This document discusses key concepts related to organization, including definitions, elements, environments, types, principles, steps, and trends. It defines organization as a system of cooperative activities aimed at achieving common goals. The main elements are people, resources, economic conditions, attitudes, and legal constraints. Organizations must consider both their internal environments of forecasts, competitors, costs, and employee factors, as well as external factors like politics, the economy, technology, and society. Principles of organization discussed include hierarchy, span of control, integration versus disintegration, and delegation. The steps of organization involve determining objectives, grouping activities, allocating duties, and delegating authority. Recent trends include system approaches, project-based and matrix structures.

2. DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATION
• Organisation is the form of every human
association for the attainment of common
purpose & the process of relating specific
duties or function in a whole.
– J D Mooney
• Organization is a system of co-operative
activities of two or more persons.
– CHESTER I BERNARD

3. • Organization consists of the relationship of
individual to individual and groups to
groups which are related as to bring about
an orderly division of labor.
• Pfiffiner

4. ELEMENTS
1. People
2. Physical resources
3. Economic and market condition, Climate
4. Attitude
5. Legal constraints

5. Environment n organization
• Organization n environment can always
interact in one of the three ways.
– Directed to environment
– Adoptive environment
– Growth n development

6. Internal environment
• Following are the factors leading to internal environments;
1. Forecasts of industry or institution and demand for
expansion strategy
2. Competitors information
3. Consumer data for firm
4. Information related to their costs and profits
5. Physical location of the industry or institution (hospital)
6. Labor management
7. Morale of the people working in the organization
8. Team spirit

7. External environment
• Main aspects of the external environment in an organization could be
classified as-
1. Political stability
– Polity is an art based on certain understanding.
– Polity stability is of great importance to a manager.
– In case of stable political situation, a business manager deals with a known condition in
making his plans.
– Under the unstable political condition it is difficult to fore cast the environment.
2. Government control
– Government control is of great importance to the organization.
– Making policies
– Act of statuatory bodies like MNC, INC.
– Classification of industries or institutions or hospital.
3. Fiscal policy
– The closely related to the government control is the effect of government and monetary
policy.
– Increasing and decreasing the existing taxes.
– Exempting small scale industries from certain restrictions to encourage their growth
– Special investment offers.

8. 4. Economic -
• The national income plays a very important role in the purchasing power
and hence in the demand for the various products of the organization.
Following few important factors
Economic disparity.
Effective demand ( it is the demand backed up by the purchasing power).
Pricing policy( it helps in monetary resource allocation).

9. Cont..
• 5. Technology
• The basic object before a manager is to reduce the manufacturing costs.
– Therefore, the management must weight the cost and benefits of new
technology by considering the following factors-
– New process resulting cheaper and more efficient production or services
– Progress in R and D
– New products or services
– Machine-product value or service value
– Value added concepts
– Man-machine balance

10. 6. Socio environment
1. Factors affecting socio-environment-
2. Social segment
3. Cultural variations
4. Socio-disparity
7. Ecological environment - factor affecting ecological
environment
• Land pollution
• Water and air pollution
• Non-renewal matters
• Sewage disposal.
Thus, no organization is functioning in a water-tight
compartment but has to consider the socio and ecological
environments in order to function efficiently.

11. Nature of organization
• 4 “P”
– Purposes
– Process
– Person target group, e.g. eligible couple
downtrodden.
– Place setting, e.g. primary health center,hospital

12. Importance of organization
• Organization increases managerial efficiency in a number of ways.
• Ensures an optimum use of human efforts through specialization and also makes use of all resources,
determines needs for innovative and new technologies.
• Organization places a proportionate and balanced emphasis on various activities.
• Organization facilities co-ordination in the enterprises.
• Organization provides scope for training and developing managers.
• Organization helps to consolidation growth and expansion of the institution.
• Invites creative and innovative ideas to working through adopting human relation approach.
• Prevents the growth of laggards, wirepullers, intriguers or other forms of corrupters.
• Unsound organization becomes the breeding ground of corruption, dishonesty and such odd things.

13. Theory of organization
1. The classical theory of management
2. Neo-classical theory
3. The modern management

14. Principles of organization
1. Hierarchy
2. Span of control
3. Integration vs disintegration
4. Centralization vs decentralization
5. Unity of command
6. Delegation

15. Hierarchy
• Medical superintendent (1)
• Nursing superintendent (1)
• Dy. Nursing superintendent (3)
• Asst. nursing superintendent (6)
• Staff nurses (30)
Hierarchy Means-the rule or
control of the higher to lower.
Any organization is a pyramid ,
broadest at the base and
tapering towards the top.
In this pyramid there is
hierarchy.

16. Span of control
• Means the number of
subordinates an officer
can effectively
supervise.
• It is simply the number
of subordinates or the
units of work that an
administrator can
personally direct.
• CNO(CHIEF NURSING
OFFICER-1)
• DNO(deputy nursing
officer-30)
• ANO(asst. nursing
officer-3)
• SN (staff nurses-10)

17. CNO
DNO DNO DNO
ANO ANO ANO ANO ANO ANO ANO ANO ANO
SN(10) SN(10) SN(10) SN(10) SN(10) SN(10) SN(10) SN(10) SN(10)

18. DELEGATION

19. Type of organization
1. Formal
2. Non formal
3. Informal
4. Line
5. Staff
6. Line and staff
7. Committee
8. Social

20. Steps of organization
1. Determining and enumeration of objectives
for each activity.
2. Grouping and assessing activities.
3. Allocation of fixed duties to definite persons.
4. Delegation of authority.

21. In brief, the important steps in organizing are-
• Determining of objectives of each activity.
• Deciding on the various type of activities to be undertaken within
the framework of the formulated plan to attain the goals of the
organization
• Grouping of activities
• Deciding different group of activities in terms of number of staff
• Determining the authority, responsibility and accountability
• Integration between the identified group of activities through
authority relationship and organised communication system

22. Trends in organization structures
• System approach
• Project organization
• Matrix organization

23. Organization design