality ‘ deforestation’ ‘ loss of forest functions’
12. Zomer et al. (2009) Trees on Farm: Analysis of Global Extent and Geographical Patterns of Agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper no. 89. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre. 60pp 50% of ‘agricul-tural land’ has >30% tree cover in SEA & CA
13. Relative agricultural function (RAF) - provisioning Relative ecological function (REF) D Trade-off REF/RAF: convex, concave, win-win after lose-lose A Initial use B Degra- dation C Rehabilitation EU Critical loss of ecological functions
14. Low Low Agricultural productivity Degrading agricultural landscapes High Core wilderness/ natural forest terra incognita Polyculture attractors High Intensive agroecosys-tem domain Agroforest domain Degraded, aban-doned land Low external input agro-ecosystems Biodiversity & associated ecosystem services Current dominant trend Biodiversity-ba-sed alternative pathway Landscape position
15. Land use intensification & domestication of biota Wilderness Animal husbandry Plant husbandry 100 67 33 0 100 67 33 0 0 33 67 100 ‘ Forest’ Protected area Game ranches NTFP-zone Selective logging Agroforest Fastwood plantation Open field crops Leys Off-farm Cut&carry Feed-based bioindustry Timber-enriched forest On-farm Cut&carry ‘ Forest’ Animal production Crop production Nature conservation Agroforestry Centrifugal forces towards ‘pure’ conservation, intensive animal, annual & tree-crop production ‘ Forest’ world pulled towards 2 opposites Multifunctionality attractor?
16. Smallholder far- mer/agroforester here and now Gene Product value chains Patch/field Organism Population Farm Land-scape Desakota network Globe National economy Community Watershed Nation Global institutions National institutions time Persistence Change Efficiency space institutions
17. Gene Product value chains Patch/field Organism Population Farm Land-scape Desakota network Globe National economy Community Watershed Nation Global institutions National institutions time space institutions Persistence Change Efficiency
18.
19.
20.
21. Properties of a system that sup-port actors to cope with change, to be adaptive and resilient. Sustainability: providing for current without compromising future needs Sustain agility
22. Sustainable livelihoods somewhere on the globe Sustainable livelihoods at current location Sustainable farms at current location Sustaina b ility of current farming system Sustaina b ility of current trees/crops/animals Sustaina b ility of current cropping system Sustaina g ility E: human migration Sustaina g ility D: shift to non-ag sectors Sustaina g ility C: other farming system Sustaina g ility B: other cropping system Sustaina g ility A: other trees/crops/ animals
23. Meeting today’s needs without compromising the future 10. Earth system re- source governance 9. Natural resource ma- nagement institutions 8. Agri-food systems 7. Rural landscapes 6. Desakota liveli- hood networks 5. Agroecosystems 4. Farms, forests 3. Populations, fields 2. Organism during its life cycle 1. Access to genetic diversity SustG10: New global deals (S) SustG_9: New environmentality (H,S) SustG_8: New food securities (H,I,S,F,N) SustG_7: New landscape value chains (N,S,H,I,F) SustG_6: New livelihood systems (H, S, F, I, N) SustG_5: New interdependencies for lateral flows (N, H) SustG_4: New farming systems and farm-scale resource management (N,H) SustG_3: New cropping/AF systems and associated knowledge (N,H) SustG_2: New crop/tree/animal management techniques (N,H) SustG_1: New crop/tree/animal types domesticated on farm or accessible from external sources (N, H, S) Sustainable global agreements Sustainable iNRM institutions Sustainable value chains Sustainable Ecosystem Service incentives Sustainable livelihoods Sustainable agro-ecosystems Sustainable farming systems Sustainable soil fertility management Sustainable cropping systems and practices Sustaining genebanks releasing robust varieties
24.
25. The view is better if I go a little further High efficiency (the place provides a nice view on a neighbouring waterfall) Sustainability is ok, (1 m of supporting services…) Sustainagility question-able, don’t jump around...
29. Hutan Desa Partial answer to the issues of local use rights and tenure security?
30.
31. Local Govt, foreign investors (Korea, Taiwan), local investors Govt MoF APP, Local Govt, MoF, Central Govt ICRAF, WARSI WARSI BirdLife, WARSI Local govt, NGO MoF, WARSI Intensified rubber Oil palm (farmer) Mining Road Transmigration HTR HTI Illegal logging Community forest, old RAF Rubber - sisipan Certified logging Protected and customary forest National Park More ES Less ES Conservation concession Transmigration Oil palm (company) Farmer, CIFOR, ICRAF, WARSI, RUPES Local govt Local govt Ideal Zone Less income More income Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Govt, BRI through agric. revitalization program National and Malaysian investors, Govt
33. Negotiation Support Systems Landscape mosaic resource interactions new components & technologies spontaneous change agreed changes performance indicators actors, stake-holders Negotiations process Plots (land use s.s.) Matrix (filter) Roads/streams (channel)
34.
35. the ‘Universal Soil Loss Equation’ can predict what happens in such plots but not what happens here... Landscape-scale assessment of water and sediment flows: Filter effects in the valleys Or where the sediment at the dam comes from 1. Local conflict resolution in forest margin in Sumberjaya (Lampung, Indonesia) the ‘Universal Soil Loss Equation’ can predict what happens in such plots
36. Myth-use of forest hydrology for maintaining political control over land 1 4 2 3 5 => Political reality Hydrological <=
37. First farmer-forest agreements (HKM) Location-specific boundary object – can be replicated in similar circumstances based on ‘policy precedent’ effect Landscape mosaic resource interactions new components & technologies spontaneous change agreed changes performance indicators actors, stake-holders Negotiations process Plots (land use s.s.) Matrix (filter) Roads/streams (channel)
38. Generic boundary object – can be repli-cated in similar circum-stances based on stepwise protocol Rapid/replicable Appraisal Tools (6 months, 5-10 k$) integrating 3 types of knowledge Local Ecological Knowledge Public/Policy Ecological Knowledge Hydrologist Ecological Knowledge
39. RHA Guideline Fig. 6 7 stages in development of RUPES reward mechanism ES Reward support for action RHA Awareness RHA Identifying partners Monitoring Action Plans Negotiations RHA Scoping Beneficiaries, buyers of ES Interme - diaries Providers, sellers of ES Stage II I III IV V VI VII
40. Implementation, Monitoring and Learning: unified K unified A (or reverting to (K K) (A A) Negotiation: (K K) (A A), aiming for (unified K unified A) Conditional Stakeholder identifi-cation: A A Voluntary Scoping: K K Realistic
41. 2. Emergence of Payments for Watershed Servi-ces in Singkarak (W. Sumatra, Indonesia) Context Issue Salience/PEK Legitimacy/LEK Credibility/MEK Impact on stakeholder action Key to success Ombilin river Solok town Paninggahan Coffee enclave Padang Bukittinggi Maninjau Singkarak PLTA Kesempatan pengembangan CDM CDM opportunities
42. RHA = Rapid hydrological appraisal Based on ‘categories’ Based on ‘processes’ direct ‘observables’ includes balance sheets Laws City folks Local govt National govt Economist Engineers Foresters Ecohydro- logist women men women men lowland upland Three main types of K and associated A Private sector Local Ecological Knowledge Modellers’ Ecological Knowledge Public/Policy Ecological Knowledge
43.
44. 3. Adjustments in China’s Sloping Land Conver-sion Program (SLCP) in Baoshan Context Issue Salience/PEK Legitimacy/LEK Credibility/MEK Impact on stakeholder action Key to success Sloping land conversion program (1998) not based on trees farmers want, and does not allow for intercropping in the early years of tree growth Participatory technology development with farmers and forestry officials actively involved finds that there are trees with real value for farmers, while intercropping with locally domesticated medicinals opens the door for food crop intercropping as well Through local forest department, the success starts to spread, higher level authorities do at least tolerate, some support Trust between researchers & village, researchers & forestry officials => trust between village a& forestry staff
45. 4. Global debate on forests and floods The forest ‘myth’ is sometimes benign and can be left unchallenged, in other cases leads to mis-investment and conflict
46. 5. Emerging global policies for Reducing Emis-sions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and their inconvenient truths Context Issue Salience/PEK Legitimacy/LEK Credibility/MEK Impact on stakeholder action Key to success AFOLU AGG peat restock Agroforest Trees out-side forest REDD Sustainable forest manage-ment Soil C CH 4 N 2 O Net GHG emissions Attempts to broaden the target to emissions from all land use to increaseplatform Challenge current ‘framing’ Solid data + Politics Opportunity cost ana-lysis for REALU 1. Forest definition too broad, yet many avoidable emissions not covered 2. Indigenous people’s claim on forest rights need respect Avoidable GHG emissions from land use change, linked to ‘forest’ drivers co-benefits rights
47. Fossil Fuel Emissions and Cement Production Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; CDIAC 2009 [1 Pg = 1 Petagram = 1 Billion metric tonnes = 1 Gigatonne = 1x10 15 g] CO 2 emissions (PgC y -1 ) 9 8 7 6 1990 2000 2010 Growth rate: 1.0% per year Growth rate: 3.4% per year 2008 : Emissions: 8.7 PgC Growth rate: 2.0% 1990 levels: +41% 2000-2008 Growth rate: 3.4%
48. Fossil Fuel Emissions: Actual vs. IPCC Scenarios Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS, updated; Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; International Monetary Fund 2009
49. Le Qu é ré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; CDIAC 2009 CO 2 Fossil Fuel Emissions Annex B (Kyoto Protocol) Developed Nation Developing Nations Non-Annex B 1990 2000 2010 5 4 3 2 CO 2 emissions (PgC y -1 ) 55% 45%
50. Balance of Emissions Embodied in Trade (BEET) Peters and Hertwich 2008, Environ, Sci & Tech., updated Year 2004 developed countries are partially outsourcing their emissions to developing countries MtC BEET Warm colors Net exporters of embodied carbon Cold colors Net importers of embodied carbon
51. Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget atmospheric CO 2 ocean land fossil fuel emissions deforestation 7.7 1.4 4.1 3.0 (5 models) 2000-2008 PgC CO 2 flux (PgC y -1 ) Sink Source Time (y) 0.3 Residual 2.3 (4 models) Global Carbon Project 2009; Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience
52. http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/08/hl-brief.htm Land use change was responsible for estimated net emissions of 1.5 PgC per year over the last 15 years. In 2008, estimated emissions declined to 1.2 Pg C. Wet La Niña conditions probably contributed to limited fire use and deforestation rate in Southeast Asia. Emissions from Brazil and Indonesia account for 61% of all emissions from land use change. The contribution of land use change emissions to the total emissions from human activities was 12% in 2008, down from 20% in the 1990s. Emissions from land use change
53. Energy use land use and land use change global climate change Net GHG emissions Oceans Construction & manufacture, Transport, Heating/cooling, Food processing, Waste treatment, …, … Fossil fuel com-bustion Industry Industry Human welfare Energy use land use and land use change Human welfare Atmosphere A/R CDM CDM CDM REDD
54. Energy use land use and land use change global climate change Net GHG emissions Oceans Construction & manufacture, Transport, Heating/cooling, Food processing, Waste treatment, …, … Fossil fuel com-bustion Industry Industry Construction & manufacture, Transport, Heating/cooling, Food processing, Waste treatment, …, … Human welfare Energy use land use and land use change Human welfare Atmosphere REALU CDM CDM
55. Deforestation is often measured in ‘football fields per hour’; is football compatible with avoided deforestation? For example, “ Amazon destruction has accelerated to record le-vels, according to figures released by the Brazilian government. The annual rate has reached 26,130 square km, the second highest ever - an area equivalent to about six football fields a minute are destroyed. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/amazon-destruction
57. Is the goal achievable? Is the playing field level? Are the lines clearly marked? What is the ball? Is one tree + 30% grass enough to qualify as forest? The white-man referee in the shade? Who is watching on the sideline? Who are the defenders? Made from cer-tified wood? Who is at play?
58. … .are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest; [FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.1] Signs of deforestation?
59. Temporarily unstocked… tree-cover-based forest “ FORESTers Forest” – the FAO definition Land spanning more than 0.5ha with trees higher than 5m and a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use . trees on farm protected areas Agri- Agro- Forest culture forestry tree crops trees outside forest urban trees urban forest homegardens
60. Forest without trees Non-forest without trees Trees outside forest Forest with trees Forest definition based on insti-tutions & intent Forest definition based on X% canopy cover Total land area Defores- tation? Including e.g. agroforests, oil palm plantation Clearfelling/ re-plant is accep-ted as forest; no time-limit on ‘replant’
61. REDD = idem, + (forest) degradation, or the shifts to lower C-stock densities within the forest; details very much depend on the operational definition of ‘forest’ RED = Reducing emissions from (gross) deforestation: only changes from ‘forest’ to ‘non-forest’ land cover types are included, and details very much depend on the operational definition of ‘forest’ REDD + = idem, + restocking within and towards ‘forest’ ; in some versions RED + will also include peatlands, regardless of their forest status ; details still depend on the operational definition of ‘forest’ REDD ++ = REALU = idem, + all transitions in land cover that affect C storage, whether peatland or mineral soil, trees-outside-forest, agroforest, plantations or natural forest. It does not depend on the operational definition of ‘forest’
62. Details of REDD accounting rules and forest definition have a major impact on the volume of ‘eligible’ emission reduction under a RED i + j scheme. Data for 3 provinces of Indonesia show low consistency when partial accounting rules are followed REALU draft material for COP15 AFOLU AGG Peat Restock Agroforest Trees out-side forest REDD Sustainable FOREST management Soil C CH 4 N 2 O Net GHG emissions Sustainable livelihoods
63.
64.
65. Context + Mechanism => Outcome Concepts, ideas, logical relations: “ how does it work?” Achieving goals: “ so what…” Space-time variation: “ when,where,what” Models, specific hypotheses: MEK K - sharing MEK production Experi-ments Surveys & maps Controlled variability Biophysical, socio-economic variation Packaged technology Tools Q-con-trol K-map-ping Next issue Boundary objects
66.
67. Local ecological knowledge Modelers Ecological knowledge Public/policy ecological knowledge Local stakeholders, periphery Scientists Central stakeholders LEK MEK PEK Knowledge Action
70. RMA RHA RaCSA RABA RaTA PALA Tools for negotiation support: TUL-SEA
71. F,P,N,H,S capital F,P,N,H,S capital Goods&services Investment, payments Country Province Commune World Household At every scale transition we need to consider: Realistic: Is it ‘ additive ’ or non-linear scaling? Voluntary: Does the currency need to change? If so, what exchange rate? Conditional: How to ‘derive’ flow from stock and build up stock through flows? Crossing borders: Passport – legitimacy Currency Language Timezone Trans- action costs
72. Sticks, sermons or carrots? What is the best way for the farmer to get the donkey to move towards the market? Donkey, it is your due role in life to help me move…
73.
74. RUPES-I synthesis *** 'Real' ES, recurrent Proxies, recurrent Plans/ACM, investment Conditionality Paradigm CIS: ‘Co-investment in Stewardship’ and co-manage-ment of land-scapes for redu-cing poverty and enhancing ES, sharing risk and responsibility Paradigm COS: ‘Compensating Opportunities Skipped ’ or paying land users for accepting man-datory or volun-tary restrictions on their use of land Paradigm CES: ‘Commoditized ES’ or markets for commoditized environmental service procure-ment (or land use proxies with periodic full impact study)
75. Annex-I Emissions all sectors Non-Annex-I CDM REDD and SFM PEAT SLM Agricult. intensi-fication Alleviating rural poverty Biofuel, agrocommodities Export of wood Non-accountable footprint A/R
76. REDD REDD+ REDD++ REDD++ = REALU REDD+ Ahead of COP15 negotiations, Indonesia's President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has committed cuts of up to 26 percent by 2020, or 41 percent with funding and technological support from developed countries.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82. van Noordwijk M. 2009. Biofuel Emission Reduction Estimator Scheme (BERES): Land use history, current production system and technical emission factors. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. van Noordwijk M and Joshi L. 2009. REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. Dewi S, Khasanah N, Rahayu S, Ekadinata A and van Noordwijk M. 2009. Carbon Footprint of Indonesian Palm Oil Production: a Pilot Study. Bogor, Indonesia.World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. Swallow BM and van Noordwijk M. 2009. Agriculture and Climate Change: An Agenda for Negotiation in Copenhagen For Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Direct and Indirect Mitigation Through Tree and Soil Management (Policy Brief). Washington DC, USA. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
83.
84. Ecosystem services Water quan-tity & quality National economy and downstream ES beneficiaries (Goods and Services) Local liveli-hood deficit Biodi-versity deficit C stock defi-cit
87. China unveils emissions targets ahead of Copenhagen: Re duce "carbon intensity" by 40-45% by the year 2020, this means lower the amount of carbon dioxide emitted for each unit of GDP
88. Brasil + DR Congo + Indonesia contain 50% of total forest C stock, 10 countries contain 2/3 Emissions from deforestation Indonesia + Brasil + Malaysia cause 2/3 of REDD domain emissions Forest-based emissions: a global issue?
89. I LUI = F E R T I L B O N D X Energy (mechanization) Number of crops per year Crop diversity Harvest index (1/organic inputs to soil) Fertilizer use Irrigation Biocides Labour use Non-used refugia and filters in the landscape Invasive exotics R = Time fraction for crop & fallow (Ruthenberg) Intensity of land use: many dimensions Abiotic factors Biotic factors
90. (Sub)Humid Tropics: main C issues & options; main interface with Biodiversity agenda Semi-Arid Tropics: main CC vulnerability Adaptation issues & A/R CDM, not REDD CC Mitigation options CC Adaptation core business Semi-Arid Tropics: (Sub)Humid Tropics CCAFS (Climate Change Agriculture and Food Systems)
91. High human vulnerability to climate change coincides with low diversity parts of the world CCAFS High diversity parts of the world human may be less vulnerable to climate change, but loose diversity under CC
92.
93. http:// portal.iri.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt July 2009 Forecast of El Nino condi-tions: above-average rainfall in Kenya In fact: late start of rains, below-average total as yet Predictability of rainfall at gro-wing-season scale is still low
95. Hydraulic redistribution study in native tree species in an agroforestry parkland of West African dry savanna J. Bayala 1 , L. K. Heng 2 , M. van Noordwijk 3 , S. J. Ouedraogo 1 1 Département Productions Forestières, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2 IAEA, Soil and water management and crop nutrition section, Vienna, Austria, 3 World Agroforestry Center, South-East Asia, Bogor, Indonesia Oecologia Plantarum – in press
96. After the harvest of the millet crop, the soil shows the ‘normal’ day/night cycle of rewetting by tree roots (‘hydraulic redistribution’)… but with an upward trend, suggesting that after the crop died off, the tree roots bring up more water at night than they themselves use during the day
97. Uncertainty, bias and its consequences in C accounting Mg C / year Mg C Mg C / ha Mg C / tree Trees / ha = x = x ha / LUtype = d /dt Tree: size (diameter, height,…) shape (allometrics) wood density C-concentration Species ID & lookup tables Forest/Ag patch : frequency distribution . of trees of various types Land area: mosaic of Forest/Ag patches Time series: temporal change in mosaics
98. Fernando Santos Martin: Australian J of Ag and Res Economics (close to being ‘ac-cepted’…) Profitability measures for farmers adopting high-Q trees are flat: no clear benefit… ..while national eco-nomic benefits would increase with more trees on farm Primary reason: Tax & levies on trees, subsidies for fertilizer and maize production;
99.
100. Hydrological Processes, accepted … The predicted changes in buffer indicator for land use + climate change scenarios reach up to 50% of the current (and future) range of inter-annual variability.
101. Low Low Agricultural productivity Degrading agricultural landscapes High Core wilderness/ natural forest terra incognita Polyculture attractors High Intensive agroecosys-tem domain Agroforest domain Degraded, aban-doned land Low external input agro-ecosystems Biodiversity & associated ecosystem services Diversitas-Agrobiodiversity (in prep.) Jambi Current dominant trend Biodiversity-ba-sed alternative pathway Landscape position
102. Meeting today’s needs without compromising the future 10. Earth system re- source governance 9. Natural resource ma- nagement institutions 8. Agri-food systems 7. Rural landscapes 6. Desakota liveli- hood networks 5. Agroecosystems 4. Farms, forests 3. Populations, fields 2. Organism during its life cycle 1. Access to genetic diversity SustG10: New global deals (S) SustG_9: New environmentality (H,S) SustG_8: New food securities (H,I,S,F,N) SustG_7: New landscape value chains (N,S,H,I,F) SustG_6: New livelihood systems (H, S, F, I, N) SustG_5: New interdependencies for lateral flows (N, H) SustG_4: New farming systems and farm-scale resource management (N,H) SustG_3: New cropping/AF systems and associated knowledge (N,H) SustG_2: New crop/tree/animal management techniques (N,H) SustG_1: New crop/tree/animal types domesticated on farm or accessible from external sources (N, H, S) Sustainable global agreements Sustainable iNRM institutions Sustainable value chains Sustainable Ecosystem Service incentives Sustainable livelihoods Sustainable agro-ecosystems Sustainable farming systems Sustainable soil fertility management Sustainable cropping systems and practices Sustaining genebanks releasing robust varieties Sustainagility science: A know-ledge system for conservation, agricultural development and multifunctionality Meine van Noordwijk 1 , Jianchu Xu 1 , Delia Catacutan 1 , Rodel Lasco 1 , Beria Leimona 1 , Laxman Joshi 1 , Ken E. Giller 2 and Ujjwal Pradhan 1 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF); correspondence: [email_address] Wageningen University and Research Centre Proc. Nat Acad. of Sci. (under review)
103.
104. Landscape dynamics Population density, Landscape resources, Cultural preferences Migration Carbon stocks Watershed function, Biodiversity Initial drivers Market access, Infrastructure, LU technology Extension Access to land New feedback mechanisms External consequences Land use & cover change Plot level soil fertility Aggregated household economics Farmers’ decision making & learning Prices
105. External consequences Landscape dynamics Population density, Landscape resources, Cultural preferences Migration Carbon stocks Watershed function, Biodiversity Initial drivers Market access, Infrastructure, LU technology Extension Access to land New feedback mechanisms Land use & cover change Plot level soil fertility Aggregated household economics Farmers’ decision making & learning Land conversion & succession Potential area for expansion Land use& cover change Spatial access & attractiveness Farmers’ decision making & learning Adjusting expected yield (Learning) Labour allocation Financial allocation Learning style ( α ) Land allocation External information ( β ) Plot level soil fertility Soil fertility Crop/plant growth & productivity Yield Weather Aggregated household economics Trade Food consumption Storage Livelihoods (secon- dary consumption) Financial capital Profitability of land & labour
106. Migration Extension Access to land External ES consequences Livelihoods Carbon stocks Watershed function, Biodiversity Prices Plot level soil fertility Soil fertility Yield Weather Land conversion & succession Potential area for expansion Land use& cover change Spatial access & attractiveness Farmers’ decision making & learning Adjusting expected yield (Learning) Labour allocation Financial allocation Learning style ( α ) Land allocation External information ( β ) Aggregated household economics Trade Food consumption Storage Livelihoods (secon- dary consumption) Financial capital Profitability of land & labour Crop/plant growth & productivity
108. Plot Age i Age n Land use system: typical C stock across its life cycle Change in landscape-wide C stock sequestration/ emission estimate Changing proportions of the different land use systems In the landscape as a whole Life-cycle cash-flow analysis (discounted): Net Present Value Yearly input & output tables Price vectors & wage rate Discount rate Opportunity cost curves P S Business as Usual (BAU) or Alternative Scenario’s C All trees in a sample area biomass per unit area Single tree record: DBH, Species-ID, Height, … Species-ID Wood density est. Allo-metric equa-tion: biomass + understory + litter + soil + roots Bio-economic production model Field data Mixed stand growth model Field data All trees in a sample area biomass per unit area Single tree record: DBH, Species-ID, Height, … Species-ID Wood density est. Allo-metric equa-tion: biomass + understory + litter + soil + roots
109. RED REDD REDD + REDD ++= REALU Concerns Transaction costs1: negotiations Transaction costs2: Monitoring Transaction costs3: Leakage control Avoidable emissions Biodiversity co-benefits Net benefits ? ? ? ? ? ? Analysis of the negotiation options: to be filled with semi-quantitative estimates
110. Jambi (peat lands included) : 31.2 t CO 2 / ha / year, 92.7% below 5$/t CO 2 Huge emissions, but very little 'deforestation' $/t CO 2 t CO 2 / (ha yr)
111. Huge percentage of emissions from luc are associated with low economic benefit Opportunity costs vary from place to place
115. Temporarily unstocked… Energy use Construction & manufacture, Transport, Heating/cooling, Food processing, Waste treatment, …, … Human welfare… Leakage Additionality Permanence REDD tree-cover-based forest Fossil fuel combustion Net GHG emissions Industry Oceans Atmosphere protected areas Forest and non-forest land cover are closely linked at 'driver' level, and cross-sectoral shifts in emission patterns ('leakage') needs to be accounted for in any emission reduction claim.
119. REDD Time A/R CDM Emission outside the REDD scheme Sink outside A/R CDM scheme C-stocks t/ha Fairness: the real conservation cost Market Efficiency: the most real impact Depend on definition Forest Conservation Production Conversion
120. Adapting livelihoods to climate change through multifunctional landscapes with trees A1. CC Adaptation: Basic concepts A2. Multifunctional Landscapes A3. Rural livelihoods and change C4. Rights, institutional review and reform C1. Methods to asses what is ‘Realistic’ C2. Methods to establish ‘condi-tionality’ C3. Methods to create ‘Voluntary’ mechanisms for co-investment Concepts Target Methods B2. Supporting multi-functionality and environmental services B4. Current and future climate variability: global and local B3. Tree growth and climate variability B1. Trees and environmental services
121. Data for five provinces in Indonesia (one each in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi and Papua) show that actual tree cover does not differ much between the various ‘land use categories’ – the proportion of ‘non forest lands’ that has tree cover meeting the forest definition is close to that of ‘permanent forest estate’ lands in the same province Source: Data for 2006 analyzed by BaPlan
126. Gene Product value chains Patch/field Organism Population Farm Land-scape Desakota network Globe National economy Community Watershed Nation Global institutions National institutions time space institutions GRP1 GRP2 GRP3 GRP4 GRP5 GRP6 Persistence Change Efficiency
The basic concept of RHA is integrating stakeholders’ knowledge. That is knowledge of local, public or policy makers as well as hydrologist or research community. Through integration of the various stakeholders knowledge, we will be able to have a comprehensive understanding on the hydrological situation in a given watershed.
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions continued to grow strongly in 2008 at 2% per year. This growth lead to an all time high of 8.7 PgC emitted to the atmosphere (1 Pg = 1 billion tons or 1000 x million tons), 29% above emissions in 2000, and 41% above the Kyoto reference year 1990. Coal is now the largest fossil-fuel source of CO2 emissions. Over 90% of the growth in coal emissions results from increased coal use in China and India. Global emissions per capita reached 1.3 tonnes of carbon but the developed countries still lead. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and other industrial processes were calculated by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory. For the period 1958 to 2006 the calculations were based on United Nations Energy Statistics and cement data from the US Geological Survey, and for the years 2007 and 2008 the calculations were based on BP energy data. Uncertainty of the global fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimate is about ±6%. Uncertainty of emissions from individual countries can be several-fold bigger.
The current financial crisis had a small but probably discernable impact on the emissions growth rate in 2008 (growth rate of 2.0% down from 3.4% per year average over the previous 7 years). Despite this slowdown, fossil fuel emissions continue to track the average of the most carbon-intensive scenario of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. In 2009, we project emissions to decline to levels observed in 2007 with negative growth of -2.8%. Positive growth is expected return in 2011 as the change in global Gross Domestic Product goes positive. We have estimated emissions for 2009 based on the projection of -1.1% GDP growth rate provided by the International Monetary Fund (October 2009) and assuming a continue global decline in the carbon intensity of the GDP as seen over the last 30 years (-1.7% per year).
The biggest increase in emissions has taken place in developing countries (with close to 6 billion people) while developed countries (with less than 1 billion people), on average, show rather steady emissions for the last decade. About one quarter of the recent growth in emissions in developing countries resulted from the increase in international trade of goods and services produced in developing countries but consumed in developed countries. The largest regional shift in 2008 was India overtaking Russia as the third largest CO2 emitter. China and the US remain in first and second position. From a historical perspective, developing countries with 80% of the world’s population still account for about 20% of the cumulative emissions since 1751; the poorest countries in the world, with 800 million people, have contributed less than 1% of these cumulative emissions. Uncertainty of emissions from CO2 fossil fuel is large in some countries and about ±0.5 PgC globally.
Increasingly, more developed countries are net importers of carbon embedded in products and services provided by developing countries. In other words, developed countries are partially outsourcing their emissions to developing countries. Examples of this emissions imbalance created by import/export are: US (1997-2004): Within country emissions went up by 6%; Consumption based emissions went up +17%. Part of this differences is Sweden (1992-2004): Within country emissions – 5%; Consumption based emissions +12% China (2002-2005): Production of Exports was responsible for 50% of the emissions growth; 30% total emissions.
How the global carbon budget is put together: Atmospheric CO2 . The data is provided by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory. Accumulation of atmospheric CO2 is the most accurately measured quantity in the global carbon budget with an uncertainty of about 1% or about 0.04 PgC of the 4PgC per year accumulated on average since 2000. Emissions from CO2 fossil fue l. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and other industrial processes were calculated by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory. For the period 1958 to 2006 the calculations were based on United Nations Energy Statistics and cement data from the US Geological Survey, and for the years 2007 and 2008 the calculations were based on BP energy data. Uncertainty of the global fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimate is about ±6% (currently ±0.5 PgC). Uncertainty of emissions from individual countries can be several-fold bigger. Emissions from land use change . CO2 emissions from land use change were calculated by using a book-keeping method with the revised data on land use change from the Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nationals Global Forest Resource Assessment. Emissions after 2005 were extrapolated from the previous 25-year trend of 1.5 PgC per year.. We used fire emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database vs.2 over tropical forests to provide inter-annual variability on emissions over the last three years. Uncertainty of the global estimate of land use emissions is large and considered to be ±0.7 PgC in this analysis. Emission uncertainties at the country level can be large. Ocean CO2 sink. The global ocean sink was estimated using an ensemble of four ocean general circulation models coupled to ocean biogeochemistry models. Models were forced with meteorological data from the US national Centers for Environmental Prediction and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Recent trends in regional CO2 sinks in the Southern Ocean, North Atlantic, and Pacific oceans were detected directly from repeated observations. Land CO2 sink . The terrestrial sink was estimated using an ensemble of 5 global vegetation models forced by observed CO2 concentration and a combination of meteorological data from the Climatic Research Unit and US National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Redidual : It is the mismatch between the sum of the sources minus all the sinks estimated independently.