This paper presents a proposed modified pulse width modulation – low frequency triangular (MPWM-LFT) switching strategy for minimization of voltage THD with implementation of asymmetric multilevel inverter (AMLI) topology on the reduced number of switching devices (RNSD) circuit structure. Principally, MPWM-LFT able to produce optimum angle of the output voltage level in order to minimize total harmonic distortion (THD). In this study, 5-level reduced number of switching devices circuit structure is selected as a circuit configuration for asymmetric (7-level structure) multilevel inverter. For switching strategy, MPWM used low switching frequency in producing signal and needs higher output voltage levels to achieve low total harmonic distortion. In contrast, sinusoidal pulse width modulation used high switching frequency in order to minimize total harmonic distortion. By optimizing angle at the output voltage using MPWM-LFT switching strategy, the voltage THD is lower as compared to MPWM and SPWM switching strategies. MPWM-LFT switching strategy obtains 11.6% of voltage THD for the 7-level asymmetric topology as compared to MPWM and SPWM switching strategies with the voltage THD are 21.5% and 17.5% respectively from the experimental works.
Closed Loop Analysis of Multilevel Inverter Fed Drives IJPEDS-IAES
This paper deals with the simulation and implementation of multilevel inverter for drives application. Here the focuses will be onimproving the efficiency of the multilevel inverter and quality of output voltage waveform. The circuit is developed towards high efficiency, high performance, and low cost, simple control scheme. Harmonics Elimination was implemented to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) value which is achieved by selecting appropriate switching angles. In this paper to determine the performance of rectifier, steady state analysis is done. Furthermore, the merits of multilevel inverter topology are inherited.Closed loop control is done to analysis the stability of the system.
This paper presents parameters analysis of 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter with hard-switching and soft-switching implementation. Principally, by considering the selected circuit structure of the 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter and appropriate pulse width modulation (PWM) switching strategy, the overall converter volume able to be reduced. Specifically, phase-shifted of 120° of each switching signal is applied in the 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter in order to increase the inductor current ripple frequency, thus the charging and discharging times of the inductor is reduced. Besides, volume of converters is greatly reduced if very high switching frequency is considered. However, it causes increasing of semiconductor losses and consequently the converter efficiency is affected. The results show that the efficiency of 2-level conventional boost converter and 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter are 98.59% and 97.67%, respectively in hard-switching technique, and 99.31% and 98.15%, respectively in soft-switching technique. Therefore, by applying soft-switching technique, switching loss of the semiconductor devices is greatly minimized although high switching frequency is applied. In this study, passive lossless snubber circuit is selected for the soft-switching implementation in the 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter. Based on the simulation results, the switching loss is approximately eliminated by applying soft-switching technique compared to the hard-switching technique implementation.
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are becoming an increasingly popular motor of choice for its unique characteristics. The BLDC motor drive is assumed to have trapezoidal back-electromotive force (EMF), rectangular phase currents and together produces the desired torque. However, practical back-EMF waveform might not be exactly trapezoidal because of current ripple, design considerations and manufacturing limitations. The adverse effect is the torque ripple generated due to the current ripple that causes mechanical vibration, acoustic noise and affects the accuracy of speed and position control which is not desirable in motor operation. In this paper an algorithm is developed to control and minimize the generated torque ripple using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme. The efficiency improvement of slim type BLDC motor is confirmed using MATLAB environment and low cost TI Piccolo F28035 microcontroller (MC).
In this paper a hardware implementation of single-phase cascaded H-bridge three level multilevel inverter (MLI) using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is presented. There are a few interesting features of using this configuration, where less component count, less switching losses, and improved output voltage/current waveform. The output of power inverter consists of three form, that is, square wave, modified square wave and pure sine wave. The pure sine wave and modified square wave are more expensive than square wave. The focus paper is to generate a PWM signal which control the switching of MOSFET power semiconductor. The sine wave can be created by using the concept of Schmitt-Trigger oscillator and low-pass filter topology followed by half of the waveform will be eliminated by using the circuit of precision half-wave rectifier. Waveform was inverted with 180º by circuit of inverting op-amp amplifier in order to compare saw-tooth waveform. Two of PWM signal were produced by circuit of PWM and used digital inverter to invert the two PWM signal before this PWM signal will be passed to 2 MOSFET driver and a 3-level output waveform with 45 Hz was produced. As a conclusion, a 3-level output waveform is produced with output voltage and current recorded at 22.5 Vrms and 4.5 Arms. The value of measured resistance is 0.015 Ω that cause voltage drop around 0.043 V. Based on the result obtained, the power for designed inverter is around 100W and efficiency recorded at 75%.
Power factor correction using bridgeless boost topologyDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This document summarizes research on using a bridgeless boost topology for power factor correction. It begins by introducing power factor and the issues caused by low power factor systems. It then discusses conventional boost converter topologies used for power factor correction and the benefits of a bridgeless boost topology. The document presents simulations comparing the performance of a conventional boost converter to a bridgeless boost converter for power factor correction. It finds that the bridgeless topology achieves higher efficiency power factor correction.
Simulation Investigation of SPWM, THIPWM and SVPWM Techniques for Three Phase...IJPEDS-IAES
This document summarizes and compares three pulse width modulation techniques - sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), third harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM), and space vector PWM (SVPWM) - for a three-phase voltage source inverter. SPWM is the simplest technique but has drawbacks like higher total harmonic distortion and lower switching frequency. THIPWM provides better THD than SPWM. SVPWM shows lower THD than both SPWM and THIPWM, especially in overmodulation regions and at high frequencies. The document presents the theoretical principles, simulation models, and results of the three techniques, showing that SVPWM achieves the best performance and meets current harmonic standards.
This document summarizes research that modified the stator winding of a 1-phase 4-pole induction motor with a starting capacitor used on a table drilling machine. The stator winding was changed to a 3-phase 6-pole configuration to simplify the motor's construction and reduce current, power consumption, and rotational speed. Testing showed the modified 3-phase motor drew an average of 3.56 amps less current, consumed 191.4 watts less power, and had a rotor rotational speed 499.7 rpm slower compared to the original 1-phase motor under loaded conditions. The modifications resulted in a motor that no longer required a starting capacitor or centrifugal switch for operation.
Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hyster...ijtsrd
Nowadays various power converters like AC DC or DC DC are widely used due to their flexible output voltage and high efficiency. But these converters take the current in the form of pulses from the utility grid so that the high Total Harmonic Distortion THD and poor Power Factor PF are the major disadvantages of these converters. Hence there is a continuous need for PF improvement and reduction of line current harmonics. The most popular topology for Active Power Factor Correction APFC is a boost converter as it draws continuous input current. This input current can be manipulated by Hysteresis control technique. The boost converter can perform this type of active power factor correction in many discontinuous and continuous modes. The design and simulation of boost converter with power factor correction in continuous conduction mode is represented by using MATLAB SIMULINK software. Yu Yu Khin | Yan Aung Oo "Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hysteresis Control" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27905.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27905/design-and-simulation-of-power-factor-correction-boost-converter-using-hysteresis-control/yu-yu-khin
Closed Loop Analysis of Multilevel Inverter Fed Drives IJPEDS-IAES
This paper deals with the simulation and implementation of multilevel inverter for drives application. Here the focuses will be onimproving the efficiency of the multilevel inverter and quality of output voltage waveform. The circuit is developed towards high efficiency, high performance, and low cost, simple control scheme. Harmonics Elimination was implemented to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) value which is achieved by selecting appropriate switching angles. In this paper to determine the performance of rectifier, steady state analysis is done. Furthermore, the merits of multilevel inverter topology are inherited.Closed loop control is done to analysis the stability of the system.
This paper presents parameters analysis of 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter with hard-switching and soft-switching implementation. Principally, by considering the selected circuit structure of the 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter and appropriate pulse width modulation (PWM) switching strategy, the overall converter volume able to be reduced. Specifically, phase-shifted of 120° of each switching signal is applied in the 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter in order to increase the inductor current ripple frequency, thus the charging and discharging times of the inductor is reduced. Besides, volume of converters is greatly reduced if very high switching frequency is considered. However, it causes increasing of semiconductor losses and consequently the converter efficiency is affected. The results show that the efficiency of 2-level conventional boost converter and 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter are 98.59% and 97.67%, respectively in hard-switching technique, and 99.31% and 98.15%, respectively in soft-switching technique. Therefore, by applying soft-switching technique, switching loss of the semiconductor devices is greatly minimized although high switching frequency is applied. In this study, passive lossless snubber circuit is selected for the soft-switching implementation in the 4-level capacitor-clamped boost converter. Based on the simulation results, the switching loss is approximately eliminated by applying soft-switching technique compared to the hard-switching technique implementation.
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are becoming an increasingly popular motor of choice for its unique characteristics. The BLDC motor drive is assumed to have trapezoidal back-electromotive force (EMF), rectangular phase currents and together produces the desired torque. However, practical back-EMF waveform might not be exactly trapezoidal because of current ripple, design considerations and manufacturing limitations. The adverse effect is the torque ripple generated due to the current ripple that causes mechanical vibration, acoustic noise and affects the accuracy of speed and position control which is not desirable in motor operation. In this paper an algorithm is developed to control and minimize the generated torque ripple using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme. The efficiency improvement of slim type BLDC motor is confirmed using MATLAB environment and low cost TI Piccolo F28035 microcontroller (MC).
In this paper a hardware implementation of single-phase cascaded H-bridge three level multilevel inverter (MLI) using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is presented. There are a few interesting features of using this configuration, where less component count, less switching losses, and improved output voltage/current waveform. The output of power inverter consists of three form, that is, square wave, modified square wave and pure sine wave. The pure sine wave and modified square wave are more expensive than square wave. The focus paper is to generate a PWM signal which control the switching of MOSFET power semiconductor. The sine wave can be created by using the concept of Schmitt-Trigger oscillator and low-pass filter topology followed by half of the waveform will be eliminated by using the circuit of precision half-wave rectifier. Waveform was inverted with 180º by circuit of inverting op-amp amplifier in order to compare saw-tooth waveform. Two of PWM signal were produced by circuit of PWM and used digital inverter to invert the two PWM signal before this PWM signal will be passed to 2 MOSFET driver and a 3-level output waveform with 45 Hz was produced. As a conclusion, a 3-level output waveform is produced with output voltage and current recorded at 22.5 Vrms and 4.5 Arms. The value of measured resistance is 0.015 Ω that cause voltage drop around 0.043 V. Based on the result obtained, the power for designed inverter is around 100W and efficiency recorded at 75%.
Power factor correction using bridgeless boost topologyDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This document summarizes research on using a bridgeless boost topology for power factor correction. It begins by introducing power factor and the issues caused by low power factor systems. It then discusses conventional boost converter topologies used for power factor correction and the benefits of a bridgeless boost topology. The document presents simulations comparing the performance of a conventional boost converter to a bridgeless boost converter for power factor correction. It finds that the bridgeless topology achieves higher efficiency power factor correction.
Simulation Investigation of SPWM, THIPWM and SVPWM Techniques for Three Phase...IJPEDS-IAES
This document summarizes and compares three pulse width modulation techniques - sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), third harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM), and space vector PWM (SVPWM) - for a three-phase voltage source inverter. SPWM is the simplest technique but has drawbacks like higher total harmonic distortion and lower switching frequency. THIPWM provides better THD than SPWM. SVPWM shows lower THD than both SPWM and THIPWM, especially in overmodulation regions and at high frequencies. The document presents the theoretical principles, simulation models, and results of the three techniques, showing that SVPWM achieves the best performance and meets current harmonic standards.
This document summarizes research that modified the stator winding of a 1-phase 4-pole induction motor with a starting capacitor used on a table drilling machine. The stator winding was changed to a 3-phase 6-pole configuration to simplify the motor's construction and reduce current, power consumption, and rotational speed. Testing showed the modified 3-phase motor drew an average of 3.56 amps less current, consumed 191.4 watts less power, and had a rotor rotational speed 499.7 rpm slower compared to the original 1-phase motor under loaded conditions. The modifications resulted in a motor that no longer required a starting capacitor or centrifugal switch for operation.
Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hyster...ijtsrd
Nowadays various power converters like AC DC or DC DC are widely used due to their flexible output voltage and high efficiency. But these converters take the current in the form of pulses from the utility grid so that the high Total Harmonic Distortion THD and poor Power Factor PF are the major disadvantages of these converters. Hence there is a continuous need for PF improvement and reduction of line current harmonics. The most popular topology for Active Power Factor Correction APFC is a boost converter as it draws continuous input current. This input current can be manipulated by Hysteresis control technique. The boost converter can perform this type of active power factor correction in many discontinuous and continuous modes. The design and simulation of boost converter with power factor correction in continuous conduction mode is represented by using MATLAB SIMULINK software. Yu Yu Khin | Yan Aung Oo "Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hysteresis Control" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27905.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27905/design-and-simulation-of-power-factor-correction-boost-converter-using-hysteresis-control/yu-yu-khin
Analysis and simulation of multilevel inverter using multi carrier based pwmIAEME Publication
This document analyzes and simulates a multilevel inverter using multi-carrier based PWM control techniques. It describes a cascaded multilevel inverter topology with separate DC sources for each H-bridge. It discusses phase-shifted and level-shifted carrier based PWM methods and modulation techniques like IPD, POD, and APOD. MATLAB Simulink models are used to simulate 5-level and 7-level inverters using phase-shifted and level-shifted PWM. Total harmonic distortion results show that POD PWM provides the lowest distortion.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a solid-state transformer (S2T) using a single phase matrix converter (SPMC). The S2T aims to address limitations of conventional transformers such as size, weight, environmental issues. The proposed S2T design uses two SPMCs - one operating at 1 kHz to generate high frequency current on the primary side, and the other at 50 Hz to produce low frequency voltage on the secondary side. A switching algorithm is presented to address commutation problems when using inductive loads. The S2T design and switching control are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the S2T design can help minimize size and losses while achieving optimal efficiency compared to conventional approaches
This document describes research on a three-phase inverter based on SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) control. It first provides background on wind energy and discusses using variable speed constant frequency technology in wind power systems. It then presents the overall design of a three-phase inverter, including the main circuit, DSP control system, and PWM inverter. Circuit parameters for a 10kW experimental system are designed, including choosing IGBT modules, filter capacitor and inductor sizing. Hardware design of the digital SPWM inverter control is also discussed, including an adjustment circuit to process voltage signals for the DSP.
This paper presents combinations of level shifted pulse-width modulation algorithm with conventional discontinuous pulse-width modulation methods for cascaded multilevel inverters. In the proposed DPWM a zero sequence signal is injected in sinusoidal reference signal to generate various modulators with easier implementation. The analysis four various control strategies namely Common Carrier (CC), Inverted Carrier (IC), Phase Shifted (PS) and Inverted Phase Shift (IPS) for cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive has been illustrated. To validate the proposed work experimental tests has been carried out using dSPACE controller. Experimental study proves that using proposed algorithms reduction in common-mode voltage with fewer harmonics along with reduced switching loss for a cascaded multilevel inverter fed motor drive has been achieved.
In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.
IRJET- Analysis of Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Third Harmonic Puls...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) and third harmonic pulse width modulation (THPWM) techniques for a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI). It discusses how these modulation techniques work, their effect on harmonic content in the output waves, and simulations conducted in MATLAB. The key findings are:
1) THPWM allows for 15.5% greater utilization of the DC bus voltage compared to SPWM, leading to higher fundamental output voltage.
2) Simulation results show THPWM achieves lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in both the output voltages and currents compared to SPWM.
3) The minimum current THD for both techniques occurred at a carrier frequency
Close Loop Control of Induction Motor Using Z-Source InverterIJSRD
In this paper a new closed loop control of induction motor fed by a Z – source inverter based on the vector control or field oriented control strategy is presented. Induction motor is supplied by Z – source inverter, in the Z – source inverter the term Z denotes impedance which means a combination of L & C element which are cross connected. The Z-source inverter consists of a unique impedance network (or circuit) to couple the inverter main circuit to the power supply, hence providing great features that cannot be observed in the conventional voltage-source inverter and current-source inverters in which capacitor and inductor are used, respectively.In the field oriented control method or vector control method speed of the induction motor, torque & 3 phase stator current is given to the field oriented controller and gate pulses for the inverter is generated to obtain the desired operation of the induction motor.
This document summarizes the design and simulation of an integral controller based load frequency control system. It first provides background on load frequency control and reasons for maintaining a constant system frequency. It then describes the load frequency control loop and area control error calculation. The objectives of load frequency control are given as maintaining a constant frequency against load changes and ensuring each area absorbs its own load changes while maintaining scheduled tie-line power flows. Finally, the document discusses SIMULINK models of single area and multi-area power systems used to simulate an integral controller based load frequency control approach.
This document compares buck and boost converter topologies for use in photovoltaic power systems to maximize power extraction from solar panels. It finds that the boost converter is better suited as the PV interface as it can maintain continuous input current flow to the load. Simulation results show that a boost converter tracking the maximum power point of a PV array can increase the output voltage from 17.1V to 24.9V and deliver 60W of power to the load. The boost converter also performs well under varying temperature and solar irradiation conditions according to the simulations.
This document discusses techniques for minimizing total harmonic distortion in multilevel inverters using pulse width modulation. It introduces single pulse width modulation, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and delta modulation techniques. It also describes diode clamped, flying capacitor, and cascaded multilevel inverter topologies. Simulation results of applying these modulation techniques to single phase and three phase inverters driving induction motors are presented. The harmonic content and total harmonic distortion produced by each modulation technique are analyzed and compared. Delta modulation is found to produce the lowest total harmonic distortion while providing constant voltage to frequency ratio.
Implementation of a MIMO System forWireless Power Transfer Using Acoustic App...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a development of Acoustic energy transfer (AET) system through air mediumby implementing a Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) arrangement of transducers to transmit energy. AET system allows power to be transmitted without wire connection. The MIMO system is proposed in this paper to increase the efficiency of the transmitting power by multiplying the received power. The simulation and experimental works are carried out using a Class E power converter and the obtained results are analyzed accordingly. Based on the experimental results, the 18.57mW output power is obtained at 40kHz operating frequency when triple transducer is used. It contributes to 30.96% efficiency to the power transfer system.
A novel optimization harmonic elimination technique for cascaded multilevel i...journalBEEI
This document presents a novel optimization harmonic elimination technique (OHET) for cascaded multilevel inverters. The technique aims to minimize total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output voltage waveform. It utilizes selective harmonic elimination (SHE) to calculate switching angles that eliminate specific low-order odd harmonics. Modulation index and duty cycle are varied to further optimize the solution. Simulation results for a seven-level cascaded inverter show that OHET can reduce THD from 11.49% to 10.43% by adjusting the duty cycle and delaying the switching angles. The technique provides a two-step approach to further mitigate harmonics beyond conventional SHE.
paper presentaton topic on power theft prevention and quality improvement by ...vaibyfrndz
This document discusses using fuzzy logic to prevent power theft and improve power quality. It compares the total load supplied by a distribution transformer to the total load used by consumers to detect power theft. If there is a difference, it indicates theft. It also uses the difference between actual and nominal voltage as an input to a fuzzy logic controller to improve power quality by adjusting the output voltage. Simulations using MATLAB show this intelligent control approach can effectively prevent power theft and improve power quality in electrical distribution systems.
IRJET- Design and Development of Interleaved Boost Converter using Fuzzy ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes the design and development of an interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic controller. Some key points:
- The interleaved boost converter is used to boost the output voltage from a solar PV system in an efficient way with low voltage stress and higher power transfer ratio.
- A fuzzy logic controller is implemented to control the interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic algorithm for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the performance of the interleaved boost converter by reducing output voltage and current ripple compared to an open loop system.
- The proposed converter and fuzzy logic control method provide benefits such
Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using ...IAES-IJPEDS
Rapid increase of consumers in electronics devices and the use of mains rectification circuits inside these electronic devices is the root cause of mains harmonic distortion. Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and households to make them stable inturns increases the efficiency of system as well as the apparatus. This paper deals with the hardware design of active power factor correction circuit employing boost converter which is used to boost the DC voltages with a controller based on PID control strategy. The pulses given to power switches by pulse width modulation techniques generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thus obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK was used to design and tune the PID controller parameters. The simulation results are matching with the predictions and the same was implemented as hardware. The waveforms various test points and across capacitors were obtained, studied and compared with the theoretical waveforms and are found to be in precise proximity of theoretical waveforms.
A new closed loop AC to DC ĈUK converter is presented in this paper. The conventional ĈUK AC to DC converter has no feedback circuit. Thereby, the output voltage of the converter changes while changing the load. The proposed closed loop converter can regulate voltage with the variation of load over a wide range. Moreover, the power factor and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the supply side current found quite satisfactory from this closed loop ĈUK converter. The converter operates in four steps with a different combination of voltage polarities and switching states. The feedback path consists of a voltage control loop and a current control loop. The closed loop ĈUK converter in this study is compared with the open loop version. Additionally, the comparison is made with the conventional converter of the same topology. The effectiveness in terms of power factor and THD of the proposed converter is verified using simulation results.
Enhancement for Power Quality in Distribution Side Using Custom Power DevicesIOSR Journals
1) The document discusses enhancing power quality in distribution systems using custom power devices like the Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC).
2) It proposes using a Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) control algorithm with a modified Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for generating gate signals to improve the IUPQC's performance under distorted voltage conditions.
3) The SRF method transforms voltage and current signals into rotating dq coordinates to extract fundamental frequency components, while the modified PLL improves determination of positive sequence system voltages for better filtering.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
POWER STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH A UNIFIED POWER FLOW C...IJITE
The unified power quality conditioner is the equipment used for regulated voltage distortion and voltage
unbalance in a power system. UPFC can enhance the power to flow through the transmission system by
controlling the power flow and voltage stability of the transmission line within their limits. This paper
presents a control scheme and Theoretical derivation of the unified power flow conditioner and the
simulation results are compared and contrasted in detail. UPFC is a combination of shunt Active and
series active power filters. UPFC contains a DC link capacitor in a single-phase voltage source inverter
with two back to back connected, three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire are arranged. The
fundamental target of this work is to determine the causes and impacts of power quality problems,
specifically voltage sag, voltage swell, power factor, and Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) and enhance
the power quality of a transmission system by UPFC based Transformative Intrinsic Algorithm (TIA). The
Simulation of the proposed method is developed by Mat lab Simulink software, and the simulation result
shows, the proposed method gives better solutions to control the power imbalance in the distribution
system with its cost-effectiveness.
A comparative study of cascaded h bridge and reversing voltage multilevel inv...IAEME Publication
This document compares a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology to a proposed reversing voltage multilevel inverter topology. The cascaded H-bridge requires more components as the number of levels increases, making it less reliable. The proposed reversing voltage topology separates output voltage generation into level generation and polarity generation parts, requiring fewer switches. Specifically, a 7-level example of each topology is compared in terms of total harmonic distortion and number of components. The proposed topology is shown to require fewer components and produce lower THD than the cascaded H-bridge topology.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
In this paper a novel control technique for switching-frequency-modulated switch-mode power converters (SMPC) operating in discontinuous conduction mode is proposed. The use of the technique leads to significant reduction in peak-to-peak output voltage and peak currents increased due to straightforward application of switching frequency modulation (SFM). The technique is based on hybrid modulation scheme in which both switching frequency and duty ratio are modulated simultaneously by the same modulation signal. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the proposed technique are presented in details. Both computer simulations and experiments show that switching-frequency-modulated SMPC with the proposed control technique in comparison to SMPC without SFM has appreaciably lower conducted electromagnetic emissions, at the cost of slightly increased peak-to-peak output voltage and peak currents.
Analysis and simulation of multilevel inverter using multi carrier based pwmIAEME Publication
This document analyzes and simulates a multilevel inverter using multi-carrier based PWM control techniques. It describes a cascaded multilevel inverter topology with separate DC sources for each H-bridge. It discusses phase-shifted and level-shifted carrier based PWM methods and modulation techniques like IPD, POD, and APOD. MATLAB Simulink models are used to simulate 5-level and 7-level inverters using phase-shifted and level-shifted PWM. Total harmonic distortion results show that POD PWM provides the lowest distortion.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a solid-state transformer (S2T) using a single phase matrix converter (SPMC). The S2T aims to address limitations of conventional transformers such as size, weight, environmental issues. The proposed S2T design uses two SPMCs - one operating at 1 kHz to generate high frequency current on the primary side, and the other at 50 Hz to produce low frequency voltage on the secondary side. A switching algorithm is presented to address commutation problems when using inductive loads. The S2T design and switching control are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the S2T design can help minimize size and losses while achieving optimal efficiency compared to conventional approaches
This document describes research on a three-phase inverter based on SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) control. It first provides background on wind energy and discusses using variable speed constant frequency technology in wind power systems. It then presents the overall design of a three-phase inverter, including the main circuit, DSP control system, and PWM inverter. Circuit parameters for a 10kW experimental system are designed, including choosing IGBT modules, filter capacitor and inductor sizing. Hardware design of the digital SPWM inverter control is also discussed, including an adjustment circuit to process voltage signals for the DSP.
This paper presents combinations of level shifted pulse-width modulation algorithm with conventional discontinuous pulse-width modulation methods for cascaded multilevel inverters. In the proposed DPWM a zero sequence signal is injected in sinusoidal reference signal to generate various modulators with easier implementation. The analysis four various control strategies namely Common Carrier (CC), Inverted Carrier (IC), Phase Shifted (PS) and Inverted Phase Shift (IPS) for cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive has been illustrated. To validate the proposed work experimental tests has been carried out using dSPACE controller. Experimental study proves that using proposed algorithms reduction in common-mode voltage with fewer harmonics along with reduced switching loss for a cascaded multilevel inverter fed motor drive has been achieved.
In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.
IRJET- Analysis of Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Third Harmonic Puls...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) and third harmonic pulse width modulation (THPWM) techniques for a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI). It discusses how these modulation techniques work, their effect on harmonic content in the output waves, and simulations conducted in MATLAB. The key findings are:
1) THPWM allows for 15.5% greater utilization of the DC bus voltage compared to SPWM, leading to higher fundamental output voltage.
2) Simulation results show THPWM achieves lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in both the output voltages and currents compared to SPWM.
3) The minimum current THD for both techniques occurred at a carrier frequency
Close Loop Control of Induction Motor Using Z-Source InverterIJSRD
In this paper a new closed loop control of induction motor fed by a Z – source inverter based on the vector control or field oriented control strategy is presented. Induction motor is supplied by Z – source inverter, in the Z – source inverter the term Z denotes impedance which means a combination of L & C element which are cross connected. The Z-source inverter consists of a unique impedance network (or circuit) to couple the inverter main circuit to the power supply, hence providing great features that cannot be observed in the conventional voltage-source inverter and current-source inverters in which capacitor and inductor are used, respectively.In the field oriented control method or vector control method speed of the induction motor, torque & 3 phase stator current is given to the field oriented controller and gate pulses for the inverter is generated to obtain the desired operation of the induction motor.
This document summarizes the design and simulation of an integral controller based load frequency control system. It first provides background on load frequency control and reasons for maintaining a constant system frequency. It then describes the load frequency control loop and area control error calculation. The objectives of load frequency control are given as maintaining a constant frequency against load changes and ensuring each area absorbs its own load changes while maintaining scheduled tie-line power flows. Finally, the document discusses SIMULINK models of single area and multi-area power systems used to simulate an integral controller based load frequency control approach.
This document compares buck and boost converter topologies for use in photovoltaic power systems to maximize power extraction from solar panels. It finds that the boost converter is better suited as the PV interface as it can maintain continuous input current flow to the load. Simulation results show that a boost converter tracking the maximum power point of a PV array can increase the output voltage from 17.1V to 24.9V and deliver 60W of power to the load. The boost converter also performs well under varying temperature and solar irradiation conditions according to the simulations.
This document discusses techniques for minimizing total harmonic distortion in multilevel inverters using pulse width modulation. It introduces single pulse width modulation, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and delta modulation techniques. It also describes diode clamped, flying capacitor, and cascaded multilevel inverter topologies. Simulation results of applying these modulation techniques to single phase and three phase inverters driving induction motors are presented. The harmonic content and total harmonic distortion produced by each modulation technique are analyzed and compared. Delta modulation is found to produce the lowest total harmonic distortion while providing constant voltage to frequency ratio.
Implementation of a MIMO System forWireless Power Transfer Using Acoustic App...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a development of Acoustic energy transfer (AET) system through air mediumby implementing a Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) arrangement of transducers to transmit energy. AET system allows power to be transmitted without wire connection. The MIMO system is proposed in this paper to increase the efficiency of the transmitting power by multiplying the received power. The simulation and experimental works are carried out using a Class E power converter and the obtained results are analyzed accordingly. Based on the experimental results, the 18.57mW output power is obtained at 40kHz operating frequency when triple transducer is used. It contributes to 30.96% efficiency to the power transfer system.
A novel optimization harmonic elimination technique for cascaded multilevel i...journalBEEI
This document presents a novel optimization harmonic elimination technique (OHET) for cascaded multilevel inverters. The technique aims to minimize total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output voltage waveform. It utilizes selective harmonic elimination (SHE) to calculate switching angles that eliminate specific low-order odd harmonics. Modulation index and duty cycle are varied to further optimize the solution. Simulation results for a seven-level cascaded inverter show that OHET can reduce THD from 11.49% to 10.43% by adjusting the duty cycle and delaying the switching angles. The technique provides a two-step approach to further mitigate harmonics beyond conventional SHE.
paper presentaton topic on power theft prevention and quality improvement by ...vaibyfrndz
This document discusses using fuzzy logic to prevent power theft and improve power quality. It compares the total load supplied by a distribution transformer to the total load used by consumers to detect power theft. If there is a difference, it indicates theft. It also uses the difference between actual and nominal voltage as an input to a fuzzy logic controller to improve power quality by adjusting the output voltage. Simulations using MATLAB show this intelligent control approach can effectively prevent power theft and improve power quality in electrical distribution systems.
IRJET- Design and Development of Interleaved Boost Converter using Fuzzy ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes the design and development of an interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic controller. Some key points:
- The interleaved boost converter is used to boost the output voltage from a solar PV system in an efficient way with low voltage stress and higher power transfer ratio.
- A fuzzy logic controller is implemented to control the interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic algorithm for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the performance of the interleaved boost converter by reducing output voltage and current ripple compared to an open loop system.
- The proposed converter and fuzzy logic control method provide benefits such
Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using ...IAES-IJPEDS
Rapid increase of consumers in electronics devices and the use of mains rectification circuits inside these electronic devices is the root cause of mains harmonic distortion. Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and households to make them stable inturns increases the efficiency of system as well as the apparatus. This paper deals with the hardware design of active power factor correction circuit employing boost converter which is used to boost the DC voltages with a controller based on PID control strategy. The pulses given to power switches by pulse width modulation techniques generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thus obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK was used to design and tune the PID controller parameters. The simulation results are matching with the predictions and the same was implemented as hardware. The waveforms various test points and across capacitors were obtained, studied and compared with the theoretical waveforms and are found to be in precise proximity of theoretical waveforms.
A new closed loop AC to DC ĈUK converter is presented in this paper. The conventional ĈUK AC to DC converter has no feedback circuit. Thereby, the output voltage of the converter changes while changing the load. The proposed closed loop converter can regulate voltage with the variation of load over a wide range. Moreover, the power factor and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the supply side current found quite satisfactory from this closed loop ĈUK converter. The converter operates in four steps with a different combination of voltage polarities and switching states. The feedback path consists of a voltage control loop and a current control loop. The closed loop ĈUK converter in this study is compared with the open loop version. Additionally, the comparison is made with the conventional converter of the same topology. The effectiveness in terms of power factor and THD of the proposed converter is verified using simulation results.
Enhancement for Power Quality in Distribution Side Using Custom Power DevicesIOSR Journals
1) The document discusses enhancing power quality in distribution systems using custom power devices like the Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC).
2) It proposes using a Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) control algorithm with a modified Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for generating gate signals to improve the IUPQC's performance under distorted voltage conditions.
3) The SRF method transforms voltage and current signals into rotating dq coordinates to extract fundamental frequency components, while the modified PLL improves determination of positive sequence system voltages for better filtering.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
POWER STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH A UNIFIED POWER FLOW C...IJITE
The unified power quality conditioner is the equipment used for regulated voltage distortion and voltage
unbalance in a power system. UPFC can enhance the power to flow through the transmission system by
controlling the power flow and voltage stability of the transmission line within their limits. This paper
presents a control scheme and Theoretical derivation of the unified power flow conditioner and the
simulation results are compared and contrasted in detail. UPFC is a combination of shunt Active and
series active power filters. UPFC contains a DC link capacitor in a single-phase voltage source inverter
with two back to back connected, three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire are arranged. The
fundamental target of this work is to determine the causes and impacts of power quality problems,
specifically voltage sag, voltage swell, power factor, and Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) and enhance
the power quality of a transmission system by UPFC based Transformative Intrinsic Algorithm (TIA). The
Simulation of the proposed method is developed by Mat lab Simulink software, and the simulation result
shows, the proposed method gives better solutions to control the power imbalance in the distribution
system with its cost-effectiveness.
A comparative study of cascaded h bridge and reversing voltage multilevel inv...IAEME Publication
This document compares a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology to a proposed reversing voltage multilevel inverter topology. The cascaded H-bridge requires more components as the number of levels increases, making it less reliable. The proposed reversing voltage topology separates output voltage generation into level generation and polarity generation parts, requiring fewer switches. Specifically, a 7-level example of each topology is compared in terms of total harmonic distortion and number of components. The proposed topology is shown to require fewer components and produce lower THD than the cascaded H-bridge topology.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
In this paper a novel control technique for switching-frequency-modulated switch-mode power converters (SMPC) operating in discontinuous conduction mode is proposed. The use of the technique leads to significant reduction in peak-to-peak output voltage and peak currents increased due to straightforward application of switching frequency modulation (SFM). The technique is based on hybrid modulation scheme in which both switching frequency and duty ratio are modulated simultaneously by the same modulation signal. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the proposed technique are presented in details. Both computer simulations and experiments show that switching-frequency-modulated SMPC with the proposed control technique in comparison to SMPC without SFM has appreaciably lower conducted electromagnetic emissions, at the cost of slightly increased peak-to-peak output voltage and peak currents.
simulation and implementation of a spwm inverter pulse for educational purposesEleftheriosSamiotis1
This paper aims to develop and implement an educational kit for a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) inverter pulse generator circuit, which can be used to educate Electronics Engineering undergraduate students the structure and behavior of a SPWM’s inverter pulse generator. The developed electronic circuit is simulated and implemented using low cost and reliable electronic parts. The concept is to offer under/postgraduate students the opportunity to deeply understand how a SPWM pulse generator works, by virtually and practically experimenting with the pulse generator itself creating the necessary models in the popular platform of MULTISIM (Simulation Tool of National Instruments) and designing/constructing the respective PCB circuits in the also popular platform of ULTIBOARD (Circuit Design Tool of National Instruments). This work is also useful for engineers who deal with operation and maintenance (O&M) of inverters, because it provides a deeper knowledge and understanding of all operational characteristics of every stage of the SPWM electronic pulse generator of an inverter
Modulation Index Variation Effect on Harmonic Behavior of Fifteen Multilevel ...IJECEIAES
The Market for photovoltaic cells (PV) has grown fast due to a higher demand on PV applications. However, there are still the transport and connection problems of the PV systems to the grid because of the difference in the current form. To assure the adequate connection between the PV sources and the network, the conversion of direct current (DC) to an alternative current (AC) is required and provided by an electronic device known as the inverter. In this last years, the conventional inverter structure reached its limits in power level and conversion performance. The multilevel inverter (MLI) structure was introduced and widely used in high power and high voltage applications to solve the conventional inverter limitation problem. In this paper, the Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) topology of the MLI was simulated to evaluate the effect of modulation index variation of the control technique on the harmonic behavior of the fifteen-level NPC. The simulation results were useful for the optimization of the MLI control technique toward the decrease of the harmonic (THD) effect on the NPC MLI.
Study and Simulation of Seven Level - Ten Switch Inverter TopologyMohd Esa
Compared to conventional two-level inverter, multilevel inverter
performance is high because of their reduced harmonic distortion, less
electromagnetic interference, reduced common mode voltage and higher dc link
voltages. However complex pulse width modulation control, balancing of
capacitor voltages & increased number of switches are main drawbacks of
multilevel inverter.This paper focuses on study and simulation of single phase
seven level inverter topology using only ten switches. This paper also presents
two different control techniques for seven level-ten switch inverter topology.Rload
is connected to inverter and simulation is performed using
MATLAB/Simulink Software.
In recent research, there has been an extensive increase in interest to multilevel power
conversion. The introduction of new inverter topologies & unique modulation
techniques was involved in recent research studies. However, the most commonly
used multi-level inverter topologies are multi-cell inverter [1], diode clamped inverter
[2]-[5] and capacitor clamped inverter [6]. Some applications for these inverters
include industrial drives, flexible ac transmission systems [7], traction applications in
the transport industry and grid integration of non-conventional energy sources.
The seven level-ten switch topology is a symmetrical topology since the values of
all voltage sources are the same. However, there are several asymmetrical topologies
that need voltage sources of different values. This asymmetry results in the need of dc
voltage sources having a specific relation between them and also the difference in
rating of the semiconductor switches. This paper, presents study and simulation of a
new multilevel inverter topology named reversing voltage (RV) [8]. This topology
requires less number of components compared to conventional topologies. It is also
more efficient since the inverter has a component which operates the switching power
devices at line frequency. Therefore, there is no need for all switches to work in high
frequency which leads to simpler and more reliable control of the inverter. Two
different control techniques are used in this paper to drive the inverter .The simulation
results of the seven level-ten switch inverter topology are presented.
An inclination towards renewable energy resources has been increased due to the requirement of clean environment and to satisfy the increasing power demand for the long run. A grid connected system requires the availability of a transformer in its power conversion stages that provides galvanic isolation between the grid and the power system. But inclusion of transformer results in making the system bulky and more expensive. In this paper different transformer-less PV inverter topologies are analyzed by comparing their efficiency, leakage current and THD of load current using MATLAB/Simulink environment. In order to achieve maximum power, maximum power point tracking (P&O algorithm) is used. From the simulation results, modified HB-ZVR is found to have minimum leakage current and constant common mode voltage with higher efficiency. Also, the hardware results are obtained for modified HB-ZVR topology.
A single rating inductor multilevel current source inverter with pwm strategieIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper about a single-rating inductor multilevel current source inverter (MCSI) topology that uses phase-shifted carrier pulse width modulation (PSC-SPWM) and space vector modulation (SVM) control strategies. The proposed MCSI consists of identical modules where each module uses two balance inductors and six switches to determine different current levels at the output. PSC-SPWM is implemented using a state machine approach to balance the current in the inductors while minimizing switching frequency. Simulation results show the performance of a seven-level, three-module arrangement of the proposed MCSI topology.
This document summarizes research on carrier shifting algorithms for mitigating circulating current in a diode-clamped multilevel inverter (MLI) driving an induction motor. It proposes phase shift (PS), phase disposition (PD), and phase opposition disposition (POD) carrier shifting pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques to reduce circulating current within each inverter phase leg. Simulation and experimental results show that the PD technique provides the best performance in terms of reducing circulating current and harmonics compared to PS and POD. The PD algorithm can reduce circulating current to ±Idc/6, whereas PS only reduces to ±Idc/2 and POD to ±Idc/3.
This document compares 1-phase cascaded and multilevel diode clamped leg inverters (MLDCLI) using pulse width modulation (PWM) control methods. It discusses that MLDCLI can significantly reduce switch count compared to cascaded H-bridge inverters as the number of voltage levels increases. The document presents performance analysis of a seven level MLDCLI based on sine and space vector PWM control techniques using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations. Key performance parameters like waveform pattern, harmonic spectrum, fundamental value, and total harmonic distortion are analyzed.
Simulation and dSPACE Based Implementation of Various PWM Strategies for a Ne...IJPEDS-IAES
Depending on the number of levels in output voltage, inverters can be
divided into two categories: two level inverter and Multi Level Inverters
(MLIs). An inverter topology for high voltage and high power applications
that seems to be gaining interest is the MLI. In high power and high voltage
applications, the two level inverters have some limitations in operating at
high frequency mainly due to switching losses and constraints of device
rating.In this paper, a three phase H + type FCMLI (Flying Capacitor MLI)
using sinusoidal reference, third harmonic injection reference, 60 degree
reference and stepped wave reference are initially developed using
SIMULINK and then implemented in real time environment using dSPACE.
In H-type FCMLI with R-load it is inferred that bipolar COPWM-C
provides output with relatively low distortion for 60 degree reference
and bipolar COPWM-C strategy is found to perform better since it
provides relatively higher fundamental RMS output voltage for THI
reference. The five level output voltages of the chosen MLIs obtained using
the MATLAB and dSPACE based PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
strategies and the corresponding %THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), VRMS
(fundamental), CF (Crest Factor) and FF (Form Factor) are presented and
analyzed.
This document proposes a variable switching cycle SPWM technique for reducing switching losses in grid-connected inverters without increasing current harmonics. The technique determines the optimal switching cycle in each half of the fundamental period to spread the noise spectrum and minimize switching losses under the constraint of maintaining the same current THD as a constant switching cycle method. Simulation results validate that the proposed technique reduces switching losses compared to total demand distortion and constant ripple techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper on fuzzy control of a multicell converter. It begins with an introduction to stacked multicell converters, which allow sharing of voltage and current stresses across switches. It then discusses the topology and operation of the multicell converter. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is used to control the output voltage. Fuzzy logic control is then proposed to control the RMS voltage value using MATLAB. Simulation results show that total harmonic distortion is reduced with increasing voltage levels in the multicell converter output waveform. Open and closed loop control of a 6x2 multicell converter are analyzed through MATLAB simulation.
Matlab Simulink Model of Sinusoidal PWM For Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverterijtsrd
This paper concentrates on modeling and simulation of single phase inverter as a frequency changer modulated by sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation PWM technique. An inverter is a circuit that converts DC sources to AC sources. To judge the quality of voltage produced by a PWM inverter, a detailed harmonic analysis of the voltage waveform is done. Pulse width modulated PWM inverters are among the most used power-electronic circuits in practical applications. These inverters are capable of producing ac voltages of variable magnitude as well as variable frequency with less harmonic distortion. The model is executed utilizing MATLAB Simulink software with the SimPower System Block Set using PC simulation. MATLAB Simulink is a successful instrument to examine a PWM inverter. Major reasons for using MATLAB are Faster reaction, accessibility of different simulation devices and the nonappearance of joining issues. In this paper, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT is used as switching power device. IGBT is ideal since it high switching speed and also high input impedance. Finally a MATLAB SIMULINK model for the SPWM is presented. Various simulation results are also included. Asha Durafe "Matlab/Simulink Model of Sinusoidal PWM For Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18614.pdf
This paper proposes the grid application of modified three-phase topology of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) using finite-control-set predictive control. This topology has reduced number of switch counts compared to the conventional MMC, eliminates the problem of circulating current and having higher efficiency. A single dc source is required to produce sinusoidal outputs. The number of sub-modules (SMs) in this topology is half of the SMs required in case of MMC, in addition to a single H-bride circuit per phase. The finite-control-set predictive current control scheme for the grid connected dc source through the Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter (HMMC). This controller controls the desired real and reactive power demand of the grid instantaneously. The simulation study of a three phase grid connected system has been done in Matlab/Simulink and the results are provided for the different real and reactive power demands, to validate the concepts.
This paper deals with the design of cascaded 11 level H- bridge inverter. It includes a comparison between the 11 level H-bridge and T-bridge multilevel inverter. The cascaded inverter of higher level is a very effective and practical solution for reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD).These cascaded multilevel inverter can be used for higher voltage applications with more stability. As the level is increased the output waveform becomes more sinusoidal in nature. The inverter is designed using multicarrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique for generating triggering pulses for the semiconductor switches used in the device. Through this paper it will be proved that a cascaded multilevel H-bridge topology has higher efficiency than a T-bridge inverter, as whichever source input voltage is provided since input is equal to the output voltage. In T-bridge inverter, the output obtained is half of the applied input, so efficiency is just half as compared to H-bridge. The output waveform is distorted and has higher THD. The simulation is performed using MATLAB /Simulink 2013 software.
This document presents a new sensorless commutation method for brushless DC motors. The key features of the proposed method are:
1) It extracts commutation signals directly from average line-to-line motor terminal voltages using simple RC filters and comparators, without needing phase shift circuits, motor neutral voltage measurements, or AD converters.
2) In contrast to conventional methods that detect back EMF zero crossings, the proposed method's commutation signals are in phase with ideal timing and insensitive to common mode noise.
3) Experimental results over a wide speed range show the proposed method provides satisfactory sensorless control performance while achieving significantly lower cost than conventional techniques.
New Dead-Time Compensation Method of Power Inverter Using Carrier Based Sinus...IJECEIAES
A new dead-time compensation method of power inverter circuits is suggested and presented in this paper. The proposed method utilizes carrier based sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique to produce driving signals of the inverter power switches with dead-time correction capability. The proposed method able to eliminate dead-time effects such as reducing the waveform distortion of the inverter output current, and increasing the fundamental component amplitude of output current. An analysis of the proposed method is presented. Some computer simulations were carried out to investigate the principle operation, and to test performance of the new method. The developed method was validated through experimental test of H-bridge voltage source inverter circuits. The data obtained from the computer simulation and prototype experiments have confirmed that that the proposed method worked well compensating the dead-time in the voltage source power inverter circuits.
Two Level and Five Level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter Structure with Amplitude ...IJERA Editor
Inverters using pulse width modulation techniques generates common mode voltages in induction motor drives
which can cause shaft voltages and bearing currents resulting into failure of motor. A two level and five level
inverter topology with amplitude modulation technique is proposed in this paper which completely eliminates
the above problems. Also losses in switching devices and stress is reduced. Using proposed topology total
harmonic distortion (THD) is reduced and improved overall harmonic profile is achieved. The system is
modelled with the help of MATLAB Simulink software for two level and five level inverter with proposed AM
technique. Experimental results shown for the proposed topology which indicates lower total harmonic
distortion.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.
42 30 nA Comparative Study of Power Semiconductor Devices for Industrial PWM ...IAES-IJPEDS
This document compares the performance of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for use in industrial pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. SPICE simulations were conducted to analyze the static and dynamic characteristics of a 1200V SiC MOSFET and a similar 1200V IGBT at different temperatures and gate resistances. The results show that the SiC MOSFET has lower conduction and switching losses than the Si IGBT. In particular, the SiC MOSFET exhibits lower drain-source voltage, higher switching speeds, and smoother switching waveforms. This makes the SiC MOSFET a more efficient choice than the Si IGBT
Similar to Multilevel inverter with MPWM-LFT switching strategy for voltage THD minimization (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
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symmetric multilevel inverter (SMLI) and asymmetric multilevel inverter (AMLI) which improve
conventional multilevel inverter structures. The obvious difference between symmetric and asymmetric is the
DC sources. Whereby, in symmetric topology all DC sources voltage are same, meanwhile in asymmetric
topology each DC source voltage is different [10].
Harmonics is one of the issues [11, 12] considered because it may cause overheating, increasing of
voltage stress in the passive components and maloperation in the electronic devices. In short, it can lead to
the reduction of the equipment’s lifespan. Therefore, some standards must be complied with, such as the
IEEE Std 519-1992 [13]. According to IEEE Std 519-1992, harmonic voltage on power system of 69 kV and
below must be limited to 5% THD with each maximum individual harmonic is 3%, while IEC standard
[13, 14] shows the THD that limits to 8% for low voltage application. In multilevel inverter, input voltage
and current are chopped based on the switching signal which generates the desired output waveforms. The
output voltage and current have harmonics at the switching frequency, which can be reduced by using
passive filters. Basically, the switching frequency and passive filters have a significant role in reducing the
harmonics. By decreasing the switching frequency until 50 Hz, the harmonics can be reduced and the quality
of the output voltage can be improved as well. In addition, the filter size and switching loss are reduced.
This paper presents the proposed MPWM-LFT switching strategy for minimization of voltage THD
with implementation of AMLI topology on the RNSD circuit structure. MPWM-LFT switching strategy able
to enhance the minimization of the voltage THD by optimizing the angle at the output voltage in open-loop
system as compared to MPWM and SPWM switching strategies. In addition, it also able to reduce the
switching loss and increased the efficiency of the converter. Therefore, it shows that the MPWM-LFT
switching strategy is the best switching strategy for open-loop system in order to get the lower voltage THD
and reduced the switching loss as well.
2. VOLTAGE THD MINIMIZATION BY MPWM-LFT AND ASYMMETRIC TOPOLOGY
WITH RNSD CIRCUIT STRUCTURE
2.1. Principle of asymmetric topology
The common advantage of asymmetric topology is that it is able to generate a high level of output
voltage by using the same structure of symmetric topology [15, 16]; as an example, asymmetric topology
with different DC voltages, i.e., Vdc1 = Vdc, Vdc2 = 2Vdc, Vdc3 = 4Vdc, Vdc4 = 8Vdc as compared to the
DC source voltage of symmetric topology, i.e., Vdc1=Vdc2=Vdc3. Asymmetric topology has different
values of DC source voltage and the modulation technique is complex and the level can be upgraded up to
two levels higher. Figure 1 shows the circuit structure that has been selected for AMLI. Based on the selected
circuit structure, it is able to produce five levels of output voltages. By applying the asymmetric principle in
this structure, it is able to produce up to 7 level of output voltages. Therefore, the number of switching
devices and semiconductor losses are reduced.
2.2. RNSD circuit configuration
The selected circuit structure is the RNSD structure [17], which is the improvement of the cascaded
H-bridge structure. Basically, the structure is divided into two parts, which are S1 and S2 as part 1 and SA,
SB, SC and SD are part 2 or also known as H-bridge. Part 1 acts as the main part for producing the level and
part 2 operates for the positive and negative of the output voltage. This selected structure can produce five
levels of output voltage when it follows the cascaded and symmetric principles. But the selected structure can
also operate in producing seven levels of output voltage when the binary method of asymmetric topology is
implemented. Figure 1 shows the proposed structure for a 5-level symmetric and 7-level asymmetric MLI.
Comparing the number of switching devices of cascaded structure with the selected structure, the 5-level
cascaded structure contains eight units of switches while the proposed RNSD circuit structure using
symmetric topology only requires six unit of switches and produces the same level as the cascaded circuit
structure. For a 7-level cascaded circuit structure, 12 units of switches are needed for the structure while only
six switches are required for the proposed RNSD circuit structure using the binary method of asymmetric
topology and produces the same level of output voltage as the cascaded circuit structure.
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Figure 1. Reduced number of switching devices circuit structure
2.3. Optimum angle at the output voltage level
Voltage THD can be minimized by increasing the level of output voltage and using SPWM
switching strategy. Other than that, with optimum angle at the output voltage level, the voltage THD is
minimized and is better than the SPWM switching strategy [18]. The most common method to determine the
optimum angle at the output voltage is using selective harmonic elimination (SHE), where it needs a close-
loop system [19] and is more complicated [20, 21]. Therefore, the optimal angle at the output voltage level
for the minimization of voltage THD using the MPWM switching strategy can be determined by
improvements of MPWM and SPWM switching strategies. From the principle of improved switching
strategy based on MPWM and SPWM switching strategies, the angle at the output voltage level or known as
alpha angle can be generated and applied in order to get lower voltage THD than the SPWM switching
strategy. It is easier and less complicated to use MPWM switching strategy as compared to the SPWM
switching strategy. The switching control for the hardware setup is easier using MPWM switching strategy as
compared to SPWM switching strategy and reduces the cost [22]. Figure 2 shows the example of the angle at
the output voltage level for a 7-level MLI using MPWM switching strategy. The width, W for each staircase
must differ in order to produce lower voltage THD than the SPWM switching strategy.
Figure 2. Example of angle at the output voltage level for voltage THD minimization
2.4. Voltage thd minimization by proposing modified pulse width modulation with low frequency of
triangular wave (MPWM-LFT)
Basically, the principle of the proposed modified pulse width modulation with low frequency of
triangular wave (MPWM-LFT) switching strategy is the same with the principle of the SPWM switching
strategy [23] where it compares the triangular wave with the sine wave. The difference is the switching
frequency that is applied in the triangular wave is 50 Hz and shifted 90o
as shown in Figure 3, which is
different with the typical SPWM switching strategy that usually uses more than 1 kHz. However, the
modulation signal generated from the 50 Hz of triangular wave is the same with the MPWM principle. The
signal can be applied for the multilevel inverter structure in order to get the optimum point of the angle at the
output voltage level. One of the advantages of using low switching frequency is that it reduces the switching
losses compared to SPWM switching strategy, which uses a high switching frequency[24]. Theoretically, the
switching losses for this technique will be the same as the MPWM switching strategy. Figure 3 shows the
modulating method for the 7-level asymmetric multilevel inverter. By using this modulation signal, the
output voltage levels generated are automatically at the optimum angle at the output voltage level and
observed by the percentage of voltage THD.
S1
S2
Vdc1
Vdc2
D1
D2
SA
SC
SD
SB
Load
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It has been proved by the simulation and experiment that the voltage THD obtained by this method
is lower than the SPWM and MPWM switching strategies. The waveform of the staircase output voltage is
the nearest to the sine waveform. So, it is proved that the voltage THD is the lowest among the other
switching strategies. The angle at the output voltage level can be determined by using simultaneous equation:
360
0.02
o
level
t
(1)
Where tlevel is the time of the exchange level, i.e., time from level one to level two. The α is the angle
at the output voltage level. The simulation results for the modulation signal that compares the triangular wave
with the sine wave is shown in Figure.4 which is in MPWM switching strategy form. Therefore, it shows that
the theory and principle of this method have been modified from SPWM switching strategy principle. The
modulation signals in Figure 4 need to be rearranged same as the switching sequence of MPWM switching
strategy that follow the mode of operation of the RNSD structures. Figure 5 shows the simulation result for
the 7-level asymmetric topology with the proposed MPWM-LFT switching strategy. It is proved that using
the principle of SPWM switching strategy can generate the MPWM-LFT switching strategy. The result also
includes the sine wave as the reference in order to observe that the staircase can be easily filtered and form a
sine wave. It is also proved that the output voltage is the nearest form to sine wave compared to the MPWM
and SPWM switching strategies.
Figure 4. Modulation signals
Figure 3. Method of modulation
Figure 5. Simulation results of output voltage using the proposed MPWM-LFT switching strategy
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3. RESULTS AND ANALYSES
Total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage is an important parameter that is observed
either in the principle, simulation or hardware. Several factors affect the voltage THD, such as in a multilevel
inverter, increasing the number of output voltage level generated and using the correct switching strategy can
produce a lower voltage THD than the conventional MLI [7]. Therefore, the implementation of asymmetric
topology is able to increase the level of the output voltage and maintains the structure in order to reduce the
THD of the output voltage. Another factor that can reduce the voltage THD is the suitability of the switching
strategy applied. This study focuses on three types of switching strategies, which are the MPWM, SPWM
and MPWM-LFT switching strategies. Theoretically, SPWM switching strategy can produce much lower
voltage THD [25] as compared to MPWM switching strategy. But, by optimizing the angle at the output
voltage level using MPWM-LFT switching strategy, the voltage THD is lower than SPWM
switching strategy.
Figure 6 shows the result of the experiment for the 7-level asymmetric topology using the MPWM
switching strategy while Figure 8 shows the result of the experiment for the 7-level asymmetric topology
using the SPWM switching strategy. The number of the output level is the same for all results and it shows
that the selected structure operates well even in experiment and proves that asymmetric topology can be
implemented. The voltage THD of the output voltage using MPWM and SPWM switching strategies are
21.5% and 17.5% respectively as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 9. it can be said that, the voltage THD is
minimized when SPWM switching strategy is applied in the RNSD circuit structure with the same number of
output voltage level.
Figure 6. Output voltage level of experimental results using MPWM switching strategy
Figure 7. Frequency spectrum of output voltage using MPWM switching strategy
The second comparison is between the MPWM switching strategy and the proposed MPWM-LFT
switching strategy based on the experimental results. Figure 6 and Figure 10 show the waveforms difference
between MPWM switching strategy and the MPWM-LFT switching strategy. The width of each staircase is
not the same for the MPWM-LFT switching strategy due to the optimum angle at the output voltage level
generated where triangular wave is overlapping with the reference wave, which is the sine wave. Some of the
pulses in the MPWM-LFT are wider and some are smaller than the common MPWM switching strategy.
Hence, the THD at the output voltage is reduced and is better than in the SPWM switching strategy. It is also
proved that in the open-loop system, minimum voltage THD can be achieved by calculation and estimation
of angle at the output voltage level. In addition, finding the optimum angle at the output voltage level is able
to minimize the voltage THD better than the SPWM switching strategy which is well known as the common
modulation technique for the multilevel inverter. Basically, the staircase of the MPWM-LFT switching
strategy is different from the maximum voltage to zero. The width from the maximum voltage towards zero
slightly changes depending on the optimum angle at the output voltage level for minimum voltage THD. The
voltage THD of the output voltage using SPWM and MPWM-LFT switching strategies are 17.5% and 11.6%
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respectively as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 11. it can be said that, the voltage THD is minimized when
MPWM-LFT switching strategy is applied in the RNSD circuit structure with the same number of output
voltage level.
Figure 8. Output voltage level of experimental results using MPWM switching strategy
Figure 9. Frequency spectrum of output voltage using SPWM switching strategy
Figure 10. Output voltage level of experimental results using MPWM-LFT switching strategy
Figure 11. Frequency spectrum of output voltage using MPWM-LFT switching strategy
Conceptually, by increasing the number of output voltage level, the volume and size of filter are
reduced significantly due to the minimization of voltage THD. Therefore, it can be concluded that by
optimizing angle at the output voltage level using MPWM-LFT switching strategy able to minimize the
voltage THD at the output voltage better than MPWM and SPWM switching strategies. In addition, the
switching loss reduction using the proposed MPWM-LFT switching strategy is significant as compared to
typical SPWM switching strategy.
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4. CONCLUSION
Basically, by comparing the MPWM and SPWM switching strategies, SPWM switching strategy
shows a better voltage THD quality as compared to MPWM switching strategy for the multilevel inverter. In
this paper, a switching strategy is proposed to improve the minimization of the voltage THD. The proposed
MPWM-LFT is by improving the principle of SPWM by applying 50 Hz switching frequency at the
triangular wave and phase-shifted 90o
. By comparing with sine wave and triangular 50 Hz, the signal
generated will be in MPWM form and also with optimum angle at the output voltage level. This switching
strategy obtains 11.6% of voltage THD for the 7-level asymmetric topology as compared to MPWM and
SPWM switching strategies with the voltage THD are 21.5% and 17.5% respectively. It can be concluded
that the THD at the output voltage level can be reduced by determining the optimum angle at the output
voltage level using MPWM-LFT switching strategy. Three switching strategies have been applied and
MPWM-LFT shows the lowest voltage THD that been obtaion at the output voltage. Therefore, it can be
concluded that MPWM-LFT switching strategy shows better results by achieving low voltage THD as
compared to SPWM switching strategy and low switching frequency is applied in order to achieve a lower
THD at the output voltage level.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for
the funding support, research grants GPPS, Tier 1 Vot U858 and Research Fund, UTHM
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohd Hafizie Yatim received the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering technology (power)
from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia, in 2017 and the master’s
degree in electrical engineering also from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, in 2019. He is
currently working toward PhD in electrical engineering also at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia. His research interest includes power converters: topologies and structures, high power
density converter and multilevel converters.
Asmarashid Ponniran received the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia, in 2002, and the master’s degree in electrical
engineering (power) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, in 2005. Then,
he received the PhD degree in electrical engineering from the Nagaoka University of
Technology, Nagaoka, Japan. He is currently working as lecturer with Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia. His research interest includes power converter, underground power cable in
distribution side, and demand side management of power consumption.
Mohd Amirul Naim Kasiran received the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering (power)
from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia, in 2017 and the master’s
degree in electrical engineering also from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, in 2019. He is
currently working toward PhD in electrical engineering also at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia. His research interest includes power converters: topologies and structures, high power
density converter and multilevel converters.