Multi-Objective Optimization ( Surface Roughness & Material Removal Rate) of Aisi 202 Grade Stainless Steel in Cnc Turning Using Extended Taguchi Method And Grey Analysis
The present study applied Taguchi method through a case study in straight turning of AISI 202 stainless steel bar on CNC Machine ( Mfd by ACE DESIGNERS) using Titanium Carbide tool for the optimization of Material removal rate, Surface Roughness and tool wear process parameter.The study aimed at evaluating the best process environment which could simultaneously satisfy requirements of both quality as well as productivity with special emphasis on maximizing material removal rate and minimizing surface roughness and tool flank wear at various combination of cutting speed, feed, depth of cut. The predicted optimal setting ensured maximum MRR and minimum surface roughness and tool wear. Since optimum material removal rate is desired, so higher the better criteria of Taguchi signal to noise ratio is used for MRR – SNs = -10 log(Sy2/n) For surface roughness and tool wear – SNL = -10 log(S(1/y2)/n) The results have been verified with the help of S/N Ratios calculation and various graphs have been plotted to show the below mentioned observations.
a) MRR first increases with increase in cutting speed and then decreases.
b) With the increase in feed, MRR increases.
c) With the increase in depth of cut, MRR first increases and then decreases.
d) With the increase in cutting speed, Surface Roughness first decreases and then increases.
e) With the increase in feed, Surface Roughness increases.
f) With the increase in depth of cut, Surface Roughness first increases and then decreases.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper focus on monitoring of surface roughness and cutting forces while
machining on two different grade stainless steels under dry and mist conditions.
Stainless steels like AISI 304 and AISI 316L are considered for study. Process
variables like workpiece speed, tool feed and depth of cut are taken for
experimentation on CNC lathe. Responses like surface roughness, power consumption
and cutting forces are predicted while machining on the two different stainless grades
under dry and mist. Taguchi design of experiments is considered for experimental
design. Signal-to-noise ratio of the responses are used for determining individual
optimization, while Analysis of Variance is used for knowing significant effect of
process variables over the generated responses. This paper shows novelty of using
power consumption for calculating cutting forces and also comparisons of two
different stainless steel grades simultaneously under dry and mist conditions. In
addition, comparison of AISI 304 material with two different diameters is also studied
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Turning Operation of AISI-1016 Alloy St...IOSR Journals
This paper investigates the parameters affecting the roughness of surfaces produced in the turning
process for the material AISI-1016 Steel. Design of experiments was conducted for the analysis of the influence
of the turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on the surface roughness. The
results of the machining experiments for AISI-1016 were used to characterize the main factors affecting
surface roughness by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. The feed rate was found to be the most
significant parameter influencing the surface roughness in the turning process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper focus on monitoring of surface roughness and cutting forces while
machining on two different grade stainless steels under dry and mist conditions.
Stainless steels like AISI 304 and AISI 316L are considered for study. Process
variables like workpiece speed, tool feed and depth of cut are taken for
experimentation on CNC lathe. Responses like surface roughness, power consumption
and cutting forces are predicted while machining on the two different stainless grades
under dry and mist. Taguchi design of experiments is considered for experimental
design. Signal-to-noise ratio of the responses are used for determining individual
optimization, while Analysis of Variance is used for knowing significant effect of
process variables over the generated responses. This paper shows novelty of using
power consumption for calculating cutting forces and also comparisons of two
different stainless steel grades simultaneously under dry and mist conditions. In
addition, comparison of AISI 304 material with two different diameters is also studied
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Turning Operation of AISI-1016 Alloy St...IOSR Journals
This paper investigates the parameters affecting the roughness of surfaces produced in the turning
process for the material AISI-1016 Steel. Design of experiments was conducted for the analysis of the influence
of the turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on the surface roughness. The
results of the machining experiments for AISI-1016 were used to characterize the main factors affecting
surface roughness by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. The feed rate was found to be the most
significant parameter influencing the surface roughness in the turning process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
The quality of the machined piece and tool life are greatly influenced by determination of
maximum temperature of the cutting tool. Numerous researchers have approached to solve this problem
with experimental, analytical and numerical analysis. There is hardly a consensus on the basics principles
of the thermal problem in metal cutting, even though considerable research effort has been made on it. It is
exceedingly difficult to predict in a precise manner the performance of tool for the machining process. This
paper reviews work on the requirements for optimization of Tool wear so that its life could easily be
predicted
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF CHIP MORPHOLOGYIAEME Publication
The extensive research studies are used to divination the behavior of complex
Metal cutting processes. The cutting parameters such as speed, feed and force play
important role on conform chip morphology. The experimental techniques for
investigation the chip morphology is expensive and time consuming. To overcome
these difficulties Finite element modeling and simulation process are used as effective
tool to divination the effect of cutting variables. In the present study FEA simulation
process model is developed to divination the chip morphology and cutting forces in
turning of Al-6061 with WC tool. Johnson cook material models are considered for
visco-elastic material behavior. The obtained simulation process results are compared
with experimental process results
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Determination Material Properties and Fracture Parameters of Triangular holed...Ashvini Kumar
In this project material properties and fracture parameters of aluminum samples are determined. This involves
- finding material properties of plane aluminum sample
- Determine fracture parameters and failure regions of single triangular hole in aluminum plate
-Find minimum distance between two symmetrical triangular holes to ensure no failure occurs between the two holes in ABAQUS
-Determine fracture parameters and failure regions of double triangular holed aluminium plate employing the minimum distance between the holes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
The quality of the machined piece and tool life are greatly influenced by determination of
maximum temperature of the cutting tool. Numerous researchers have approached to solve this problem
with experimental, analytical and numerical analysis. There is hardly a consensus on the basics principles
of the thermal problem in metal cutting, even though considerable research effort has been made on it. It is
exceedingly difficult to predict in a precise manner the performance of tool for the machining process. This
paper reviews work on the requirements for optimization of Tool wear so that its life could easily be
predicted
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF CHIP MORPHOLOGYIAEME Publication
The extensive research studies are used to divination the behavior of complex
Metal cutting processes. The cutting parameters such as speed, feed and force play
important role on conform chip morphology. The experimental techniques for
investigation the chip morphology is expensive and time consuming. To overcome
these difficulties Finite element modeling and simulation process are used as effective
tool to divination the effect of cutting variables. In the present study FEA simulation
process model is developed to divination the chip morphology and cutting forces in
turning of Al-6061 with WC tool. Johnson cook material models are considered for
visco-elastic material behavior. The obtained simulation process results are compared
with experimental process results
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Determination Material Properties and Fracture Parameters of Triangular holed...Ashvini Kumar
In this project material properties and fracture parameters of aluminum samples are determined. This involves
- finding material properties of plane aluminum sample
- Determine fracture parameters and failure regions of single triangular hole in aluminum plate
-Find minimum distance between two symmetrical triangular holes to ensure no failure occurs between the two holes in ABAQUS
-Determine fracture parameters and failure regions of double triangular holed aluminium plate employing the minimum distance between the holes.
Optimization of MRR in EDM Process with Different Job Material i.e Stainless ...IJERA Editor
Electro discharge machining (EDM) has been recognized as an efficient method of producing dies and machining of hard material such as ceramics and high strength metal matrix composites for the modern metal industry (1). In this process the metal are remove through melting or vaporization of job metal by high frequency spark discharge. Although in this process the metal removal rate is lower than the other non-conventional machining process. But the dimensional accuracy is higher than the other process and more complex shape can be produce generally composite material are fascinated as thy exhibit exceptional mechanical and physical properties such as high strength, high hardness, and high density at elevated temperature. For this extra ordinary behavior it has wide range of application on the metal industries like aerospace, dies or mould making industries, automobiles industries etc. The metal removal rate (M.R.R.) and surface smoothness not only depend on the selection of tool material also depend on the number of input parameter (such-input current, voltage, spindle speed, duty factor, dielectric medium), job metal property (conductivity ,hardness, strength, density etc.),machine condition and machining condition(machine performances, temperature, depth of cut or area of cut etc.). It is most difficult to select machining condition for optimal performances due to large number of parameters and inherent complexity of material removal mechanism taking place in EDM process. In the present work, the experiments were conducted using Taguchi L9 orthogonal approach, to ascertain the effect of EDM process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) of stain less steel and cast iron by using tool material such copper and graphite.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
HeroCloud: The Next Generation Solution to Online Game Development HeroEngine
HeroCloud removes the business barriers to online game development-- with no up-front costs as well as covering the costs associated with running your game online. HeroCloud provides full access to HeroEngine, hosting, bandwidth, and access to billing and marketing systems in return for a 30% revenue share.
HeroEngine technology provides a groundbreaking online system where development teams build their games live in a what-you-see-is-what-you-get 3D environment with a rich suite of tools, where games come to life instantly as they are built. Licensees include BioWare (Star Wars: The Old Republic), ZeniMax Online, and many more around the world who demand a better process for developing and maintaining online worlds
Image segmentation is useful in many applications. It can identify the regions of interest in a scene or annotate
the data. It categorizes the existing segmentation algorithm into region-based segmentation, data clustering, and
edge-base segmentation. Region-based segmentation includes the seeded and unseeded region growing
algorithms, the JSEG, and the fast scanning algorithm. Due to the presence of speckle noise, segmentation of
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is still a challenging problem. We proposed a fast SAR image
segmentation method based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA). In
this method, threshold estimation is regarded as a search procedure that examinations for an appropriate value in
a continuous grayscale interval. Hence, PSO-GSA algorithm is familiarized to search for the optimal threshold.
Experimental results indicate that our method is superior to GA based, AFS based and ABC based methods in
terms of segmentation accuracy, segmentation time, and Thresholding.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
New Approach of Preprocessing For Numeral RecognitionIJERA Editor
The present paper proposes a new approach of preprocessing for handwritten, printed and isolated numeral
characters. The new approach reduces the size of the input image of each numeral by discarding the redundant
information. This method reduces also the number of features of the attribute vector provided by the extraction
features method. Numeral recognition is carried out in this work through k nearest neighbors and multilayer
perceptron techniques. The simulations have obtained a good rate of recognition in fewer running time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Multi-Objective Optimization ( Surface Roughness & Material Removal Rate) of Aisi 202 Grade Stainless Steel in Cnc Turning Using Extended Taguchi Method And Grey Analysis
“Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Turning AISI 316 Stainless Steel Base...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this work is the optimization of the cutting parameters for turning AISI 316 stainless steel to achieve the better surface finish using Taguchi’s methodology. Taguchi Parameter Design is a powerful and efficient method for optimizing quality and performance output of manufacturing processes, thus a powerful tool for meeting this challenge. This work discusses an investigation into the use of Taguchi Parameter Design for optimizing surface roughness generated by a Turning operation. In this method, four control factors viz. cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, three different cutting fluids (sherol B, sherol ENF, straight cutting oil) and one work piece material (AISI 316 stainless steel) were investigated at three different levels and the turning operations are done on Banka 1000 lathe machine. Cutting speed followed by cutting fluid has the significant role. The quality characteristic identified is surface roughness. Experiments carried out using L9 (34 ) Orthogonal Array with three different levels of control factors.The test results were analyzed using “smallerthe-better” criteria for Signal-to-Noise ratio in order to optimize the process. The experimental results were analyzed, conformed and successfully used to achieve good surface finish on work piece materials.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Minimization of Surface Roughness in CNC Turning Using Taguchi MethodIOSR Journals
Turning is a process to remove the material from the outer diameter of the rotating cylindrical work
piece. The aim of the project is minimization of surface roughness in turning operation by using taguchi method.
Taguchi method is used to find the best combination of cutting parameters like speed (N), feed (f), depth of cut
(d), tool nose radius (Rn) and shim materials (Sm) are predicted by using L16 orthogonal array. The
combination of control levels was predicted for the optimal surface roughness and using (S/N) ratio. A
confirmation runs was used to verify the results for the optimal surface roughness
This is my master degree paper under title experimental analysis of surface roughness and material removal rate in turning operation using response surface methodology
Optimization of Cylindrical Grinding Process Parameters on C40E Steel Using T...IJERA Editor
Surface finish and dimensional accuracy play a vital role in the today’s engineering industry. There are several methods used to achieve good surface finish like burnishing, honing and lapping, and grinding. Grinding is one of these ways that improves the surface finish and dimensional accuracy simultaneously. C40E steel has good industrial application in manufacturing of shafts, axles, spindles, studs, etc. In the present work the cylindrical grinding of C40E steel is done for the optimization of grinding process parameters. During this experimental work input process parameters i.e. speed, feed, depth of cut is optimized using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) concluded that surface roughness is minimum at the 210 rpm, 0.11mm/rev feed, and 0.04mm depth of penetration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation of Metal Removal Rate and Surface Finish on Inconel 718 by Abra...AM Publications
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Multi-Objective Optimization ( Surface Roughness & Material Removal Rate) of Aisi 202 Grade Stainless Steel in Cnc Turning Using Extended Taguchi Method And Grey Analysis
1. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.144-150
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Multi-Objective Optimization ( Surface Roughness & Material Removal Rate) of Aisi 202 Grade Stainless Steel in Cnc Turning Using Extended Taguchi Method And Grey Analysis Er.Ankush Aggarwal, Er. Shanti Prakash, Er. Brijbhushan (M.tech-2nd year, HEC, Jagadhri) (Sr. Lect., HEC, Jagadhri) (Lect., HEC, Jagadhri) ABSTRACT The present study applied Taguchi method through a case study in straight turning of AISI 202 stainless steel bar on CNC Machine ( Mfd by ACE DESIGNERS) using Titanium Carbide tool for the optimization of Material removal rate, Surface Roughness and tool wear process parameter.The study aimed at evaluating the best process environment which could simultaneously satisfy requirements of both quality as well as productivity with special emphasis on maximizing material removal rate and minimizing surface roughness and tool flank wear at various combination of cutting speed, feed, depth of cut. The predicted optimal setting ensured maximum MRR and minimum surface roughness and tool wear. Since optimum material removal rate is desired, so higher the better criteria of Taguchi signal to noise ratio is used for MRR – SNs = -10 log(Sy2/n) For surface roughness and tool wear – SNL = -10 log(S(1/y2)/n) The results have been verified with the help of S/N Ratios calculation and various graphs have been plotted to show the below mentioned observations.
a) MRR first increases with increase in cutting speed and then decreases.
b) With the increase in feed, MRR increases.
c) With the increase in depth of cut, MRR first increases and then decreases.
d) With the increase in cutting speed, Surface Roughness first decreases and then increases.
e) With the increase in feed, Surface Roughness increases.
f) With the increase in depth of cut, Surface Roughness first increases and then decreases. Keywords: CNC turning machine, Grey relational analysis, Material removal rate, Surface roughness.
I. INTRODUCTION
AISI 202 stainless steel belonging to the low nickel and high manganese stainless steel, the nickel content is generally below 4%, 8% of the manganese content is a section of nickel stainless steel. AISI 202 stainless steel is 200 series stainless steel. AISI 202 stainless steel is a section with good mechanical properties of corrosion resistance, AISI 202 stainless steel high temperature strength than steel, 18-8, at 800 ℃, the following has good oxidation resistance, and maintain a high intensity, can replace SUS302 steel. AISI 202 stainless steel is widely used in architectural decoration, municipal engineering, guardrail, hotel facilities, shopping mall, vitreous armrest, public facilities etc. The three primary factors in any basic turning operation are speed, feed, and depth of cut. Other factors such as kind of material and type of tool have a large influence, of course, but these three are the ones the operator can change by adjusting the controls, right at the machine. M.Kladhar [1] from the analysis, observed that the feed is the most significant factor that influences the surface roughness followed by nose radius. he attempted to generate prediction models for surface roughness. The predicted values are confirmed by using validation experiments.[1]
It was reported that austenitic stainless steels come under the category of difficult to machine materials [1]. Little work has been reported on the determination of optimum machining parameters when machining austenitic stainless steels. Lin [8] investigated surface roughness variations of different grades of austenitic stainless steel under different cutting conditions in high speed fine turning. Ranganathan and Senthilvalen [9] developed a mathematical model for process parameters on hard turning of AISI 316 stainless steel. Surface roughness and tool wear was predicted by Regression analysis and ANOVA theory. Anthony xavior and Adithan [10] determined the influence of different cutting
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.144-150
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fluids on wear and surface roughness in turning of AISI304 austenitic stainless steel. Ibrahim Ciftci [10] conducted the experiments to Machine AISI 304 and AISI 316 austenitic stainless steels using CVD multi- layer coated cemented carbide tools. The results showed that cutting speed significantly affected the machined surface roughness values. The goal of the modern industry is to manufacture high quality products in a short time. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are capable of achieving high accuracy with very low processing time [1,2]. During machining, surface quality is one of the most specified customer requirements.. In the present study the multi-objective optimization of surface roughness and material removal rate of AISI 202 has been done using Taguchi method and Grey analysis [6].
II. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Experiments have been carried out using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) experimental design which consists of 9 combinations of spindle speed, longitudinal feed rate and depth of cut. According to the design catalogue [Peace, G., S., (1993)] prepared by Taguchi, L9 Orthogonal Array design of experiment has been found suitable in the present work.
Table 1: Process variables and their limits
Values In Coded Form
Cutting Speed M/Min
Feed (F) Mm/Rev
Depth Of Cut (D) Mm
-1
115
0.07
0.6
0
130
0.14
1.2
1
145
0.21
1.8
Table 2: Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array for MRR S/N Ratio
Sample No
Cutting speed (m/min)
Feed (mm/rev)
Depth of cut (mm)
MRR (Gm/Sec)
S/N Ratio
1
115
.07
.6
0.94
-0.54
2
115
.14
1.2
2.91
9.24
3
115
.21
1.8
2.75
8.76
4
130
.07
1.2
1.31
2.34
5
130
.14
1.8
2.65
8.48
6
130
.21
.6
5.28
14.45
7
145
.07
1.8
2.38
7.53
8
145
.14
.6
1.25
1.93
9
145
.21
1.2
3.67
11.27
Table 3: S/N Ratio Calculation for Surface Roughness
Sample No
Cutting Speed (M/Min)
Feed (Mm/Rev)
Depth Of Cut (Mm)
MRR (Gm/Sec)
Surface Roughness Mean (Ra)
S/N Ratio
1
115
.07
.6
0.94
2.11
6.48
2
115
.14
1.2
2.91
2.61
8.33
3
115
.21
1.8
2.75
2.353
7.43
4
130
.07
1.2
1.31
1.89
5.52
5
130
.14
1.8
2.65
2.3
7.20
6
130
.21
.6
5.28
2.29
7.19
7
145
.07
1.8
2.38
1.923
5.66
8
145
.14
.6
1.25
2
6.02
9
145
.21
1.2
3.67
2.673
8.53
3. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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III. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Nine nos samples of Material AISI 202 were taken for machining and their weight before machining and after machining were precisely recorded and time taken using a calibrated watch and following observations were recorded.
S.S. bars of diameter 31mm and length 41mm required for conducting the experiment have been prepared first. Nine no of samples of same material and same dimensions have been made. After that the weight of each sample has been measured accurately with the help of digital balance meter. Then using different levels of the process parameters nine specimens have been turned on CNC lathe machine accordingly. Machining time for each sample has been calculated accordingly. The surface roughness of the work pieces have been measured by stylus type surface roughness tester Mitutoyo SJ-211.
WORK PIECE MATERIAL:
Stainless Steel AISI 202.Dimension for material is Ø31 X 41 mm.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AISI 202
C <=0.15
Mn 7.50-10.0
P <=0.06
S <=0.03
Si <=0.75
Cr 17.0-19.0
Ni 4.0-6.0
SELECTION OF CUTTING TOOL:
The cutting tool selected for present work is Titanium carbide.
IV. GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS
Data Normalization It is the first step in the grey relational analysis.
Where xi (k) is the sequence of the surface roughness and material removal rate after data normalization, max yi(k) and min yi(k) are the largest value and smallest value of original sequence of surface roughness and MRR respectively.
V. GREY RELATIONAL COEFFICIENT CALCULATION
After normalization of original sequence, Grey relational coefficient is calculated
VI. GREY RELATIONAL GRADE
The grey relational grade can be calculated by using the below mentioned formula—
4. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.144-150
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Table-4: OPTIMUM PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION USING GREY ANALYSIS
S.NO
GRGC
RSDC
GRCC
MRR
Ra
MRR
Ra
MRR
Ra
X0
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1
0.000
0.719
1.000
0.281
0.333
0.640
2
0.450
0.080
0.550
0.920
0.476
0.352
3
0.416
0.408
0.584
0.592
0.461
0.457
4
0.084
1.000
0.916
0.000
0.353
1.000
5
0.396
0.476
0.604
0.524
0.452
0.488
6
1.000
0.489
0.000
0.511
1.000
0.494
7
0.331
0.957
0.669
0.043
0.427
0.920
8
0.070
0.859
0.930
0.141
0.349
0.780
9
0.627
0.000
0.373
1.000
0.572
0.333
GRGC - Grey Relational Generation calculation RSDC - Reference Sequence Definition calculation GRCC - Grey Relational Coefficient Calculation Table -5:
S.No
Grey Relational Grade (GRG)
Rank
1
0.486
5
2
0.414
9
3
0.459
7
4
0.676
2
5
0.470
6
6
0.747
1
7
0.673
3
8
0.564
4
9
0.452
8
Higher GRG means that the corresponding parameter combination is the optimal.
VII. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
The optimum values of Process variables for MRR are- Cutting speed = 130 m/min Feed = .21mm/rev Depth of cut = .6 mm The results have been verified with the help of S/N Ratios calculation and various graphs have been plotted to show the below mentioned observations.
a) MRR first increases with increase in cutting speed and then decreases.
b) With the increase in feed, MRR increases.
c) With the increase in depth of cut MRR first increases and then decreases.
5. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.144-150
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MRR VS CUTTING SPEED
Fig:1 MRR VS DEPTH OF CUT
Fig 2 PLOT OF MRR VS FEED
Fig 3 The optimum value of Process variables for Surface Roughness are---
Cutting speed = 130 m/min Feed = .07 mm/rev Depth of cut = 1.2 mm Conclusions for Surface Roughness
a) With the increase in cutting speed Surface Roughness first decreases and then increases. b) With the increase in feed, Surface Roughness increases.
2.21
3.08
2.43
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
115
130
145
MRR (gm/sec)
2.49
2.62
2.59
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
0.6
1.2
1.8
MRR (gm/sec)
…
1.54
2.27
3.89
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0.07
0.14
0.21
MRR (gm/sec)
Feed (mm/rev)
6. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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c) With the increase in depth of cut Surface Roughness first increases and then decreases.
Surface Roughness Vs Cutting Speed
Fig 4.7 Plot of Surface Roughness Vs Feed
Surface Roughness Vs Depth of Cut
Fig-4.9
Grey analysis shows that optimum value of process variable for multi-objective optimization of MRR and Surface Roughness are-
Higher GRG means that the corresponding parameter combination is the optimal.Grey analysis shows that optimum value of process variable for multi-objective optimization of MRR and Surface Roughness : Cutting Speed -- 130 m/sec Feed -- .21mm/rev Depth of Cut -- .6 mm
2.36
2.16
2.2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
115
130
145
Surface Roughness
…
1.97
2.3
2.43
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0.07
0.14
0.21
Surface Roughness
…
2.13
2.39
2.19
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
0.6
1.2
1.8
Surface Roughness
Depth of Cut (mm)
7. Er.Ankush Aggarwal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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REFERENCES [1] Optimization of process parameter of AISI 202 austenetic stainless steel in CNC Turning. ARPN Journal of engineering and applied sciences.Vol 5, No 9, sept 2010.M. Kaladhar, dept of Mech engineering, Neerukonda Institute of Technology, email-kaladhar2k@gmail.com. [2] Computer Numerical Control Turning on AISI410 with Single and Nano Multilayered Coated Carbide Tools under Dry Conditions. Kamaraj Chandrasekaran, Perumal Marimuthu1,-- K. Raja, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University of Technology Madurai, and Syed Ammal Engineering College.
[3] International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology (ISSN : 2277- 1581) Volume 2 Issue 4, PP : 263-267,1 April IJSET@2013 Page 263-Optimization of Turning Process Parameters Using Multivariate Statistical Method- Ananthakumar.P1, Dr.Ramesh.M2, Parameshwari3Department of Mechanical Engineering, SACS MAVMM Engineering College, Madurai-625301.Email address: 1ananthresearch@yahoo.co.in, 2 mramesh.sacs@gmail.com. [4] Journal of Engineering, Computers & Applied Sciences (JEC&AS) ISSN No: 2319 Volume 1, No.1, October 2012 Optimization of Process Parameters of Turning Parts:A Taguchi Approach-Neeraj Sharma, Renu Sharma. [5] International Journal of Engineering Research and applications-IJERA (ISSN : 2248-9622) Volume 2 Issue 5, PP : 1594- 1602, Optimization of Turning Process Parameters of H13 using Taguchi method and grey analysis – Pankaj Sharma, Kamaljeet Bhambri Department of Mechanical Engineering, MM Engineering College, Mullana. [6] D. Philip Selvaraji, P. Chandramohan, ― Optimization of surface roughness of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in dry turning operation using Taguchi design method- Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. Vol. 5, No. 3 (2010) 293 – 301. [7] Optimization of Process Parameters for Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate for SS 316 on CNC Turning Machine- Navneet K. Prajapati / International Journal of Research in Modern Engineering and Emerging Technology Vol. 1, Issue: 3, April-2013 (IJRMEET) ISSN: 2320-6586
[8] Lin. W.S. 2008. The study of high speed fine turning of austenitic stainless steel. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing. 27(2): 10-12.
[9] Ranganathan. S and senthilvalen. 2009. Mathematic modeling of process parameters on hard turning of AISI316 SS by WC insert. Journal of scientific Industrial and research. 68: 592-599. [10] Anthony xavior. M and Adithan. 2009. Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Journal of Material processing Technology. 209: 900-909