multiple sclerosis.pptx
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This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS). It defines MS as an immune-mediated progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The causes include autoimmune activity and genetic predisposition. In MS, sensitized T cells cross the blood-brain barrier and remain in the central nervous system, promoting damage. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, weakness, numbness, vision problems, and pain. Diagnosis involves MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment includes medications like corticosteroids, mitoxantrone, and amantadine to manage symptoms and slow progression. Nursing care focuses on assessing neurological function and managing issues like incontinence, speech and swallowing difficulties.
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MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION.pptx
1. Evaluation is the process of determining the extent to which educational objectives are being achieved and involves collecting information, analyzing and interpreting data to judge student achievement.
2. There are two main types of evaluation - formative evaluation which occurs during instruction to improve the learning process, and summative evaluation which examines outcomes after instruction is completed.
3. The evaluation process involves identifying the purpose, timeframe, data collection methods, data analysis and interpretation, and using findings to improve instruction and student learning. Validity, reliability and using multiple methods are important principles of effective evaluation.
CARE OF DYING AND DEATH.pptx
This document discusses death and the dying process. It begins by defining death as the cessation of all vital bodily functions, including heartbeat, brain activity, and breathing. It then outlines the five stages of dying according to Kubler Ross: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Next, it describes the physiological changes that occur during the dying process like weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite and consciousness. It concludes by outlining the care of the body after death, including preparing and transporting the body to the mortuary.
encephalitis.pptx
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that is typically caused by a viral infection or the immune system attacking brain tissue by mistake. There are two main types - primary encephalitis, which occurs when a virus directly infects the brain/spinal cord, and secondary encephalitis, where the immune system treats healthy brain cells as foreign. Symptoms can range from mild like fever and headache to more severe things like confusion and seizures. Diagnosis involves examinations, scans, tests of cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, reducing inflammation, and in some cases using antivirals.
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME.ppt
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that results from the body's immune system attacking the peripheral nervous system and causing inflammation and damage to the protective covering of nerves. It is characterized by rapidly progressive muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and sensory disturbances. Common symptoms include numbness or tingling in the legs that ascends to the upper body over days or weeks. The document discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
cerebral palsy.docx
Today's lecture discussed cerebral palsy. It covered the definition, causes, types, clinical features and management of cerebral palsy. Specifically, it defined cerebral palsy as a non-progressive motor dysfunction caused by brain damage. The main causes were identified as genetic factors, complications during birth, infections and trauma. The types and clinical features of spastic, ataxic, athetoid and mixed cerebral palsy were explained. Management involves physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as surgery. Nursing management focuses on mobility, development, protection and education.
IBD=Ulcerative colitis.pptx
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract, specifically the inner lining of the large intestine and rectum. It has various types defined by the parts of the colon affected. The causes include genetic and environmental factors such as diet as well as it being an autoimmune disease. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, blood tests, stool culture, sigmoidoscopy, and biopsies. Treatment consists of medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, antibiotics, dietary changes, exercise and stress relief. Surgery may be required in severe cases to remove the colon. Nursing care focuses
thalassemia.ppt
This document discusses thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in genes controlling globin production. It defines different types of alpha and beta thalassemia based on the number of affected globin genes, ranging from silent carriers with no symptoms to more severe forms requiring chronic blood transfusions or bone marrow transplants. The document also covers demographics of thalassemia and management strategies for different conditions, such as maintaining hemoglobin levels or chelation therapy to reduce iron overload from transfusions.
HEMORRHOIDS.pptx
This document discusses hemorrhoids including defining them as vascular masses in the lower rectum or anus. It lists the learning objectives as defining hemorrhoids, discussing their etiology and risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. The document covers the sites of hemorrhoids, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management including lifestyle changes and procedures, surgical management options, potential complications, and the nursing role in post-operative care and patient education.
Intestinal obstructions.pptx
This document defines and describes bowel obstruction, its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, complications, management, and nursing care. Bowel obstruction is a blockage that prevents food or liquids from passing through the intestines and can be caused by adhesions, hernias, tumors, or volvulus. Symptoms include abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation. Treatment involves decompressing the bowels, rehydration, pain management, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction. Nurses monitor for dehydration and provide comfort during treatment and recovery.
TB abdomen.pptx
There are three types of abdominal tuberculosis depending on presentation: ascitic type presents with fluid accumulation and small raised nodules, obstructive type causes intestinal thickening and obstruction, and glandular type affects lymph nodes. Symptoms include fever, appetite loss, fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain or changes in bowel movements. Diagnosis involves history, exam, imaging like x-rays, and analyzing fluid if present.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
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multiple sclerosis.pptx
- 1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING Smt. Radhikabai Meghe Memorial College of Nursing
- 2. Learning Objectives At the end of the class the students are able to: • define multiple sclerosis • enlist The etiology of multiple sclerosis • explain The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis • explain the clinical manifestation and diagnostic evaluation of it • describe the management of multiple sclerosis
- 3. DEFINITION • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune- mediated progressive demyelinating disease of the CNS.
- 4. ETIOLOGY • Autoimmune activity • Genetic predisposition the presence of human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
- 5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: • Sensitized T cells typically cross the blood– brain barrier; their function is to check the CNS for antigens and then leave. • In MS the sensitized T cells remain in the CNS and promote the infiltration of other agents that damage the immune system.
- 6. Clinical Manifestations • fatigue, depression, weakness, numbness, difficulty in coordination, • loss of balance, and pain. • Visual disturbances due to lesions in the optic nerves • Diplopia
- 7. Clinical Manifestations • patchy blindness • total blindness. • Depression • Pain may be due to demyelination of pain fibers, mechanical stress on muscles, bones, and joints due to disability, or treatment measures
- 8. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings • MRI • Electrophoresis of CSF • urodynamic studies • Neuropsychological testing to assess cognitive impairment • A sexual history helps to identify changes in sexual function
- 9. Medical Management PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY • Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) • Corticosteroids high-dose IV methylprednisolone followed by an oral prednisone taper. • Amantadine (Symmetrel), pemoline (Cylert), or fluoxetine (Prozac).
- 10. • to treat ataxia include beta-adrenergic blockers • antidepressants, opiates, or antiseizure medications Management of bladder and bowel controlidepressants, opiates, or antiseizure medications • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
- 11. NURSING PROCESS: Assessment • actual and potential problems • patient’s movements and walking • assessed for weakness, spasticity, visual impairment, incontinence, and disorders of swallowing and speech
- 12. • Impaired urinary and bowel elimination (urgency, frequency,incontinence, constipation) related to nervous system dysfunction • Impaired speech and swallowing related to cranial nerve involvement
- 13. Summary • So far we have discussed about Definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation and management of multiple sclerosis.
- 14. Bibliography • Lewis et al, Medical Surgical Nursing, Mosby Elsevier,7th edition. • Joyce.M.Black et al, Medical Surgical Nursing, Saunders publication. • Brunner and Siddhartha, Medical Surgical Nursing, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- 15. Thank You